This document provides a systematic account of percoid fishes found in the Manimala River in Travancore, Kerala, India. 15 species from 5 families were collected and studied. Details on the taxonomy, morphology, and conservation status of each species are discussed. Identification was based on meristic counts, morphometric measurements, and descriptions. Most species are food fishes, while some also have ornamental value. Further research is needed to document the biodiversity and status of the fish populations in the river.
Occurrence of cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus in the Al-Diwaniya River, ...Innspub Net
During a fish survey from 2016 to 2017, we captured 83 specimens of the cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus from the Al-Diwaniya River, Middle Euphrates, Iraq. This is the first report of the occurrence of this species in this locality. Fish were captured by gill nets and electro-fishing equipment. Twenty two morphometric and eleven meristic measurements were applied to describe the species. The range of total length in the present specimens (130.4-250.1mm) is larger than the range quoted for C. sublimus. The indices characters to standard length (SL) varied from 7.4 % to 121.0 %, and the head characters to head length (HL) from 27.4% to 93.2%. The growth rate between body characters and SL varied from 0.085 to 1.118 and between head characters and HL from 0.210 to 1.091.The numbers of scales in lateral line and around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle are 27-29 and 12, respectively. The biometric data were successful in identifying of C. sublimus and confirm the presence of the species in the Al-Diwaniya River. This is the second record of the species in the Iraqi freshwaters. Based on this finding, the case would be interesting and open to discussion about the distributions of C. sublime in the Tigris-Euphrates basin.
Puffer fish belonging to the family tetraodontidae are usually distributed in the shallow waters. During investigation in stations viz. Marina Park, Chidiyatapu and Burmanullah, around Andaman, five species from genus Arothron and two from Canthigaster have been recorded and were mostly found to prefer coral reefs and rock crevices, with the exception of Arothron immaculatus, which was found to be present in the open waters and it confined to sandy bottom substrate with patches of sea grasses around them. These fishes were found to be most diverse and abundant in Chidiyatapu with the Margelef’s Richness Index of 2.49, Shannon-Wiener index of 1.05 and Pielou’s evenness index of 0.96. Biometric analysis results demonstrate that they have shown an isometric growth. The individuals collected were mostly lying in the length group of 120-160 mm. Gut content analysis of A. Immaculatus reveals that the fish feed mainly on molluscs and sea urchin and the other food items were shrimps, crabs, sponges, micro algae, foraminiferans etc. gastro-somatic index, hepato-somatic index and gonado-somatic indices were also calculated to throw light upon the feeding behavior and reproductive maturity of the fishes. Most of the individuals were found to be in the developing stage of maturity.
First record of invasive croaking gourami, Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier 1831) ...Shoaibe H T Shefat
this study aimed to investigate the biology, source of introduction, impacts on native fish biodiversity and spreading pattern of this croaking gourami to develop proper conservation
strategy and implementation of a systematic approach.
Seasonal Variations in Some Biological Parameters (Length-Weight Relationship...Premier Publishers
Fisheries management and conservation studies require the quantitative descriptions of general well-being for the commercially important fishes. Pomfrets are one of commercially important species in the Bay of Bengal and studies on general well-being are still unavailable. The present study was conducted to know the general contentment of two commercially pomfret species Pampus argenteus and Parastromateus niger by studying the length-weight relationship (LWR), condition factor (K), relative condition factor (Kn), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) throughout the year. The LWR of P. argenteus and P. niger showed a negative allometric growth pattern in both sexes. The K was found to vary throughout the year for P. argenteus and P. niger but no significant differences were observed between months. The Kn was highest in rainy and summer season in P. argenteus and P. niger respectively. The highest GSI was observed in May and March for P. argenteus and P. niger respectively with concomitant increase of HSI value. The second minor peak in GSI was also observed in October indicating a probability of the second phase of spawning. This preliminary information will assist in the successful conservation and management measures of pomfrets in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.
Occurrence of cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus in the Al-Diwaniya River, ...Innspub Net
During a fish survey from 2016 to 2017, we captured 83 specimens of the cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus from the Al-Diwaniya River, Middle Euphrates, Iraq. This is the first report of the occurrence of this species in this locality. Fish were captured by gill nets and electro-fishing equipment. Twenty two morphometric and eleven meristic measurements were applied to describe the species. The range of total length in the present specimens (130.4-250.1mm) is larger than the range quoted for C. sublimus. The indices characters to standard length (SL) varied from 7.4 % to 121.0 %, and the head characters to head length (HL) from 27.4% to 93.2%. The growth rate between body characters and SL varied from 0.085 to 1.118 and between head characters and HL from 0.210 to 1.091.The numbers of scales in lateral line and around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle are 27-29 and 12, respectively. The biometric data were successful in identifying of C. sublimus and confirm the presence of the species in the Al-Diwaniya River. This is the second record of the species in the Iraqi freshwaters. Based on this finding, the case would be interesting and open to discussion about the distributions of C. sublime in the Tigris-Euphrates basin.
