The document provides example candidate responses for Paper 2 of the Cambridge IGCSE Economics exam. It includes high, middle, and low-level responses to each question on the paper. For each response, the examiner comments on what was done well and how the response could be improved. Common mistakes made by candidates are also listed. The document is intended to help teachers understand the standards required to score well on the Cambridge exam and identify areas where students need more practice.
This document provides an overview of business studies concepts for a revision booklet. It includes definitions of key terms like economic problem, opportunity cost, specialization, adding value, levels of business activity, economic systems, characteristics of successful entrepreneurs, business measurement, reasons for business expansion, reasons for business failure, and types of business organizations like sole proprietorships. The document is intended to help students review important topics in business studies.
This document discusses factors of production, factor payments, and the differences between stock and flow variables as well as real and money flows. It defines factors of production as resources used to produce goods and services and divides them into four categories: labor, land, capital, and entrepreneurship. It also defines factor payments as the income received for supplying factors of production, divided into four categories: rent, wages, interest, and profits. Finally, it outlines the key differences between stock and flow variables, and real and money flows.
Supplementary multiple choice answer sheet - exam day - form 2King Ali
This document is an exam answer sheet for a candidate taking a multiple choice exam. It lists the candidate's identification information and provides instructions for filling in their answers by shading in the letter choice for each question number. The answer sheet has space to record answers for 60 multiple choice questions.
Cambridge International AS & A Level Economics 9708 ( PDFDrive ).pdfMansyJames
The document outlines a scheme of work for teaching the Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics syllabus, dividing it into topics and providing suggested teaching activities, resources, and guidance for each topic. It covers the AS Level topics of basic economic ideas, the price system, government intervention, and macroeconomics, as well as expanding on these topics at A Level. The scheme of work is intended to help teachers construct and deliver the economics course effectively.
1. The economic cycle refers to short-run fluctuations in national output (real GDP) around its long-term trend. It includes periods of boom, slowdown, recession, and recovery.
2. A recession is defined as at least six months of falling output across the economy. It can cause rising unemployment, falling business profits, and declining tax revenues.
3. Estimating the output gap, which is the difference between actual GDP and potential GDP, is difficult but important for understanding inflationary pressures and spare capacity in the economy. A negative output gap indicates unused resources while a positive gap risks inflation.
This document is a 20-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry. It consists of 40 multiple choice questions testing students' knowledge of chemistry concepts and principles. The exam covers topics including the periodic table, chemical bonding, acids and bases, organic chemistry, and industrial chemistry processes. A blank periodic table is provided on page 20.
Edexcel Pearson Accounting International Advanced Level
Unit 01: The Accounting System and Costing
Unit 02: Corporate and Management Accounting
Summarized syllabus
Contact for further support
This document discusses how economic growth is measured and the factors that influence it. It begins by explaining that a country's economic growth is measured by its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total value of goods and services produced in one year. It then outlines the four main factors that determine a country's GDP: natural resources, human capital, capital goods, and entrepreneurship. Each of these factors is then defined and their role in influencing a country's economic growth and standard of living is described.
This document provides an overview of business studies concepts for a revision booklet. It includes definitions of key terms like economic problem, opportunity cost, specialization, adding value, levels of business activity, economic systems, characteristics of successful entrepreneurs, business measurement, reasons for business expansion, reasons for business failure, and types of business organizations like sole proprietorships. The document is intended to help students review important topics in business studies.
This document discusses factors of production, factor payments, and the differences between stock and flow variables as well as real and money flows. It defines factors of production as resources used to produce goods and services and divides them into four categories: labor, land, capital, and entrepreneurship. It also defines factor payments as the income received for supplying factors of production, divided into four categories: rent, wages, interest, and profits. Finally, it outlines the key differences between stock and flow variables, and real and money flows.
Supplementary multiple choice answer sheet - exam day - form 2King Ali
This document is an exam answer sheet for a candidate taking a multiple choice exam. It lists the candidate's identification information and provides instructions for filling in their answers by shading in the letter choice for each question number. The answer sheet has space to record answers for 60 multiple choice questions.
Cambridge International AS & A Level Economics 9708 ( PDFDrive ).pdfMansyJames
The document outlines a scheme of work for teaching the Cambridge International AS and A Level Economics syllabus, dividing it into topics and providing suggested teaching activities, resources, and guidance for each topic. It covers the AS Level topics of basic economic ideas, the price system, government intervention, and macroeconomics, as well as expanding on these topics at A Level. The scheme of work is intended to help teachers construct and deliver the economics course effectively.
1. The economic cycle refers to short-run fluctuations in national output (real GDP) around its long-term trend. It includes periods of boom, slowdown, recession, and recovery.
2. A recession is defined as at least six months of falling output across the economy. It can cause rising unemployment, falling business profits, and declining tax revenues.
3. Estimating the output gap, which is the difference between actual GDP and potential GDP, is difficult but important for understanding inflationary pressures and spare capacity in the economy. A negative output gap indicates unused resources while a positive gap risks inflation.
This document is a 20-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry. It consists of 40 multiple choice questions testing students' knowledge of chemistry concepts and principles. The exam covers topics including the periodic table, chemical bonding, acids and bases, organic chemistry, and industrial chemistry processes. A blank periodic table is provided on page 20.
Edexcel Pearson Accounting International Advanced Level
Unit 01: The Accounting System and Costing
Unit 02: Corporate and Management Accounting
Summarized syllabus
Contact for further support
This document discusses how economic growth is measured and the factors that influence it. It begins by explaining that a country's economic growth is measured by its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total value of goods and services produced in one year. It then outlines the four main factors that determine a country's GDP: natural resources, human capital, capital goods, and entrepreneurship. Each of these factors is then defined and their role in influencing a country's economic growth and standard of living is described.
This document consists of 18 printed pages and 2 blank pages. It is a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate syllabus approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The multiple choice questions assess knowledge of biology.
This document is a 19-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) in Mathematics. It contains 10 multi-part questions testing a variety of math skills, including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, statistics, and other topics. Students are instructed to show their work and write answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. They are given 130 total marks and allowed 2 hours and 30 minutes to complete the exam.
The document discusses the functions and types of money, how banks create money through fractional-reserve banking, and how the money supply is affected. It explains that money serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. Banks hold reserves and make loans, increasing the money supply through the money multiplier effect. The Federal Reserve uses tools like open market operations and reserve requirements to influence the money supply and inflation.
1. The document discusses the price mechanism and how market prices adjust to changes in supply and demand. It explains how prices serve to allocate scarce resources and provide incentives to producers.
2. Diagrams are used to illustrate how equilibrium price and quantity change with shifts in supply and demand. Examples are given of factors that cause supply or demand for goods like crude oil and aluminum to increase or decrease.
3. Stakeholders that benefit and lose from higher oil prices are identified. The effects of changes in the market for aluminum are also analyzed using supply and demand diagrams.
1) The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of a macroeconomics textbook, including how total national income is determined by aggregate supply and demand.
2) It explains how factor prices like wages and rental rates are determined by supply and demand in factor markets and how this determines the distribution of total income.
3) It outlines the components of aggregate demand - consumption, investment, and government spending - and how their interaction with aggregate supply determines equilibrium in the goods market and the loanable funds market.
Government economic objective and policiesJohnAde1
This chapter will explain government economic objectives like low inflation and unemployment, the business cycle stages, and fiscal and monetary policies that governments use to influence the economy. It will discuss how tax and spending changes and interest rate adjustments impact businesses and how firms can react. The chapter defines key terms and describes the main economic objectives, problems high inflation and unemployment cause, how economic growth benefits a country, the typical business cycle stages, and issues with a trade deficit. It also outlines how income, profit, VAT, and tariff taxes affect consumer spending and business activity.
Cambridge Lower Secondary Checkpoint Past Paper P2 october-2018-scienceSmart Exam Resources
This document is a 17 page science exam for 11-13 year olds taking the Cambridge Secondary 1 Checkpoint exam. It contains 16 multiple choice and written response questions testing knowledge of various science topics like cells, chemistry reactions, physics principles and human biology. The exam has a 50 point total and includes diagrams, tables and graphs as part of the question prompts. It is designed to be answered directly in the exam booklet during a 45 minute sitting.
The document discusses economic growth and its key drivers. It defines economic growth as a long-term expansion of a country's productive potential. The main drivers of growth include increasing capital stock, labor supply, productivity, and innovation. However, growth also faces limitations such as infrastructure gaps, export dependency, human capital problems, and rising inequality within countries. Rapid growth can increase a nation's income but also widen inequality, posing challenges for maintaining balanced and sustainable development.