Puffer fish belonging to the family tetraodontidae are usually distributed in the shallow waters. During investigation in stations viz. Marina Park, Chidiyatapu and Burmanullah, around Andaman, five species from genus Arothron and two from Canthigaster have been recorded and were mostly found to prefer coral reefs and rock crevices, with the exception of Arothron immaculatus, which was found to be present in the open waters and it confined to sandy bottom substrate with patches of sea grasses around them. These fishes were found to be most diverse and abundant in Chidiyatapu with the Margelef’s Richness Index of 2.49, Shannon-Wiener index of 1.05 and Pielou’s evenness index of 0.96. Biometric analysis results demonstrate that they have shown an isometric growth. The individuals collected were mostly lying in the length group of 120-160 mm. Gut content analysis of A. Immaculatus reveals that the fish feed mainly on molluscs and sea urchin and the other food items were shrimps, crabs, sponges, micro algae, foraminiferans etc. gastro-somatic index, hepato-somatic index and gonado-somatic indices were also calculated to throw light upon the feeding behavior and reproductive maturity of the fishes. Most of the individuals were found to be in the developing stage of maturity.
First record of invasive croaking gourami, Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier 1831) ...Shoaibe H T Shefat
this study aimed to investigate the biology, source of introduction, impacts on native fish biodiversity and spreading pattern of this croaking gourami to develop proper conservation
strategy and implementation of a systematic approach.
Seasonal Variations in Some Biological Parameters (Length-Weight Relationship...Premier Publishers
Fisheries management and conservation studies require the quantitative descriptions of general well-being for the commercially important fishes. Pomfrets are one of commercially important species in the Bay of Bengal and studies on general well-being are still unavailable. The present study was conducted to know the general contentment of two commercially pomfret species Pampus argenteus and Parastromateus niger by studying the length-weight relationship (LWR), condition factor (K), relative condition factor (Kn), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) throughout the year. The LWR of P. argenteus and P. niger showed a negative allometric growth pattern in both sexes. The K was found to vary throughout the year for P. argenteus and P. niger but no significant differences were observed between months. The Kn was highest in rainy and summer season in P. argenteus and P. niger respectively. The highest GSI was observed in May and March for P. argenteus and P. niger respectively with concomitant increase of HSI value. The second minor peak in GSI was also observed in October indicating a probability of the second phase of spawning. This preliminary information will assist in the successful conservation and management measures of pomfrets in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.
[Presented at 7th International Penguin Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, September 2007]
The distribution of prey for penguins is often a result of physical oceonographic processes. This is particularily so for penguin species breeding in isolated oceanic areas like sub-Antarctic islands. Snares penguins are primarily planktivorous foragers that find their food in a pelagic environment where prey distribution is a product of currents and frontal systems. During the incubating phase of breeding, Snares penguins have been found to forage at the Subtropical Front which is located some 200 km east of the Snares. However, after the chicks have hatched the penguins' foraging ranges are restricted by nesting duties so that the penguins must find food closer to the island. A possible destination could be to the north of the Snares where a warm current transports nutrient-rich and productive water east towards the Subtropical Front. We examined the foraging and diving behaviour of female Snares penguins during the chick-guard stage using GPS dive loggers and combined geographical and dive data for spatial analysis. The results show a strong correlation of dive behaviour and sea surface temperature and underline the importance of warm water of sub-tropical origin for chick rearing Snares penguins.
Diversity of Fisheries Resources and Fishing Gear Ownerships on Fishing Captu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Trawl nets and bottom seines possess an initial selectiveness owing to their particular design and mode of operation. A mesh size limitation would vary considerably in effect from one type of trawl net to another. It is important therefore to consider gear selectivity and performance before we begin to think of mesh sizes and their effect.
Take a herring vinge trawl for example and two other bottom other trawls like the granton trawl and the shrimp trawl. All use otter boards, all are on the sea bed throughout the duration of the tow and all have the same basic structure of wings, square, bellies, bag and cod end. But their performances differ as much as those of a racing car, a truck and a tractor. All three nets could be fishing in the same area, yet the vinge trawl might take only herring, the granton trawl only demersal fish and the shrimp trawl primarily shrimp or prawn. Mesh size has little to do with this species selection. It is a function of other aspects of gear performance - speed of tow, headline height, ground contact, flow of water through the body of the net, otter door spread, length of ground-cables, and so on. The vinge trawl would have the smallest mesh in the cod end, yet it would take no cod, haddock or shrimp. The shrimp or prawn trawl would have a smaller mesh than the granton trawl yet it would capture only a small proportion of the bigger fish the granton trawl would take. To imagine that in these cases the size of mesh controls the size of fish caught would be as simplistic as to think that the respective speeds of the racing car, truck and tractor were determined by the size of their wheels.
In contrast to the trawls designed to capture one species or group of species, there are the multi-species trawls or combination trawls which take a great variety of fish. The North Sea prawn and fish trawl is a combination net designed to capture Nephrops norvegicus or Norway prawns, plus demersal fish like cod, haddock, skate, monks, plaice and lemon sole. Most bottom trawls in the tropics and sub-tropics are multi-species trawls taking fish which vary greatly from each other in size and shape. There is no common selectivity factor and no common minimum size or length for the various species. For these fisheries, a mesh regulation is at best an inadequate means of reducing juvenile mortality. It can be aimed only at the smallest of the main commercial species.