1. The document is a 15 page syllabus approved for use in several countries as a biology exam, along with one blank page.
2. It provides sample multiple choice exam questions on topics in biology such as cellular respiration, plant transport, human physiology, genetics, and ecology.
3. The questions are accompanied by explanatory diagrams and include 4 possible answer choices to choose from.
A2 Economics Exam Technique - Weesteps to Evaluationtutor2u
While low inflation used to be a top priority, it may no longer be appropriate given today's economic context. High unemployment and the risk of deflation are more immediate concerns. However, maintaining some inflation target is still important for long-term stability and investment. Overall, the appropriate policy priorities depend on weighing these different factors against the wider economic situation.
Specialisation & the division of labourmattbentley34
Specialization occurs at different levels of economic activity and can provide several key advantages. It involves concentrating production on specific products or tasks. Within businesses and organizations, specialization allows workers to focus on discrete tasks and gain expertise through repetition, improving productivity. Countries and regions also specialize in goods where they have a comparative advantage. While specialization increases output and profits, it can result in repetitive work that lacks variety and skills, potentially reducing worker satisfaction over time.
- Niger has experienced rapid population growth, from 1.7 million in 1960 to an estimated 56 million by 2050, putting strain on housing, food, water, and healthcare. The government is attempting to increase family planning and raise the marriage age to address these issues.
- China implemented its one-child policy in 1979 to reduce population growth from 5.8 children per woman to 1.7 currently. This has led to issues like an aging population and gender imbalance but has allowed economic development.
- Drought in Australia has led to reduced water flows and reservoir levels, forcing towns to lose population as farming becomes impossible and water restrictions are imposed in cities.
The document is a chemistry exam paper testing students' ability to identify ions and gases through laboratory tests. It describes tests carried out on various solid and liquid samples and asks students to identify the substances, describe observations, and draw conclusions. The paper tests knowledge of common chemical tests including flame tests, reactions of salts with acids and bases, and precipitation reactions to identify anion groups present. Students must analyze the provided data and apply their understanding of chemical reactions and properties to deduce the identities and nature of the unknown samples.
Aggregate supply is the total domestic production at a given price level. There are two types of aggregate supply: short-run and long-run. Short-run aggregate supply assumes fixed input prices, while long-run aggregate supply allows for changing input prices. The Keynesian view is that the long-run aggregate supply curve slopes upward due to increasing costs as full employment is approached. Shifts in aggregate supply are due to changes in productive capacity from factors like education, labor force size, or reductions from events like war.
1. The document provides instructions for a mathematics exam, including instructions to write details on work submitted, use specific pens and pencils, and not to use staples or correction fluid.
2. Candidates are told to answer all questions, show working for questions where needed, and use electronic calculators. Answers should be given to three significant figures unless otherwise specified.
3. The document consists of 16 printed pages and the total number of marks for the exam is 130.
Specialisation and the division of labour allow economic agents to focus on specific tasks in the production process and trade surplus goods with others. This increases productivity and output. Adam Smith observed workers in a pin factory where labour was divided into 18 steps, finding productivity increased 500 times over individual pin makers. While specialisation provides benefits like lower costs and prices, it can reduce worker motivation from repetitive tasks and lead to quality and turnover issues. Money developed to facilitate trade from bartering by serving as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and method of deferred payment. This allows specialisation and greater economic welfare.
Checkpoint Lower Secondary Past Papers-P1 October-2017-sciencesmartexamresources
This document consists of a 16 page science exam for 11-12 year olds. It contains 12 multiple choice and short answer questions testing knowledge of topics like plant and animal cell structures, materials used in cars, light and color, food webs, chemical reactions, heat transfer, atoms, plant mineral absorption, soil properties, density, rabbit adaptations, and electrical circuits. Students are to write their answers directly in the exam paper.
1. Aggregate demand is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. It is made up of consumption, investment, government spending, exports minus imports.
2. Changes in aggregate demand are key to understanding economic fluctuations like recessions and recoveries. A rise in aggregate demand leads to economic expansion while a fall causes contraction.
3. Shifts in aggregate demand are caused by changes in factors like fiscal policy, monetary policy, business and consumer confidence, and external economic conditions.
This document discusses changes made by the Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) to some of their question papers for popular assessments. CIE now uses two similar but distinct variants of some question papers to provide more past examination material to students. The content and standards assessed remain the same between variants. Teachers should contact CIE for more information on these changes.
Fiscal policy involves the use of government spending, taxation, and borrowing to influence aggregate demand, output, and employment. It can also be used to alter income distribution and address market failures. Changes to fiscal policy impact both aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Key tools of fiscal policy include public spending on areas like infrastructure and welfare, as well as taxes which can be direct or indirect, progressive, proportional, or regressive. Fiscal policy aims to stabilize the economic cycle and promote competitiveness, and the appropriate use of budget deficits can support aggregate demand. However, high public debt levels may increase borrowing costs and future taxes.
This learner guide provides information to help students understand the Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management course and examinations. It explains the course content, assessment structure and format, skills that will be assessed, and includes an example question and response to demonstrate how answers may be evaluated. Revision tips and resources are also provided to aid students in their preparation.
This document contains a mark scheme for a Cambridge International AS & A Level Physics exam. It provides the answers and marks for multiple choice and structured questions. The multiple choice section lists the question number and correct answer for 40 questions. The structured question section then provides guidance on marking principles, likely answers, and marks awarded for 8 multi-part physics questions. It also contains generic guidance for marking exam responses.
This document consists of 18 printed pages and 2 blank pages. It is a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate syllabus approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The multiple choice questions assess knowledge of biology.
This document is a 19-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) in Mathematics. It contains 10 multi-part questions testing a variety of math skills, including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, statistics, and other topics. Students are instructed to show their work and write answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. They are given 130 total marks and allowed 2 hours and 30 minutes to complete the exam.
The document discusses the functions and types of money, how banks create money through fractional-reserve banking, and how the money supply is affected. It explains that money serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. Banks hold reserves and make loans, increasing the money supply through the money multiplier effect. The Federal Reserve uses tools like open market operations and reserve requirements to influence the money supply and inflation.
1. The document discusses the price mechanism and how market prices adjust to changes in supply and demand. It explains how prices serve to allocate scarce resources and provide incentives to producers.
2. Diagrams are used to illustrate how equilibrium price and quantity change with shifts in supply and demand. Examples are given of factors that cause supply or demand for goods like crude oil and aluminum to increase or decrease.
3. Stakeholders that benefit and lose from higher oil prices are identified. The effects of changes in the market for aluminum are also analyzed using supply and demand diagrams.
1) The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of a macroeconomics textbook, including how total national income is determined by aggregate supply and demand.
2) It explains how factor prices like wages and rental rates are determined by supply and demand in factor markets and how this determines the distribution of total income.
3) It outlines the components of aggregate demand - consumption, investment, and government spending - and how their interaction with aggregate supply determines equilibrium in the goods market and the loanable funds market.
Government economic objective and policiesJohnAde1
This chapter will explain government economic objectives like low inflation and unemployment, the business cycle stages, and fiscal and monetary policies that governments use to influence the economy. It will discuss how tax and spending changes and interest rate adjustments impact businesses and how firms can react. The chapter defines key terms and describes the main economic objectives, problems high inflation and unemployment cause, how economic growth benefits a country, the typical business cycle stages, and issues with a trade deficit. It also outlines how income, profit, VAT, and tariff taxes affect consumer spending and business activity.
Cambridge Lower Secondary Checkpoint Past Paper P2 october-2018-scienceSmart Exam Resources
This document is a 17 page science exam for 11-13 year olds taking the Cambridge Secondary 1 Checkpoint exam. It contains 16 multiple choice and written response questions testing knowledge of various science topics like cells, chemistry reactions, physics principles and human biology. The exam has a 50 point total and includes diagrams, tables and graphs as part of the question prompts. It is designed to be answered directly in the exam booklet during a 45 minute sitting.
The document discusses economic growth and its key drivers. It defines economic growth as a long-term expansion of a country's productive potential. The main drivers of growth include increasing capital stock, labor supply, productivity, and innovation. However, growth also faces limitations such as infrastructure gaps, export dependency, human capital problems, and rising inequality within countries. Rapid growth can increase a nation's income but also widen inequality, posing challenges for maintaining balanced and sustainable development.
1. The document is a 15 page syllabus approved for use in several countries as a biology exam, along with one blank page.
2. It provides sample multiple choice exam questions on topics in biology such as cellular respiration, plant transport, human physiology, genetics, and ecology.