Fish diversity-of-solmara-village-nalbari-luitomania-by-arnab-kumar-mishraarnab kumar mishra
solmara is located in nalbari district. It is 17 km away from nalbari town. The coordinates of solmara is 26.3796°N and 91.2951°E. solmara is surrounded by village 1) kaihati, 2) pipli bari 3)gandhia, 4) belsor, 5) suke kuchi ,6) kathia
[Presented at 7th International Penguin Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, September 2007]
The distribution of prey for penguins is often a result of physical oceonographic processes. This is particularily so for penguin species breeding in isolated oceanic areas like sub-Antarctic islands. Snares penguins are primarily planktivorous foragers that find their food in a pelagic environment where prey distribution is a product of currents and frontal systems. During the incubating phase of breeding, Snares penguins have been found to forage at the Subtropical Front which is located some 200 km east of the Snares. However, after the chicks have hatched the penguins' foraging ranges are restricted by nesting duties so that the penguins must find food closer to the island. A possible destination could be to the north of the Snares where a warm current transports nutrient-rich and productive water east towards the Subtropical Front. We examined the foraging and diving behaviour of female Snares penguins during the chick-guard stage using GPS dive loggers and combined geographical and dive data for spatial analysis. The results show a strong correlation of dive behaviour and sea surface temperature and underline the importance of warm water of sub-tropical origin for chick rearing Snares penguins.
Diversity of Fisheries Resources and Fishing Gear Ownerships on Fishing Captu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Trawl nets and bottom seines possess an initial selectiveness owing to their particular design and mode of operation. A mesh size limitation would vary considerably in effect from one type of trawl net to another. It is important therefore to consider gear selectivity and performance before we begin to think of mesh sizes and their effect.
Take a herring vinge trawl for example and two other bottom other trawls like the granton trawl and the shrimp trawl. All use otter boards, all are on the sea bed throughout the duration of the tow and all have the same basic structure of wings, square, bellies, bag and cod end. But their performances differ as much as those of a racing car, a truck and a tractor. All three nets could be fishing in the same area, yet the vinge trawl might take only herring, the granton trawl only demersal fish and the shrimp trawl primarily shrimp or prawn. Mesh size has little to do with this species selection. It is a function of other aspects of gear performance - speed of tow, headline height, ground contact, flow of water through the body of the net, otter door spread, length of ground-cables, and so on. The vinge trawl would have the smallest mesh in the cod end, yet it would take no cod, haddock or shrimp. The shrimp or prawn trawl would have a smaller mesh than the granton trawl yet it would capture only a small proportion of the bigger fish the granton trawl would take. To imagine that in these cases the size of mesh controls the size of fish caught would be as simplistic as to think that the respective speeds of the racing car, truck and tractor were determined by the size of their wheels.
In contrast to the trawls designed to capture one species or group of species, there are the multi-species trawls or combination trawls which take a great variety of fish. The North Sea prawn and fish trawl is a combination net designed to capture Nephrops norvegicus or Norway prawns, plus demersal fish like cod, haddock, skate, monks, plaice and lemon sole. Most bottom trawls in the tropics and sub-tropics are multi-species trawls taking fish which vary greatly from each other in size and shape. There is no common selectivity factor and no common minimum size or length for the various species. For these fisheries, a mesh regulation is at best an inadequate means of reducing juvenile mortality. It can be aimed only at the smallest of the main commercial species.
Fish diversity-of-solmara-village-nalbari-luitomania-by-arnab-kumar-mishraarnab kumar mishra
solmara is located in nalbari district. It is 17 km away from nalbari town. The coordinates of solmara is 26.3796°N and 91.2951°E. solmara is surrounded by village 1) kaihati, 2) pipli bari 3)gandhia, 4) belsor, 5) suke kuchi ,6) kathia
A preliminary study of Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel stream and Meherdy s...Innspub Net
Based on the importance and crucial role in biosphere, studying fish is a debatable issue. Among animal research its study is as prominent as bright day light. Biodiversity refers to the number of different species living in an ecosystem. The current study was carried out from May 2016 to August 2016 to find out Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream at Dargai District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The fish specimens were then identified by studying various morphometric measurements and meristic counts. This study included eight species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola, Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Acanthocobitis botia, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda belonging to four orders (Cypriniformes, Channiformes, Mastacembeliformes, Siluriformes) and five Families (Cyprinidae, Channidae, Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae, Siluridae). Cyprinidae was the most dominant family comprised of three species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola and Crossocheilus diplocheilus. The family Channidae included two species i.e. Channa punctate and Channa gachua while Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae and Siluridae were represented by only one species each, Acanthocobitis botia, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda respectively. It was concluded that Ompok pabda is strictly endangered in River Swat and especially in Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream. It is strongly recommended to conserve this species (Ompok pabda).
Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Keralapaperpublications3
Abstract: The fishes are one of the most important, vertebrate, provided rich protein sources for human and several animals and important elements in the economy of many countries. Fish diversity essentially represents the fish faunal diversity. The survey was undertaken during the period from February 2016 to july 2016 in the region of Vettathukadavu, in Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. The major objective of this study was to find out the biodiversity status of fishes in the Vettathukadavu region of Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. Conservation status of fishes was assessed by IUCN Conservation status. The Survey of the studied stretch of backwater were resulted in recording of 25 fish species belonging to 6 orders and 15 familes. Of the 25 species reported during the study, 15 are least concern, 1 is critically endangered, 1 is vulnerable, 6 species are not evaluated and 2 species are not reported in IUCN Red.
Keywords: Icthyofauna, Biodiversity, IUCN, Endangered.
Title: Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Kerala
Author: Remya.R, Dr. S.Amina
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
The effects of different water quality parameters on zooplankton distribution...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
The First Confirmed At-Sea Sighting of Longman’s Beaked Whale (Indopacetus pa...Teresa Martin
The Longman's beaked whale (Indopacetus pacificus) is a rare species that is thought to primarily inhabit deep waters in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. During a seismic survey in late 2014, a group of approximately twenty Longman's beaked whales were encountered in Kenyan waters. To our knowledge this was the first at-sea sighting for this species in the Kenyan Economic Exclusion Zone (EEZ) to date. Here we present information and identification photographs pertaining to this sighting.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Aim of the present study is to assess the species diversity of molluscs from mangroves of Uran because many mangroves
associated species of molluscs acts as an indicator species for mangrove. During present study, a total of 55 species of molluscs
representing 13 orders, 30 families and 39 genera were recorded from the mangroves of Uran. Of the recorded species, 69.09 % belonged to gastropods, 23.64 % to pelecypods and 7.27 % to cephalopods. 38 species of gastropods representing 6 orders, 18 families and 25 genera, 13 species of pelecypods representing 4 orders, 8 families and 10 genera and 4 species of cephalopods representing 3 orders, 4 families and 4 genera were recorded. Species like Telescopium telescopium, Thais carinifera, Bursa tuberculata, Arca granosa, Placenta placenta, Merettrix meretrix, Katelysia opima, Octopus herdmani and Sepia officinalis were common where as Chlamys singaporina, Loligo vulgaris and mphitretus pelagicus were rare. At present, ecological conditions in angroves of Uran supports high density of molluscs but due to intense industrialization and urbanization, pollution of Uran coast cannot be ignored. Therefore, data presented in this paper can be taken as a base line data.
Key Words: Mangroves, Molluscs, Navi Mumbai, Species diversity, Urbanization, Uran.
Macrognathus siangensis, new species, from the Siang River, Brahmaputra drainage, northeast India, is distinguished from all other congeners by the following combination of characters: lack of rostral tooth plates, dorsal-fin spines 15-19, dark spots like imperfect ocelli along the base of dorsal soft branched fin rays 7-11, dark blotches at the mid-lateral sides of body 22-27, dorsal fin rays with two rows of parallel greyish streaks, caudal fin rays with 4-6 striated greyish streaks and body width 59.0-67.4% of its depth. A key to Macrognathus species of northeast India including the newly described one is provided.
Fish biodiversity and their present conservation status 5 1-53-491Md. Monjurul Hasan
This study was conducted between January 2016 and December 2016 with a view to assessing the
biodiversity of fishes in the River Meghna and their conservation status both in Bangladesh and global
aspects. A total of 107 fish species belonging to 13 orders and 26 families were documented. Perciformes
was found to be the most dominant order consisting 32% of the total fish population. Cyprinidae was
found to be the richest family (16%). Twenty common groups were recorded in the studied areas.
Estuary-River was found to be the biggest habitat for the maximum number of fishes (43%). Twenty one
threatened fish species (20%) were recorded from the River Meghna in which 11 species (10.28%) were
found as Vulnerable (VU), 8 species (7.48%) as Endangered (EN) and 2 species (2%) as Critically
Endangered (CR). Steps should be taken to conserve threatened fish species of Meghna River from the
risk of extinction.
What is biodiversity?
Father of biodiversity- E.O. Wilson.
The term ‘biodiversity’’ encompasses the variety of all life forms on earth.
Define biodiversity –
‘’ Biodiversity include of the particular area may be living organisms (plant and animal) called biodiversity ’’.
• Simple words in can be defined as the biodiversity .
“Variety, variability b/w genes, spp. and ecosystem”.
Define fish diversity –
“Fish Species diversity is defined as the number of species and abundance of each species that live in a particular location”.
The number of species that live in a particular location is called species richness.
India is one of the 17 mega biodiversity countries having four biodiversity hotspots namely the Western Ghats, eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma and Sundaland that are included amongst the top ten most important hotspots in the world.
It also has rich freshwater(rivers, irrigationcanals,tanks, lakes,reservoirs) fish diversity.
Which living organisms–
All living organism in world 7.4 billion.
Fish Biodiversity in world-
World harbour total of 33059 spp. 4258 genera, 482 families about 58 % Marine water, 41% Fresh water and 1% migrants.