3. The questions are accompanied by explanatory diagrams and include 4 possible answer choices to choose from.
A2 Economics Exam Technique - Weesteps to Evaluationtutor2u
While low inflation used to be a top priority, it may no longer be appropriate given today's economic context. High unemployment and the risk of deflation are more immediate concerns. However, maintaining some inflation target is still important for long-term stability and investment. Overall, the appropriate policy priorities depend on weighing these different factors against the wider economic situation.
Specialisation & the division of labourmattbentley34
Specialization occurs at different levels of economic activity and can provide several key advantages. It involves concentrating production on specific products or tasks. Within businesses and organizations, specialization allows workers to focus on discrete tasks and gain expertise through repetition, improving productivity. Countries and regions also specialize in goods where they have a comparative advantage. While specialization increases output and profits, it can result in repetitive work that lacks variety and skills, potentially reducing worker satisfaction over time.
- Niger has experienced rapid population growth, from 1.7 million in 1960 to an estimated 56 million by 2050, putting strain on housing, food, water, and healthcare. The government is attempting to increase family planning and raise the marriage age to address these issues.
- China implemented its one-child policy in 1979 to reduce population growth from 5.8 children per woman to 1.7 currently. This has led to issues like an aging population and gender imbalance but has allowed economic development.
- Drought in Australia has led to reduced water flows and reservoir levels, forcing towns to lose population as farming becomes impossible and water restrictions are imposed in cities.
The document is a chemistry exam paper testing students' ability to identify ions and gases through laboratory tests. It describes tests carried out on various solid and liquid samples and asks students to identify the substances, describe observations, and draw conclusions. The paper tests knowledge of common chemical tests including flame tests, reactions of salts with acids and bases, and precipitation reactions to identify anion groups present. Students must analyze the provided data and apply their understanding of chemical reactions and properties to deduce the identities and nature of the unknown samples.
Aggregate supply is the total domestic production at a given price level. There are two types of aggregate supply: short-run and long-run. Short-run aggregate supply assumes fixed input prices, while long-run aggregate supply allows for changing input prices. The Keynesian view is that the long-run aggregate supply curve slopes upward due to increasing costs as full employment is approached. Shifts in aggregate supply are due to changes in productive capacity from factors like education, labor force size, or reductions from events like war.
1. The document provides instructions for a mathematics exam, including instructions to write details on work submitted, use specific pens and pencils, and not to use staples or correction fluid.
2. Candidates are told to answer all questions, show working for questions where needed, and use electronic calculators. Answers should be given to three significant figures unless otherwise specified.
3. The document consists of 16 printed pages and the total number of marks for the exam is 130.
Specialisation and the division of labour allow economic agents to focus on specific tasks in the production process and trade surplus goods with others. This increases productivity and output. Adam Smith observed workers in a pin factory where labour was divided into 18 steps, finding productivity increased 500 times over individual pin makers. While specialisation provides benefits like lower costs and prices, it can reduce worker motivation from repetitive tasks and lead to quality and turnover issues. Money developed to facilitate trade from bartering by serving as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and method of deferred payment. This allows specialisation and greater economic welfare.
Checkpoint Lower Secondary Past Papers-P1 October-2017-sciencesmartexamresources
This document consists of a 16 page science exam for 11-12 year olds. It contains 12 multiple choice and short answer questions testing knowledge of topics like plant and animal cell structures, materials used in cars, light and color, food webs, chemical reactions, heat transfer, atoms, plant mineral absorption, soil properties, density, rabbit adaptations, and electrical circuits. Students are to write their answers directly in the exam paper.
1. Aggregate demand is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. It is made up of consumption, investment, government spending, exports minus imports.
2. Changes in aggregate demand are key to understanding economic fluctuations like recessions and recoveries. A rise in aggregate demand leads to economic expansion while a fall causes contraction.
3. Shifts in aggregate demand are caused by changes in factors like fiscal policy, monetary policy, business and consumer confidence, and external economic conditions.
This document discusses changes made by the Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) to some of their question papers for popular assessments. CIE now uses two similar but distinct variants of some question papers to provide more past examination material to students. The content and standards assessed remain the same between variants. Teachers should contact CIE for more information on these changes.
Fiscal policy involves the use of government spending, taxation, and borrowing to influence aggregate demand, output, and employment. It can also be used to alter income distribution and address market failures. Changes to fiscal policy impact both aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Key tools of fiscal policy include public spending on areas like infrastructure and welfare, as well as taxes which can be direct or indirect, progressive, proportional, or regressive. Fiscal policy aims to stabilize the economic cycle and promote competitiveness, and the appropriate use of budget deficits can support aggregate demand. However, high public debt levels may increase borrowing costs and future taxes.
This learner guide provides information to help students understand the Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management course and examinations. It explains the course content, assessment structure and format, skills that will be assessed, and includes an example question and response to demonstrate how answers may be evaluated. Revision tips and resources are also provided to aid students in their preparation.
This document contains a mark scheme for a Cambridge International AS & A Level Physics exam. It provides the answers and marks for multiple choice and structured questions. The multiple choice section lists the question number and correct answer for 40 questions. The structured question section then provides guidance on marking principles, likely answers, and marks awarded for 8 multi-part physics questions. It also contains generic guidance for marking exam responses.
This document contains a mark scheme for a physics exam with multiple choice and structured questions. It provides the answers to the questions and marks awarded for each part. The mark scheme also includes general marking principles and subject specific guidance for examiners on how to apply the marks. It consists of 12 printed pages and provides the framework that examiners must follow when assessing students' answers.
This document consists of 12 printed pages containing multiple choice questions and answers for a Physics exam. It provides the questions, approved answers, and mark scheme for graders. The questions cover topics in Physics and the document is intended to aid teachers and students by indicating what is required to earn marks on the exam.
This document contains two mark schemes for Cambridge International Examinations papers on business studies from May/June 2013 and May/June 2015. The mark schemes provide guidance for examiners on how to award marks to student responses. They indicate the requirements of the exam and the basis for awarding marks, but do not discuss the examiners' meetings. Mark schemes should be read along with the question papers and examiner reports. Cambridge will not discuss the specific mark schemes.
This document consists of 12 printed pages containing multiple choice questions and corresponding answer keys for a Cambridge International AS & A Level Physics exam. It provides the exam structure, grading criteria, exam questions and approved answers to aid teachers in scoring student responses. The document establishes guidelines for examiners to standardize marking across questions and candidates.
WEEK 5 PROBLEM SET Due week 5 and worth 200 points. Yo.docxcockekeshia
This document provides details for the Week 5 problem set assignment in the ECO 550 - Managerial Economics and Globalization course. The problem set is due in Week 5 and is worth 200 points. Students will submit their answers through a Blackboard assessment by filling out charts and answering essay and short answer questions. The problem set contains 4 problems analyzing concepts like marginal costs, elasticity, price discrimination, and bundling. It also provides details for a 250 point case study assignment due in Week 7 analyzing how Southwest Airlines uses game theory to maximize profits through its boarding process.
The document is a mark scheme for a business studies exam that assesses students' understanding of key business concepts and their ability to apply them to case study examples. It provides:
1) Detailed explanations and mark allocations for answers to questions about terms, calculations, and analysis of business scenarios from two sample case studies.
2) The questions assess students' knowledge of topics like pricing strategies, cash flow forecasting, and advantages/disadvantages of franchising.
3) The mark scheme provides guidance to examiners on what constitutes a complete or partial answer for each question and the levels of understanding or analysis required to achieve different point allocations.
The document provides information about an exam for Cambridge International Examinations' Cambridge International Advanced Level in Business Studies. It includes the mark scheme and exam questions related to a case study about a technology company called TC. The questions assess students' knowledge, application, analysis and evaluation of concepts related to TC's strategic options, financial performance, and management issues.
The document provides a mark scheme for an exam on Business Studies. It outlines the requirements for different exam questions and provides sample answers for each question. For question 1(a), it describes what students need to include in their explanations of portfolio analysis and inventories. For question 1(b), it lists the financial ratios and other factors students should analyze regarding the impact of business expansion on forecast liquidity. For the other questions, it similarly outlines the key points students should cover to receive marks for their responses.
The document is the mark scheme for Cambridge International Examinations' GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level and GCE Advanced Level exam for the subject of Business Studies. It provides the requirements for examiners to award marks to student responses on the exam. For each question, it outlines the key points or level of understanding required to achieve each mark. It also provides sample student responses at each level to demonstrate how marks would be allocated. The mark scheme aims to ensure examiners apply the standards consistently and accurately.