2-Fisheries resource of India –
India blessed with huge aquatic resources with 29,000 km of rivers, 0.3 million ha of estuaries, 0.9 million ha of back waters and lagoons, 3.15 million ha of reservoirs, 0.2 million ha of floodplain wetlands, 0.72 million ha of upland lakes and 2.02 million km sq area of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surrounding the seas,8129 km of coast line, which includes those of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands.
The seas surrounding the country, 14 major rivers, 44 medium rivers and innumerable small rivers and other inland water bodies provide one of the richest faunastic resources of the world.
ABSTRACT- Lizardfishes are commercially important group of species contributing to the fishery in the Indian EEZ. Information on predation, prey-predator relationship and their assessments in respect of Saurida tumbil and Saurida undosquamis have been derived in this study. A total number of 1630 specimens of S. tumbil and 926 of S. undosquamis were used for stomach content analysis. The specimens of S. tumbil examined in the study ranged between 13.0-53.0 cm (TL) and of S. undosquamis 13.0-41.0 cm. Qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed that the species S. tumbil prefers food in order of abundance as a teleost fishes (41%), molluscs (9.16%), shrimps (3.64%), crabs (1.41%) and squilla (0.37%) and S. undosquamis prefers teleost fishes (49%), molluscs (11%) and shrimps (3%). In S. tumbil, the highest feeding intensity observed in July (50%) and in S. undosquamis, in October (41%) and the lowest intensity recorded in the month of June for both the species. Monthly Gonado Somatic Index (GSI) shown that the highest feeding was observed in January (10.55%) and July (10.76%) for S. tumbil whereas, in case of S. undosquamis, the GSI was highest in August (16.58% for males and 17.80% for females). The pieces of sand granules, detritus and benthic organisms in the stomachs of the species indicating the benthic nature at the sea bottom in the search of food. Occurrence of juvenile lizardfishes in gut contents of both the species indicates that the lizardfishes are cannibalistic in nature.
Key-words- Lizardfish, feeding intensity, Gonado Somatic Index (GSI), Cannibalism
Similar to 04.12.16. taxonomic notes on percoid fishes.. (20)
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Mathews Plamoottil
International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) Page | 13
Fig. 4. Kulathoormuzhy Fig. 5. Thelapuzha Fig. 6. Kavanalkadavu
Fig. 7. Keezhvaipur Fig. 8. Komalam Fig. 9. Karuthavadasserikkara
Fig. 10. Gill Fishing from a Kotta thoni Fig. 11. Gill Fishing from a Vallom
Fish Collection and Preservation: Different types of nets are employed for fish collection. Dip nets,
Gill nets (Fig. 10 & Fig. 11) and Caste nets were used for this purpose. Nine percent formalin was
used as preservative.
Live fishes were killed and fixed in formalin as they die in solution with all the fins expanded.
Smaller specimens (less than 10 cm long) were directly put in formalin solution, while medium sized
(10- 30 cm long), prior to the fixation be given a longitudinal incision along the abdomen, without
injuring the alimentary canal. Large forms (fishes longer than 30 cms), be injected ten percent
formalin in to the muscle and the abdomen, where the abdomen is not rounded but with a keel, the
incision was made on the left side of the fish.
Identification: Methods used are of Jayaram (2002 & 2010) and measurements followed standard
practices. Taxonomic identification is based mainly on meristic, morphometric and descriptive
characters. Meristic counts or countable characters of body such as fin ray counts and scale counts are
precisely counted. Morphometric characters are those which can be measured. The proportion of the
measurement of one part of the body in relation to other parts is worked out. The measurement of a
part of body is worked out as percentage of the measurement of the other parts of the body or of
percentage of head length or standard length of the body.
Head length, standard length and total length are mentioned in mm length and measurement of other
parts of body is counted as measurements in percentage of head length and standard length. For
confirming the identification and proving the identity of fishes collected, detailed description of a
species is necessary. Meristic characters such as fin ray counts, position of eyes, fins, shape of mouth,
lips etc were all taken in detail. Various body measurements were taken from many similar
specimens. Numbers of characters used, set of measurements and counts were different for different
group of fishes.
3. Systematic Accounts on Percoid Fishes of Manimala River of Travancore
International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) Page | 14
Abbreviations Used: A- Anal fin rays; BDD- Body depth at dorsal fin origin; BDA- Body depth at
anal fin rigin; BWD-Body width at dorsal; BWA- Body width at anal fin; BWSOA- Body width at
soft anal fin; C- Caudal fin rays; CPS- Caudal peduncle scales; CR- Critically endangered; D- Dorsal
fin rays; DD- Data deficient; DP-PL- Distance from pectoral fin to pelvic fin; DPL- A- Distance from
pelvic to anal; DA-C- Distance from anal to caudal; DCP- Depth of caudal peduncle; DAV- Distance
from anal to vent; DVV- Distance from ventral to vent; DOST- distance from occiput to snout; DOD-
Distance from occiput to dorsal front; ED- Eye diameter; FF- Food fish; HL- Head length; HD- Head
depth; HW- Head width; IOW- Inter orbital width; INW- Inter narial width; LP- Length of pectoral
fin; LPL- Length of pelvic fin; LA- Length of anal fin; LC- length of caudal fin; LBD- Length of base
of dorsal fin; LBA- Length of base of anal fin; LBC- Length of base of caudal fin; LC- Length of
caudal peduncle; LSPD- Length of spinous dorsal fin; LSOD- Length of soft dorsal fin; LSOA-
Length of soft anal fin; LBSPD- Length of base of spinous dorsal fin. LBSOD- Length of base of soft
dorsal fin; LLS- Lateral line scales; LL/D- Scales between lateral line and dorsal fin; LL/V- Scales
between lateral line and ventral fin; LL/A- Scales between lateral line and anal fin; L/Tr- Transverse
scales; LRlc- Low risk least concerned; LRnt- Lower risk nearly threatened; OF- Ornamental fish; P-
Pectoral fin rays; PRD- Predorsal length; POD- Post dorsal length; PRPL- Pre Pelvic length; PRA-
Pre anal length; PRP- Pre pectoral length; PRPLS- Pre pelvic scales; PRAS- Pre anal scales; PDS-
Pre dorsal scales; SL- Standard length; STL- Snout length; SLS- Scales in lateral series; VU-
Vulnerable; WGM- Width of gape of mouth; WCP- Width of caudal peduncle.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Diversity of Percoid Fishes: Diversity is a measure of the degree of organization and efficiency with
which energy, materials, space and time are used within a community (Payne, 1986). The degree of
complexity of a community depends upon the number of species and the evenness with which
individuals are distributed among species. The maintenance of diversity is of utmost importance in an
ecosystem. Human interactions often result in the reduction of diversity within ecosystem,
particularly through the loss of rare species.
During this study 15 percoid fishes were collected from various middle level locations of Manimala
River. Ambassis commersoni, Parambassis dayi, Parambassis thomassi, Etroplus suratensis,
Pseudetroplus maculatus, Pristolepis malabaricus, P. rubripinnis, Anabas testeudinus, Channa
striatus, Channa marulius, Channa gachua, Channa micropeltes, Glossogobius giuris, Awous gutum
and Pseudosphromenus cupanus are the percoid fishes collected from Manimala River. Most of
them have different synonyms, common names and local names. Details of percoid fishes of
Manimala River are shown in Table 1 & 2 and Fig. 12.
Most of the percoid fishes of the Manimala River are edible and popular food fishes. Some of them
are also used as ornamental fishes. Etroplus suratensis and Channa marulius are commercially
important and most palatable food fishes of the River. Glossogobius giurius are eaten only by some of
the local inhabitants. Channa gachua and Pseudosphromenus cupanus are inedible.
Table1. Author, locality and classification of Percoid fishes of Manimala River
Sl. No Name of fish Author Type locality Family
1 Ambassis commersoni Cuvier & Valenciennes Pondicherry Ambassidae
2 Parambassis thomassi Day Calicut & Mangalore Ambassidae
3 Parambassis dayi Bleeker Malabar Ambassidae
4 Etroplus suratensis Bloch Surat Cichlidae
5 Pseudetroplus maculatus Bloch India Cichlidae
6 Glossogobius giuris Hamilton- Buchanan Gangetic provinces Gobiidae
7 Awauos gutum Hamilton- Buchanan Padma River Gobiidae
8 Pseudosphromenus cupanus Valenciennes Pondicherry Belontidae
9 Pristolepis malabartcus Gunther Mundakkayam Pristolepididae
10 Pristolepis rubripinnis Britz et al. Edathua Pristolepididae
11 Anabas testeudineus Bloch Java Anabantidae
12 Channa striatus Bloch Malabar Channidae
13 Channa marulius Hamilton- Buchanan Gangetic provinces Channidae
14 Channa gachua Bloch & Schneider Bengal Channidae
15 Channa micropeltes Cuvier Java Channidae
4. Mathews Plamoottil
International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) Page | 15
Fig12. Pie Diagram Showing the Percentage of Different Families of Perciform Fishes in Mid Level Regions of
Manimala River
Table2. Names, significance and status of Percoid fishes of Manimala River
Sl.