Centre for Enhancementof Learning and TeachingAssessment Cov.docxketurahhazelhurst
Centre for Enhancement
of Learning and Teaching
Assessment Coversheet and Feedback Form
Complete the details marked in the coloured text and leave everything else blank. Copy and paste your submission after the first pages as indicated. You are reminded of the University regulations on cheating. Except where the assessment is group-based, the final piece of work which is submitted must be your own work. Close similarity between submissions is likely to lead to an investigation for cheating. You must submit a file in an MSWord or equivalent format as tutors will use MSWord to provide feedback including, where appropriate, annotations in the text.
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Check this box [x] if the Faculty has notified you that you are eligible for a Reasonable Adjustment (including additional time) in relation to the marking of this assessment. Please note that action may be taken under the University’s Student Disciplinary Procedure against any student making a false claim for Reasonable Adjustments.
Course and Year
MSc Management
Module Code
ACC7032
Module Title
Managerial Finance
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Managing Financial Performance – ACC7021
Assessment Coversheet and Feedback Form
Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences
School of Business
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1……………….
Check this box [x] if the Faculty has notified you that you are eligible for a Reasonable Adjustment (including additional time) in relation to the marking of this assessment. Please note that action may be taken under the University’s Student Disciplinary Procedure against any student making a false claim for Reasonable Adjustments.
Course and Year
Int. MBA
Module Code
ACC7012
Module Title
Managing Financial Performance
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Jonathan Mills
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Complete the details marked in the colored text and leave everything else blank. Where appropriate, co ...
The document contains a mark scheme for a business studies exam. It provides explanations and guidance for examiners on how to award marks for student responses to various questions. The questions assess understanding of business terms like capital intensive and balance sheet. They also require calculations of metrics like net profit margin and margin of safety. Students must analyze and discuss factors like sources of finance, the impact of just-in-time production, strengths/weaknesses of family businesses, and potential human resource problems. The mark scheme provides detailed guidance on awarding marks for demonstrating knowledge, application, analysis and evaluation of business concepts in context.
This document contains a mark scheme for a Physics exam. It provides the answers to multiple choice and structured questions on the exam. The mark scheme details the marks awarded for each question or part of a question. It also provides annotations to indicate how marks were awarded, including marks for method, answer, or working. The mark scheme aims to show teachers and students what is required to achieve marks on the exam. It contains 40 pages of information related to marking the Physics exam.
The Case Study Skills Workshop covers important aspects of the GCE ‘A’ Level Economics Paper 1 examination. It is a 3-session workshop where students will learn how to structure their answers to respond to higher order case study questions.
Evaluation ResultsAuthor Christopher CollinsDate Eval.docxgitagrimston
Evaluation Results
Author: Christopher Collins
Date Evaluated: 07/12/2015 03:31:51 PM (MDT)
DRF template: English Composition II (UG, TCP1*1214)
Program: TCP1* English Composition II (UG 1214)
Evaluation Method: Using Rubric
Evaluation Summary for English Composition II: TCP Task 2
Final Score: Does not Meet
Evaluator added files: Collins, Christopher TCP_TASK_2.71215.docx (Word Document (Open XML))
Overall comments: 7/12/15ARTICULATIONThe submitted essay is aptly written in an informational
and persuasive tone. The writing displays sentence fluency, word choice and
conventions errors throughout the work disrupting the flow of the writing.
Please consider accessing available learning resources that support writing skill
development. Student mentors and the Center of Writing Excellence can provide
assistance in accessing these resources.
The Articulation review is not meant to be a comprehensive review of every
error within the submission, but is intended to point out specific recurring
challenges found within the submission. A few representative examples of the
articulation errors noted are included in the attached document.
A Content Evaluator evaluated the content requirements for this submission, while
an Articulation of Response Evaluator evaluated the articulation requirements.
07/11/15CONTENT The paper addresses the legalization of cannabis. The body
of the paper, though, only discusses the uses of marijuana. Also, the main points of
the paper need to be expanded to include researched support. Please confer with a
course mentor before working further on this assessment.
Live links have been included within the evaluation comments. Please note, study
links may also be copied and pasted into a new internet browser window. As
always, please use the ECare Support Request Form at the top of the evaluation
report to contact the WGU ECare Team for questions or support.
Detailed Results (Rubric used: TCP Task 2 (0214))
Articulation of Response (clarity, organization, mechanics)
(0)
Unsatisfactory/Not
Present
(1) Does Not Meet
Standard
(2) Minimally
Competent
(3) Competent (4) Highly
Competent
The candidate provides
unsatisfactory
articulation of
response.
The candidate provides
weak articulation of
response.
The candidate provides
limited articulation of
response.
The candidate provides
adequate articulation of
response.
The candidate provides
substantial articulation
of response.
Criterion Score: 1.00
Comments on this criterion: 7/12/15Organizational clarity is present in the essay. Throughout the submission there
are articulation concerns with organization (paragraph structure), sentence fluency (awkward/unclear and fragmented
sentences), word choice (missing words) and conventions (punctuation and capitalization) which impede its clarity and
Printed on: 07/12/2015 08:42:11 PM (EST)
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effectiveness. A few representative examples of the Artic ...
This document consists of 13 printed pages containing multiple choice questions and corresponding answer keys for a Cambridge International AS & A Level Physics exam. It provides the exam structure, grading criteria, examiner comments, and complete answer keys for 3 similar multiple choice exams with 40 questions each. The document establishes standards and guidelines for grading these exam questions in a fair and consistent manner.
1) The document discusses consumer learning and provides tasks for an assignment on the topic. It defines consumer learning as a change in memory or behavior from experiences.
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3) The third task requires distinguishing stimulus generalization and discrimination in consumer behavior and analyzing how two Sri Lankan brands use these concepts in advertising. Guidelines provide details on the requirements for each task.
Econ1025 semester 2 2021 prices and markets assessmentronak56
This document outlines the assessment tasks for the course ECON1025 - Semester 2 2021. It describes three assessment tasks:
1. A 10% online multiple choice quiz on material from weeks 1-3, with 10 questions to be completed within 60 minutes.
2. A 40% microeconomic analysis report on a topic of the student's choice, applying concepts from lectures 2-6. The report is limited to 1500 words and must be approved by the tutor in advance.
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0455 example candidate_responses_paper_2_(for_examination_from_2020)
1. Example Candidate Responses – Paper 2
Cambridge IGCSETM
/ IGCSE (9–1)
Economics 0455 / 0987
For examination from 2020
Version 1
Cambridge O Level
Economics 2281
3. Contents
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................4
Question 1........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Example Candidate Response – high...............................................................................................................................6
Example Candidate Response – middle.........................................................................................................................10
Example Candidate Response – low..............................................................................................................................14
Question 2.......................................................................................................................................................................17
Example Candidate Response – high.............................................................................................................................17
Example Candidate Response – middle.........................................................................................................................19
Example Candidate Response – low..............................................................................................................................21
Question 3.......................................................................................................................................................................23
Example Candidate Response – high.............................................................................................................................23
Example Candidate Response – middle.........................................................................................................................25
Example Candidate Response – low..............................................................................................................................27
Question 4.......................................................................................................................................................................29
Example Candidate Response – high.............................................................................................................................29
Example Candidate Response – middle..........................................................................................................................31
Example Candidate Response – low..............................................................................................................................32
Question 5.......................................................................................................................................................................34
Example Candidate Response – high.............................................................................................................................34
Example Candidate Response – middle.........................................................................................................................37
Example Candidate Response – low..............................................................................................................................39
4. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
4
The main aim of this booklet is to exemplify standards for those teaching Cambridge IGCSE / IGCSE Economics (9–1)
0455 / 0987 and Cambridge O Level Economics 2281, and to show how different levels of candidates’ performance
(high, middle and low) relate to the subject’s curriculum and assessment objectives.
In this booklet, candidate responses have been chosen from the November 2020 exam series to exemplify a range of
answers.
For each question, the response is annotated with a clear explanation of where and why marks were awarded or
omitted. This is followed by examiner comments on how the answer could have been improved. In this way, it is
possible for you to understand what candidates have done to gain their marks and what they could do to improve their
answers. There is also a list of common mistakes candidates made in their answers for each question.
This document provides illustrative examples of candidate work with examiner commentary. These help teachers
to assess the standard required to achieve marks beyond the guidance of the mark scheme. Therefore, in some
circumstances, such as where exact answers are required, there will not be much comment.
The questions and mark schemes used here are available to download from the School Support Hub. These files are:
0455 November 2020 Question Paper 22
0455 November 2020 Paper 22 Mark Scheme
Past exam resources and other teacher support materials are available on the School Support Hub:
www.cambridgeinternational.org/support
Introduction
5. Two more costs are given
here, one fixed and one var-
iable. Only the first two costs
given are considered.
Mark for (b) = 1 out of 2
This is a vague statement.
This is not a cost of con-
serving the forests.
Mark for (c) = 0 out of 2
Answers are by real candidates in exam conditions.
These show you the types of answers for each level.
Discuss and analyse the answers with your learners in
the classroom to improve their skills.
Examiner comments are
alongside the answers. These
explain where and why marks
were awarded. This helps you
to interpret the standard of
Cambridge exams so you can
help your learners to refine
their exam technique.
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• The candidate needed to pay more attention to the stimulus material and answer the questions in more depth.
• (b) The candidate gave four costs when the question asked for two variable costs. In such a case, only the first two
costs identified are considered. In this case, the first two costs given included one fixed cost and one variable cost.
This section explains how the candidate could
have improved each answer. This helps you to
interpret the standard of Cambridge exams and
helps your learners to refine their exam technique.
Common mistakes candidates made in this question
• (a) Making numerical errors.
• (b) Listing all the costs mentioned in the source material without separating out two variable costs.
• (c) Not explaining the meaning of opportunity cost and not basing the answer on an opportunity cost that can be
found in the source material. A number of candidates also gave an opportunity cost of producing palm oil rather
than of conserving forests.
• (d) Not exploring the external costs identified. Some candidates confused external cost with private costs and
explained for instance, rent.
Lists the common mistakes candidates made
in answering each question. This will help your
learners to avoid these mistakes and give them
the best chance of achieving the available marks.
Often candidates were not awarded
marks because they misread or
misinterpreted the questions.
How to use this booklet
This booklet goes through the paper one question at a time, showing you the high-, middle- and low-level response for
each question. The candidate answers are set in a table. In the left-hand column are the candidate answers, and in
the right-hand column are the examiner comments.
Example Candidate Response – low Examiner comments
5
4
6
4
5
6
6. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
6
Question 1
1
Example Candidate Response – high Examiner comments
An accurate calculation.
Mark for (a) = 1 out of 1
Two relevant costs are identified.
Mark for (b) = 2 out of 2
The candidate should explain
that this may be the best alternative.
Mark for (c) = 1 out of 2
The candidate needs to explain
why this loss of habitat will be a cost
to the wildlife.
The candidate needs to explain
how the harmful gases can have a
cost on 3rd parties.
Mark for (d) = 2 out of 4
1
5
4
3
2
2
1
3
4
5
7. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
7
Example Candidate Response – high, continued Examiner comments
This is a good diagram. It is
well-labelled, clear and accurate.
The candidate writes one sentence
but does not waste much time on
a written explanation that is not
required.
Mark for (e) = 4 out of 4
The expected explanation is
clearly set out.
Understanding of the
components of HDI is shown here.
Evidence is provided in support
of the data.
6
9
8
7
6
7
8
9
8. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
8
Example Candidate Response – high, continued Examiner comments
There is further supporting
evidence here.
A relevant exception is identified
here and, at this point, full marks
are awarded.
Mark for (f) = 5 out of 5
There is strong consideration of
how immigration of workers could
benefit Indonesia. Points are well
linked and maximum marks are
awarded on this side.
The candidate recognises
that immigration may result in
overcrowding and could have a
negative effect on the balance of
payments.
Mark for (g) = 6 out of 6
10
11
12
13
10
11
12
13
9. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
9
Example Candidate Response – high, continued Examiner comments
Again, full marks are awarded
on the first side. There is good
coverage of changes in global
income, advertising affecting
the attractiveness of Indonesia
as a tourist attraction and the
competitiveness of the Indonesian
tourist industry.
In the first two sentences, the
candidate just writes the reverse
of what appeared in the first
paragraph.
The last sentence does enable
the candidate to be awarded full
marks for this answer as it explains
how palm oil production could
reduce ecotourism.
Mark for (h) = 6 out of 6
Total mark awarded =
27 out of 30
14
16
15
14
15
16
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (c) The candidate did recognise that a possible opportunity cost of conserving forests is the production of
palm oil but did not explain that this may be the (next) best alternative foregone (given up).
• (d) The candidate needed to explain how the loss of wildlife and release of harmful gases impose costs on
third parties.
10. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
10
Example Candidate Response – middle Examiner comments
The candidate makes a mistake
here. It should have been 36 divided
by 60 and then multiplied by 100.
Mark for (a) = 0 out of 1
The first cost identified is a
variable cost but the second cost is
a fixed cost.
Mark for (b) = 1 out of 2
It should be foregone (given up)
rather than chosen.
The candidate does identify a
relevant opportunity cost here.
Mark for (c) = 1 out of 2
The candidate identifies but does
not explain the two relevant external
costs.
Mark for (d) = 2 out of 4
This is the correct shift in the
supply curve.
The second equilibrium point
should be shown here by lines to
the axes or by E2.
This is not an equilibrium point.
The equilibrium should be here.
The demand and supply curves
are accurately labelled.
The axes are correctly labelled.
A written explanation is not
needed.
Mark for (e) = 3 out of 4
5
4
3
2
6
9
8
7
10
11
12
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
11. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
11
Example Candidate Response – middle, continued Examiner comments
The candidate is not clear about
what the data is showing.
There is no interpretation here.
Again, the candidate is not clear
about what the data indicates.
Mark for (f) = 0 out of 5
The candidate explores how
immigration could increase the size
of the labour force. The workers
could be skilled and, as a result,
economic growth could occur.
The candidate recognises
that workers from other countries
could replace some Indonesian
workers. The size of the labour
force, however, will increase, so
the overall unemployment rate may
not rise. An increase in government
paying unemployment benefits will
not in itself cause a fall in GDP.
14
16
15
13
17
13
14
15
16
17
12. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
12
Example Candidate Response – middle, continued Examiner comments
The candidate recognises a
relevant possible disadvantage.
The candidate does not establish
why inflation may occur since both
total demand and total supply are
likely to increase.
Mark for (g) = 5 out of 6
The candidate should recognise
here that the workers are highly
skilled workers.
This is a relevant possible
reason why Indonesian tourism may
increase in the future.
The candidate shows an
awareness that Indonesia has
natural tourist attractions and that
they are price competitive.
The fall in the exchange rate
is more likely to result in a rise in
tourism as it would make it likely to
reduce the price that foreign tourists
have to pay.
Again, the candidate does not
establish that inflation will occur.
Mark for (h) = 3 out of 6
Total mark awarded =
15 out of 30
21
24
23
22
20
19
18
19
18
20
21
22
23
24
13. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
13
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (a) The candidate used the incorrect method to calculate a percentage change.
• (b) The candidate needed to identify two variable costs but actually identified one variable cost and one fixed cost.
• (c) The candidate did recognise an appropriate opportunity cost but needed to make it clear that opportunity cost is
not the next best alternative chosen but the next best alternative foregone.
• (d) The candidate identified two relevant external costs but did not explain them. For instance, the candidate could
have explained that the release of harmful gases could cause people living nearby to become ill.
• (e) The diagram drawn was generally good, but it did not show the original and the new equilibrium positions.
When drawing a diagram to show the effects of changes in market conditions, equilibriums should be shown.
The candidate could have saved time in answering this question as a written explanation was not required. When
candidates are asked to ‘Draw a diagram to show …’ , a diagram only is needed.
• (f) The candidate needed to think very carefully about what the data was showing before starting to write their
answer. The candidate was not clear about the nature of GDP per head and HDI rankings.
• (g) The candidate’s answer required more depth. For instance, the candidate might have mentioned that more
people coming to live and work in the country may result in overpopulation or may have recognised that the
country’s population was already increasing. The comments on inflation should also have recognised that both total
demand and total supply could increase with more workers.
• (h) The candidate was not clear about how a fall in the country’s exchange rate would be likely to affect the
demand for tourism.
• (i) The candidate did not provide a convincing case for why inflation might occur.
14. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
14
Example Candidate Response – low Examiner comments
This is an accurate calculation.
Mark for (a) = 1 out of 1
This is a variable cost.
First cost identified is a fixed
cost.
Two more costs are given here,
one fixed and one variable. Only the
first two costs given are considered.
Mark for (b) = 1 out of 2
This is a vague statement.
This is not a cost of conserving
the forests.
Mark for (c) = 0 out of 2
It is not clear who ‘they’ are and
what an external cost may be.