No
Name of fish Synonyms Common
name/Trade
name
Local name
(Malayalam)
Significance Status
1
Ambassis
commersoni
Chanda ambassis Commerson’s
glassy
perchlet
Nandan,
Mulli,
Arinjil,
Aranjeen,
Veloori
FF, OF DD
2 Parambassis dayi
Chanda ranga
Ambassis ranga,
Indian glassy
fish,
High fin glass
fish
Arinjil,
Veloori FF, OF VU
3
Parambassis
thomassi
Chanda thomassi Giant glass
fish Mullucheru FF LRnt
4
Pseudetroplus
maculatus
(Bloch)
Chaetodon
maculatus
Spotted
Etroplus,
Orange
chromide
Pallathi,
Pootta
FF, OF LRlc
5 Etroplus suratensis
(Bloch)
Chaetodon
suratensis
Banded Pearl
spot,
Striped
chromide,
Green
chromide
Karimeen FF, OF LRlc
6 Pristolepis
malabaricus
Pristolepis
malabarica,
Catopra
malabarica
Malabar sun
fish
Chutichi FF, OF DD
7
Pristolepis
rubripinnis Nil
Red finned
catopra Chembally FF, OF DD
8
Anabas
testeudineus
Anthias
testudineus
Anabas scandens
A.t. riveri,
A. t. lacustri
A. t. ricei
Climbing
perch
Undikolli,
Chovane-
kolli,
Andi kalli,
Karippidi,
Kaithakkora,
Kallemutti,
Kallada,
Karooppu
FF, OF VU
5. Systematic Accounts on Percoid Fishes of Manimala River of Travancore
International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) Page | 16
9 Glossogobius
giuris (Hamilton-
Buchanan)
Gobius giuris
Gobius gutum
Goby,
Tank goby,
Bar-eyed
goby,
Sleeper goby
Poolan,
Poosan,
Poan,
Poozhan
Kurudan,
Varatta-
poolan
FF, OF LRlc
10
Awous gutum
Gobius gutum,
Gobius striatus,
Awaous stamineus
----
Maaran
OF LRlc
11
Pseudosphromenus
cupanus
(Valenciennes)
Macropodus
cupanus
Polyacanthus
cupanus
Spike tailed
paradise fish
Karingana,
Wunntee
FF, OF LRlc
12
Channa gachua
(Bloch &
Schneider)
Ophiocephalus
gachua
Ophiocephalus
apus
Ophiocephalus
harcourt- butleri
Channa burmanica
Ophiocephalus
gachua kelaarti
Asiatic snake
head
Koravu,
Vattudi,
Vatton,
Vattakkannan,
Manathukan-
nan,
Cheran
OF VU
13
Channa marulius
(Hamilton-
Buchanan)
Ophiocephalus
marulius
Ophiocephalus
leucopunctatus
Ophiocephalus
pseudomarulius
Channa marulius
ara
Giant snake
head
Peacock
snake head
Cheran,
Cherumeen
Cheruvaral
Korava
FF, OF LRnt
14
Channa
micropeltes
(Cuvier)
Ophiocephalus
micropeltes
Malabar
snake head
Vaaka,Vaaka
varal
FF, OF CR
15
Channa striatus
(Bloch)
Ophiocephalus
striatus
Striped snake
head, Striped
murrel
Banded snake
head
Bral, Varal,
Sowrah,
Kaunan
FF, OF LRlc
Species Accounts: Conservation efforts require scientific documentation of the bio- resources along
with details on their distribution and status (Easa & Shaji, 2003). This requires inventory and
systematic studies of the fishes. A detailed study on the different aspects of taxonomy of percoid
fishes is helpful in the correct identification and to search for the presence of new species.
Ambassis commersoni Cuvier & Valenciennes
Ambassis commersoni Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2: 176 (type locality: Pondicherry) (Fig. 13 & 14).
Meristic counts: D- VII; I, 11; V- I, 5; P- 12; A- III, 8; C- 18; LLS- 30/31; LL/D- 5.0; LL/V- 71/2;
LL/A- 81/2; PRPLS- 8; PRAS- 17; CPS- 7.0; PDS- 14.
Metric characters: TL (mm)- 65.0; SL (mm)- 48.0; HL (mm)- 21.0. % SL: HL-43.8; HD-27.1; HW-
18.8; BDD-45.8; BDA-39.6; BWD-18.8; BWA-16.7; PRD-43.8; POD-64.6; PRPL-39.6; PRA-62.5;
LP-29.2; LPL-25.0; LA-18.8; LC-35.4; DP-PL-29.2; DPL- A-29.2; DA-C-41.7; LBD-41.7; LBA-
18.8; LBC-14.6; LCP-4.2; DCP-14.6; DAV-6.3; DVV-16.7; PRP-39.6. % HL: HD- 62.0; HW-42.8;
ED-33.3; IOW-23.8; INW-19.0; WGM-23.8; STL- 28.6.
Other features: No distinct notch between 2 dorsal fins; both these are interconnected; lower part of
inter operculum and outer opercle serrated; tip of pectoral and pelvic fin reach anal front; no distinct
serration around orbit; tiny black spots between 2nd
, 3rd
and 4th
dorsal spines; mouth terminal and
upturned.
Parambassis dayi (Bleeker)
Ambassis dayi Bleeker, Natuurk. Verh. Holland.Maatsch. Wetensch. Haarlem, 2 (2): 95 (type locality:
Malabar) (Fig. 15- 17).
6. Mathews Plamoottil
International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) Page | 17
Diagnosis: Tip of pectoral and pelvic fin reach anal front; space between 2nd
and 3rd
dorsal spines
dusky.
Meristic counts: D- VII, 12; P- 12; V-I, 5; A- III, 10; C- 17; LLS- 37; LL/D- 7; LL/V- 12; PDS- 18.