This is a relevant cost but the
candidate needs to explain it further.
Mark for (d) = 1 out of 4
The demand curve should not be
moved in this case.
The candidate does not show
what the axes are measuring and
omits the original supply curve,
the new supply curve and the two
equilibrium positions.
Mark for (e) = 0 out of 4
1
5
4
3
2
6
9
8
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
15. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
15
Example Candidate Response – low, continued Examiner comments
The data does not actually show
economic growth. The answer is
vague and does not show a careful
analysis of the data.
Mark for (f) = 0 out of 5
The candidate identifies a
potential benefit here but should
explain it further.
The candidate identifies a
possible cost but it is not made clear
why this may occur.
Mark for (g) = 2 out of 6
This is a possible reason
why Indonesian tourism may not
increase. The candidate does not
explore this point further.
It is not clear which country’s
natural beauty is being referred to
here. If it is Indonesia (as suggested
by the source material), it might be
a reason why more rather than less
tourists may go to Indonesia.
Mark for (h) = 1 out of 6
Total mark awarded =
6 out of 30
14
15
13
11
12
11
12
13
14
15
16. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
16
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• The candidate needed to pay more attention to the stimulus material and to answer the questions in more depth.
• (b) The candidate gave four costs when the question asked for two variable costs. In such a case, only the first two
costs identified are considered. In this case, the first two costs given included one fixed cost and one variable cost.
• (c) The candidate needed to be more precise on the meaning of opportunity cost and to identify an opportunity cost
of conserving forests rather than destroying forests.
• (d) One external cost was identified but it was not explained.
• (e) The diagram produced should have been labelled, to include the original supply curve, a new supply curve to
the left and the equilibriums.
• (f) The candidate should have realised that a measure of pollution is not included directly in GDP per head or
HDI. In examining such data, candidates could consider what relationship they would expect to find and why
the relationship is likely to exist. The candidate should then assess whether the data supports the expected
relationship and provide evidence to support this. Finally, the candidate should have identified any exceptions and
provide evidence for the exceptions.
• (g) Two effects of the immigration of workers to Indonesia were identified but not explained. If a candidate states
that immigration will increase economic growth and cause pollution, they should explain why. Links need to be
provided. For example, immigration may increase economic growth as it may increase the size of the labour force
and so enable a country to produce a higher output.
• (h) The candidate again stated an effect, in this case competition, but did not explain it. In the second part of the
answer, it was not clear whether the candidate was writing about the natural beauty of Indonesia or of Singapore
and Malaysia.
Common mistakes candidates made in this question
• (a) Numerical errors.
• (b) Listing all the costs mentioned in the source material without separating out two variable costs.
• (c) Not explaining the meaning of opportunity cost and not basing the answer on an opportunity cost that can be
found in the source material. A number of candidates also gave an opportunity cost of producing palm oil rather
than of conserving forests.
• (d) Not exploring the external costs identified. Some candidates confused external cost with private costs and
explained for instance, rent.
• (e) Not recognising from the source material that a ban on stubble would reduce the supply of rice and so shifting
the wrong curve. A number of candidates did not show the equilibriums. A high proportion of candidates provided
a written analysis of the diagram. This was not required as indicated by the command word ‘show’. If candidates
are required to both draw a diagram and to provide a written analysis, they are asked to ‘Analyse, with the use of a
diagram’.
• (f) Confusing what the data showed. A number of candidates thought a ranking of 2 is a low ranking. Understanding
of, for example, the HDI should make this clear. Other candidates just described the data without explaining it. For
example, writing that Luxembourg has a GDP per head ranking of 2 and an HDI ranking of 20 is not providing any
analysis. Some candidates revealed a lack of understanding of the components of HDI and the meaning of GDP
per head.
• (g) Not providing a two-sided answer. A number of candidates explored only the benefits of immigration of workers
into Indonesia. Not all candidates considered the question in the context of Indonesia.
• (h) Writing comments that conflicted with the information in the source material. For example, some candidates
wrote that Indonesia does not have competition in tourism while the source material mentions Singapore and
Malaysia as competitors. Generally, answers tended to be stronger on why Indonesian tourism will increase in the
future than on why it might not.
17. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
17
Question 2
Example Candidate Response – high Examiner comments
The candidate mentions exports
and imports of goods.
The candidate picks up on
exports and imports of goods but
does not recognise that the term
refers to the relationship between
exports and imports which could be
a deficit, surplus or balance.
Mark for (a) = 1 out of 2
Identification of a benefit.
Explanation of why bigger
markets provide an advantage for
producers.
Identification of a second benefit.
Explanation of the second
benefit.
Mark for (b) = 4 out of 4
The original production possibility
curve is drawn to the axes.
The candidate recognises
that unemployment results in
inefficiency.
The candidate is mistakenly
shifting the production possibility
curve.
It is the actual output rather than
potential output which will fall.
Mark for (c) = 3 out of 6
Strong exploration of why an
increase in income tax may reduce
demand-pull inflation.
Strong exploration of the other
side, in this case, why higher
income tax increases cost-push
inflation.
Mark for (d) = 8 out of 8
Total mark awarded =
16 out of 20
1
5
4
3
2
6
9
8
7
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
18. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
18
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (a) The candidate needed to recognise that the trade in goods balance is the difference between export revenue
and import expenditure. Candidates should ensure definitions are precise.
• (c) The candidate needed to draw a diagram showing a change in the production points rather than in the
production possibility curve. They should have recognised that it is output rather than productive potential that will
fall.
19. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
19
Example Candidate Response – middle Examiner comments
The candidate does not identify
what the trade is in.
The candidate does not
recognise that the balance will
show the difference between export
revenue and import expenditure.
Mark for (a) = 0 out of 2
A clear link is needed here.
Lower prices or higher quality of raw
materials will increase profits.
Higher output is linked to higher
revenue.
Mark for (b) = 3 out of 4
The candidate labels the axes
appropriately.
There should not be a gap
between the curve and the axes.
Again, there should be no gap.
The candidate recognises output
will fall but is confused on how this
will be illustrated.
Mark for (c) = 2 out of 6
1
5
4
3
2
6
8
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
20. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
20
Example Candidate Response – middle, continued Examiner comments
The candidate provides limited
explanation of demand-pull inflation
here.
Fewer people in the country will
also reduce total demand.
It is not clear why people would
want to spend more.
There is a reasonable
exploration here of why cost-
push inflation may result from the
increase in income tax.
Mark for (d) = 4 out of 8
Total mark awarded =
9 out of 20
9
10
11
12
9
10
11
12
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (a) The answer provided was too vague. It was not made clear that the trade in goods balance is concerned with
exports and imports.
• (b) The candidate explained the second benefit identified but did not make clear the link between raw materials
and profits in the first benefit.
• (c) The candidate correctly labelled the axes to the diagram. The diagram would have been improved by drawing
one production possibility curve, making sure it touched the axes and including two relevant production points. The
explanation could have recognised that resources are being wasted.
• (d) The candidate provided a two-sided answer but missed some links. For example, it was not explained why
reduced spending may reduce inflation. The candidate did not recognise that workers leaving the country would not
only reduce total demand but also total supply. The candidate stated that people would borrow more to spend more
but it was not explained why. The last paragraph was the strongest part with a link between higher wages and
higher costs for firms and then cost-push inflation.
21. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
21
Example Candidate Response – low Examiner comments
Not services.
There is no reference to exports
and imports of goods.
Mark for (a) = 0 out of 2
This shows that the candidate
does not understand the meaning of
the term free trade.
Mark for (b) = 0 out of 4
Incorrect labelling.
A production possibility curve is
drawn accurately but the diagram
does not show a movement inside
the curve.
There is no written analysis.
Mark for (c) = 1 out of 6
Less disposable income would
be stronger.
There is limited explanation on
one side.
Mark for (d) = 3 out of 8
Total mark awarded =
4 out of 20
1
5
4
3
2
6
8
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
22. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
22
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (a) The candidate did not recognise that the trade in goods balance only includes goods. They also did not indicate
that the trades in goods balance is the difference between export revenue and import expenditure.
• (b) The candidate did not understand the meaning of free trade. They appeared to think ‘free’ meant that producers
would not have to pay anything rather than they would not face trade restrictions.
• (c) The candidate drew two production possibility curves but did not label the axes of the diagram. Also, they did
not recognise that the production would move inside the curve and did not provide any written analysis of the
question.
• (d) The candidate provided some limited coverage of why an increase in income tax may reduce inflation by
reducing demand. The other side of the answer, that is why inflation might not fall, was not considered.
Common mistakes candidates made in this question
• (a) Not paying sufficient attention to the words in the term. They did not always pick up on the word ‘goods’. As
a result, some wrote about both goods and services. A number of candidates did not recognise that the balance
involves the difference between export revenue and import expenditure.
• (b) Not explaining the benefits identified. A small proportion of candidates wrote about the benefits to consumers
rather than producers.
• (c) Shifting the production possibility curve inwards rather than moving a production point inwards. A number of
candidates mislabelled the axes, for example, as price and quantity or unemployment and economic growth. In the
written explanation, some candidates wrote about a fall in productive potential rather than a fall in output and not all
of those who did recognise that unemployment would fall, explained why.
• (d) Not providing sufficient links. Some candidates wrote, for example, that an increase in income tax would reduce
spending without explaining why. A number of candidates showed a confusion between total and average costs by
writing that an increase in income tax would cause unemployment and so lower costs in terms of the total wage bill
rather than the wage rates.
23. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
23
Question 3
Example Candidate Response – high Examiner comments
A strong definition.
Mark for (a) = 2 out of 2
The candidate recognises that
an extension in demand is the result
of a fall in price.
The candidate gives the contrast
here of an increase in demand
being shown by a shift to the right
of the demand curve and gives a
reason.
Mark for (b) = 3 out of 4
The candidate recognises that
tax revenue will increase.
Such spending may benefit
those on low income.
The influence of price elasticity
of demand is recognised here.
The candidate should explain
why elastic demand will result in
lower tax revenue.
The overall impact on the gap
between the rich and those on low
income needs to be considered.
Mark for (c) = 3 out of 6
Two relevant reasons for
imposing a maximum price on food
are explored.
It is not clear here which other
firms are being referred to.
This is relevant but more
explanation would be useful.
Mark for (d) = 6 out of 8
Total mark awarded =
14 out of 20
1
5
4
3
2
6
9
8
7
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
24. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
24
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (a) The candidate produced a good answer which not only recognised that a demerit good is harmful but also more
harmful than consumers realise.
• (b) The answer was quite good but needed to recognise that an extension in demand is, for example, shown by a
movement along the demand curve to the right.
• (c) The candidate focused on the effects on tax revenue. It was necessary to also consider how an increase in
indirect tax may affect the poor relatively more than the rich.
• (d) The candidate produced quite a good answer but needed to think through the points more carefully, particularly
on why a maximum price should not be set. The last sentence was clear but too brief on the points. Earlier in the
paragraph, it was not clear why consumers would be able to buy from other firms as those other firms would also
be subject to maximum price.
25. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
25
Example Candidate Response – middle Examiner comments
The candidate gives a limited
definition.
Mark for (a) = 1 out of 2
The candidate recognises that
an extension in demand is caused
by a change in price.
The candidate makes a relevant
contrast.
Examples of the other factors are
given.
Mark for (b) = 3 out of 4
It is not made clear what ‘a
decrease in income distribution’
means.
The influence of price elasticity of
demand might be considered here.
The link to more profits is
confused and is moving away from
the focus of the question.
The candidate notes the idea
that tax revenue may rise but the
point is not developed.
Mark for (c) = 1 out of 6
The candidate carries out some
limited exploration of the case for
imposing a maximum price on food
here.
Understanding of what motivates
firms is not strong.
This is a reasonable exploration
of why a government should not
impose a maximum price.
Mark for (d) = 4 out of 8
Total mark awarded =
9 out of 20
1
5
4
3
2
6
9
8
7
10
11
2
1
3 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
26. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
26
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (a) The definition given in the answer was limited. The candidate needed to go further by recognising that a demerit
good is not only harmful but also more harmful than consumers realise or that it causes external costs.
• (b) The candidate should have developed the point on an extension in demand by, for example, mentioning that it
is shown by a movement along the demand curve to the right.
• (c) The answer needed to be clearer on what is meant by a decrease in income distribution. It also showed
confusion in thinking that higher prices resulting from higher costs would increase prices.
• (d) The candidate produced a two-sided answer with a reasonable first and third paragraph. The candidate should
have made clear that to have the effects described, the maximum price would have to be set below the equilibrium
price and that demand would then exceed supply.
27. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
27
Example Candidate Response – low Examiner comments
This is a partial definition of a
public good.
This is an example of a demerit
good but the question does not ask
for one.
Mark for (a) = 0 out of 2
The candidate shows no
understanding of either an
extension in demand or an increase
in demand.
Mark for (b) = 0 out of 4
The references to those on
low incomes being ‘mostly affect’
and the vague reference to ‘their
distribution of income (decrease)’
suggests that those on low incomes
will lose more of their income than
the rich.
The candidate recognises tax
revenue may increase.
Mark for (c) = 2 out of 6
The candidate identifies a reason
but does not develop the point.
The candidate shows recognition
of the aim of a maximum price to
avoid price being too high.
Mark for (d) = 2 out of 8
Total mark awarded =
4 out of 20
1
5
4
3
2
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
28. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
28
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (a) The candidate confused a demerit good with a public good. An example of a demerit good was given but the
question did not ask for this.
• (b) The candidate needed to show accurate awareness of the terms ‘an extension in demand’ and ‘an increase
in demand’. The candidate provided a confused description of an extension in demand and then confused an
increase in demand with an extension in demand.
• (c) The candidate recognised that those with a low income may be affected more than those with a high income
and that tax revenue would rise. However, these points were not explained and were not developed. For example,
it was not explained why the poor would be affected more or how the government could use the tax revenue
gained to help the poor.
• (d) The candidate again stated the points but did not explain them.
Common mistakes candidates made in this question
• (a) Confusing a demerit good with a merit good or a public good. Other candidates provided a limited definition,
only recognising that a demerit good is harmful.
• (b) Confusing an extension in demand with an increase in demand. Some candidates did not seem to be aware of
the terms and wrote, for example, about the differences in the length of time a product is being demanded.
• (c) Concentrating on the total tax paid by the rich and those with low income rather than the proportion of tax paid
and not considering how the tax revenue raised may be used to affect income distribution. While those on low
income pay less in total in terms of indirect taxes than the rich, they pay a higher proportion of their income. Higher
indirect taxes can also enable a government to raise more tax revenue which can be spent to make income more
evenly distributed.
• (d) Not answering the actual question set. Some candidates wrote about imposing a minimum price or a tax rather
than a maximum price. Defining the term at the start of the answer may have helped candidates. Some candidates
only stated points and did not support the comments they made with good economics.
29. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
29
Question 4
Example Candidate Response – high Examiner comments
The candidate identifies two
relevant functions.
Mark for (a) = 2 out of 2
The reason why higher wages
may be a benefit or why they may
be higher in another country needs
explaining.
Good explanation of why
overpopulation may encourage
people to emigrate.
Mark for (b) = 3 out of 4
A clear analysis of several
relevant reasons including
increased productivity, long working
hours, belonging to a strong trade
union and being in short supply.
Mark for (c) = 6 out of 6
The candidate makes it clear
here that they understand price
elasticity of demand (PED) and the
influence of the price of substitutes
on PED.
More exploration of whether cars
are or will be luxuries or necessities
by the candidate would be useful.
Overall, the candidate shows a
good understanding of PED. More
application to the market for cars by
the candidate would be useful.
Mark for (d) = 7 out of 8
Total mark awarded =
18 out of 20
1
5
4
3
2
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
30. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
30
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (b) Better living standards were explained by the candidate in terms of the home country experiencing pollution and
traffic congestion due to overpopulation. The first reason given, however, was not explained. The candidate should
have mentioned either why wages might be higher in another country or the benefits higher wages could give.
• (c) The candidate produced a strong answer with a number of relevant causes analysed.
• (d) The answer was strong, revealing a good understanding of price elasticity of demand and an ability to apply the
concept. There might have been a little more explanation of some of the points. For example, the candidate might
have explained why cars may become more of a luxury and how taking up a small proportion of income may affect
affordability rather than income.
31. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
31
Example Candidate Response – middle Examiner comments
The candidate identifies relevant
functions.
It is not clear who the money is
given to and on what conditions.
Mark for (a) = 1 out of 2
The candidate explains this point
on the influence of inflation.
The candidate needs to explain
why more wages would attract
people to emigrate or why wages
may be higher in another country.
Mark for (b) = 3 out of 4
This point is clearly expressed
using relevant economics.
Experience, skills and inflation
are relevant causes. Any of these
points could have been explored
further to be awarded more marks.
Mark for (c) = 5 out of 6
The candidate does not answer
the question.
At this point, the candidate needs
to link to change in the price of cars.
There is no reference to the
price elasticity of demand for cars.
The candidate does not answer the
actual question set.
Mark for (d) = 0 out of 8
Total mark awarded =
9 out of 20
1
5
4
3
2
6
9
8
7
3
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (a) The candidate clearly identified one function. The second function the candidate gave was too vague. The
candidate may have been thinking about lending money, but this was not clear.
• (b) The candidate needed to explain why higher wages may attract emigrants.
• (c) The candidate produced a good answer which just required a little more depth. For example, the candidate
might have explained why workers would need higher wages when there is inflation.
• (d) The candidate did not answer the question set. The candidate made no reference to price elasticity of demand
and instead wrote about why demand for cars may or may not increase. It is important that candidates consider
what a question is asking before they start writing their answer.
32. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
32
Example Candidate Response – low Examiner comments
A relevant function.
This statement is not clear. The
candidate may mean that it also
provides loans for firms as well
as individuals. This would still be
lending.
Mark for (a) = 1 out of 2
This is a reason for visiting rather
than living in another country.
This is a relevant reason but one
which needs explaining.
Mark for (b) = 1 out of 4
There is just some idea that
demand for loans may increase.
Mark for (c) = 1 out of 6
The answer contains vague
statements which do not answer the
question.
Mark for (d) = 0 out of 8
Total mark awarded =
3 out of 20
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
1
5
4
3
2
33. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
33
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (a) The candidate gave one relevant function in their answer. Their attempt at a second function was too vague.
They did not make clear what function a commercial bank may provide for firms. If they intended ‘loans’, this would
have been lending again.
• (b) The candidate identified higher paid jobs but did not explain why this might attract emigrants. Going to buy cars
in another country is unlikely to result in people emigrating.
• (c) The candidate’s answer suggested that demand for loans may increase bank workers’ wages. This could have
been linked to higher profits and more causes could have been considered.
• (d) A number of statements were made in the answer. These were, however, confused and did not answer the
question. For instance, it was not clear what was meant by ‘the more cars increases’ and it was difficult to work out
why demand for cars would not become elastic if they became ‘tired’.
Common mistakes candidates made in this question
• (a) Confusing the functions of a central bank with the functions of a commercial bank. Some candidates provided
answers that were too vague, for example, ‘to help firms’. A small proportion of candidates wrote about the
functions of money.
• (b) Not explaining the points identified. Also, some candidates did not make clear whether they were referring to
the country emigrated from or emigrated to.
• (c) Not exploring the question in sufficient depth. For example, some candidates wrote that an increase in demand
for bank workers would raise wages without explaining why demand may increase.
• (d) Not paying sufficient attention to the question. A number of candidates wrote about whether demand for cars
will increase or decrease in the future rather than whether demand will become more responsive to a change in
price in the future. Defining price elasticity of demand at the start of the answer might have helped candidates to
focus on the actual question.
34. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
34
Question 5
Example Candidate Response – high Examiner comments
1 A clear definition.
Mark for (a) = 2 out of 2
The candidate identifies a
possible reason.
The candidate explains the
reason, i.e. inflation.
The candidate identifies a
second reason.
The candidate explains the
second reason.
Mark for (b) = 4 out of 4
First link.
Second link.
Third link.
Fourth link.
Fifth link.
Sixth link.
This is a strong answer. There
are more links present than are
required to be awarded full marks,
e.g. more exports and higher
incomes.
Mark for (c) = 6 out of 6
5
4
3
2
6
9
8
7
10
11
12
2
3
4
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
35. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
35
Example Candidate Response – high, continued Examiner comments
A good definition.
This could be explained more.
This is a reasonable explanation
of the benefit of a lower exchange
rate.
This is rather confused. A lower
exchange rate would be expected
to increase inflation as total
demand may rise and import prices
would increase.
This is a relevant advantage of a
fixed exchange rate.
The reference to ‘measure of
economic growth’ is confused.
This sentence links in economic
growth better but the candidate
needs to explain how fluctuations
in the exchange rate can reduce
economic growth or the stability of
growth. For example, the effect on
investment might be examined.
Mark for (d) = 5 out of 8
Total mark awarded =
17 out of 20
14
16
15
13
17
19
18
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
36. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
36
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (a) The candidate gave a clear definition of wages.
• (b) The candidate provided a good explanation of two reasons why a country’s exports may rise. They linked
higher inflation to demand for and the competitiveness of exports and an increase in the exchange rate to a higher
price of exports.
• (c) The answer showed a good awareness of the nature of investment and economic growth.
• (d) The answer showed an understanding of both a floating and a fixed exchange rate. It was two-sided but could
have been stronger on the effects of a fall in the exchange rate and could have considered more advantages of a
floating exchange rate.
37. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
37
Example Candidate Response – middle Examiner comments
A clear definition.
Mark for (a) = 2 out of 2
A higher price of exports is
a reason. The reference to an
appreciation is not clear. It is not
certain how the government would
stop the appreciation.
This is a possible reason.
This shows some confusion.
Economic growth can arise from
selling more products at home or to
other countries.
Mark for (b) = 2 out of 4
First relevant link.
Second relevant link.
Third relevant link.
Fourth relevant link.
A clear answer. Other aspects
could be considered, e.g. the effect
of higher investment on advances in
technology and productivity and so
on economic growth.
Mark for (c) = 4 out of 6
1
5
4
3
2
6
9
8
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
38. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
38
Example Candidate Response – middle, continued Examiner comments
A relevant definition.
The candidate does not explain
here why it may become expensive
to buy imports under a fixed
exchange rate system.
Re-evaluation may reduce export
revenue.
A relevant definition.
This is a statement and not
an explanation. It would be good
to explain why a higher price of
imports would be harmful and to
consider the effect on exports.
Mark for (d) = 2 out of 8
Total mark awarded =
10 out of 20
10
11
12
14
13
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (a) The candidate gave a good definition of wages.
• (b) The candidate identified two reasons but did not adequately explain them. More expensive exports are likely to
reduce exports but how a government trying to stop exports being more expensive would result in fewer exports is
not clear. A lack of goods and services could also reduce exports but again the point was not clearly explained.
• (c) The candidate’s answer was quite good but required more on why investment may increase output.
• (d) The candidate made a number of statements and provided definitions but did not develop the points. For
example, the candidate did not explain why a higher price of imports may be a disadvantage.
10
11
12
13
14
39. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
39
Example Candidate Response – low
The candidate recognises that
wages are a payment.
It is not clear who 'they' are.
Mark for (a) = 1 out of 2
The candidate identifies but does
not explain the lower demand for
exports.
The candidate gives a second
relevant reason but this needs an
explanation.
Mark for (b) = 2 out of 4
This sentence by the candidate
does not answer the question.
Mark for (c) = 0 out of 6
It is too uncertain here as to
whether tourists would get more for
their money if the exchange rate
increases or decreases.
There is the idea here of greater
stability in the case of a fixed
exchange rate.
Mark for (d) = 1 out of 8
Total mark awarded =
4 out of 20
Examiner comments
1
5
4
3
2
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
40. Example Candidate Responses - Paper 2
40
How the candidate could have improved their answer
• (a) The candidate needed to state who ‘they’ were.
• (b) Two relevant reasons were identified but not explained. The candidate should have explained why demand for
exports may fall and why not having sufficient resources may reduce exports.
• (c) The candidate wrote one long sentence which stated that higher government investment would increase a
country’s economic growth rate but provided no analysis of the relationship between investment and economic
growth.
• (d) The first sentence of the candidate’s answer needed to be clearer. For example, the candidate should have
decided whether a decrease or an increase in an exchange rate would be likely to encourage tourism in the
country. At the end of the answer, the candidate suggested that a fixed exchange rate is more stable than a floating
exchange rate but did not develop the point.
Common mistakes candidates made in this question
• (a) Not linking wages to labour. A small proportion of candidates did not state that wages are a payment to workers
(labour).
• (b) Not recognising that the question asks for reasons ‘other than methods of protection’. As a result, a number
of candidates wrote about tariffs and quotas. Some other candidates showed confusion of how a change in the
exchange rate might affect the price of exports.
• (c) Jumping stages in the analysis. For example, some candidates wrote that a rise in investment would cause
consumers to buy more goods and services without providing any links from investment to advances in technology,
higher quality products, lower costs and lower prices and so to higher demand for goods and services.
• (d) Not going beyond definitions of fixed and floating exchange rates. Some candidates did not discuss, for
example, the benefits of greater certainty in the case of a fixed exchange rate and greater flexibility in the case of a
floating exchange rate.