Metric characters: TL (mm)- 65.0; SL (mm)- 48.0; HL (mm) - 18.0. % SL: HL-37.5; HD-25.0; HW-
12.5; BDD-31.3; PRD-45.8; POD-68.8; PRP-35.4; PRPL-38.5; PRA- 62.5; LD-29.2; LA-18.8; LC-
31.3; DPL- A- 27.1; LBD-35.4; LBA-23.0; DAV-6.3; DVV- 16.7. % HL: HD- 66.7; HW-33.3; ED-
33.3; STL-27.8; IOW-22.2; WGM-16.7.
Remarks: The present fish is without a spine on the second dorsal fin; it is a major difference from its
congeners.
Parambassis thomassi (Day)
Ambassis thomassi Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 369 (type locality: Calicut and Mangalore) (Fig.
18- 20).
Diagnosis: Body stout, deep and compressed. Lateral line continuous with 43 scales. Lower jaw
longer. Lower edge of pre orbital denticulated.
Meristic counts: D- VII; I, 11; P- 14; V- I, 5; A- III, 10; C- 17; LLS- 43+ 2; L/Tr- 5½/11½; LL/D- 5½;
LL/V- 11½; PDS- 17; CPS- 7; LLA- 10½; PPLS- 6; PRAS-22.
Metric Characters: TL (mm)- 151.0; SL (mm)- 118.0; HL (mm) - 44.0. % SL: HL-37.3; HD-27.1;
HW-13.6; BDD-28.8; BDA-26.3; BWD-12.7; BWA- 10.2; PRD-44.1; POD- 56.8; PRP-35.6; PRPL-
37.3; PRA-61.0; LD-21.2; LP-22.9; LPL-18.2; LA-14.4; LBD-37.3; LBA-18.6; LCP-18.6; DCP-11.0;
WCP-4.2. % HL: HD-72.7; HW- 36.4; ED-27.3; IOW-18.2; INW-18.2; STL-34.1.
Other Features: Vertical margin of pre opercle finely serrated; its lower double edge more coarsely so,
especially at the angle. Second dorsal spine longest; second anal spine equals the third. A prominent
black line present near to the caudal region.
Channa marulius (Hamilton- Buchanan)
Ophiocephalus marulius Hamilton- Buchanan, 1822, Fishes of Ganges: 65, 367 (type locality:
Gangetic provinces) (Fig. 21- 23).
Diagnosis: A black white edged ocellus present on upper part of basal portion of caudal fin. Large
black blotches adorn the sides of the long body. Sixty six scales present on the lateral sides of the
body. Sixteen scales present before the dorsal fin.
Meristic characters: D- 49; P- 18; V-7; A- 32; C- 14; LLS- 66; PDS- 16.
Metric characters: TL (mm)- 240.0; SL (mm)- 200.0; % SL; HL-32.5; BDD- 16.5; PRD-34.0; POD-
68.0; LCP- 8.0.
Channa micropeltes (Cuvier)
Ophiocephalus micropeltes Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7: 427 (type locality: Java) (Fig. 24- 26).
Diagnosis: Dorsal fin with 42 and anal fin with 25 rays; lateral line scales 102; minute brownish spots
present on body.
Meristic counts: D- 42; V- I, 6; P- 16; A- 25; C- 14; LLS- 102; PDS- 22; CPS- 13.
Metric Characters: TL (mm)- 235.0; SL (mm)-193.0; HL (mm) - 66.0. % SL: HL-34.2; HD-16.6;
BDD-16.6; PRD-27.5; POD-69.0; PRP-36.8; LD-7.3; LP-12.0; LPL-10.8; LBD-62.2; LBA-36.8;
LCP-10.4; DCP-10.4. % HL: HD-48.5; ED-12.1; STL-22.7.
Other features: Dorsal and dorso lateral sides are greenish dark; ventral and ventro lateral sides
yellowish; dorsal and caudal fins with a light dark color; pectoral and pelvic fin yellowish; eyes are
protruding. Young one morphologically different to adults; in young ones 2 black horizontal stripes
run from the tip of head to caudal tip; of these upper one starts from the middle of the eye and reach
middle part of caudal fin; the lower stripe starts from the lower part of upper jaw and ends in the
middle of caudal fin. Adults devoid of any lateral bands.
7. Systematic Accounts on Percoid Fishes of Manimala River of Travancore
International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) Page | 18
Channa striatus (Bloch)
Ophiocephalus striatus Bloch, 1793, Natures. Ausland. Fische, (7): 141 (type locality: Malabar) (Fig.
27- 29).
Diagnosis: Seventeen scales present before dorsal fin; lateral line scales 56. Dark obligue bands pass
from ventral surface upto the lateral line.
Meristic characters: D- 44; P- 15; V- 6; A- 25; C- 13; LLS- 56; LL/D- 4½; LL/V- 7 ½; PDS-17;
LL/A- 11; CPS- 10.
Metric characters: TL (mm)- 220.0; SL (mm)- 180.0; % SL: HL- 34.4; HD-25.6; BDD- 25.0; PRD-
34.4; LCP- 7.2; DCP-10.6; % HL: ED- 12.9; HD- 74.2..
Channa gachua (Bloch & Schneider)
Ophiocephalus gachua Hamilton- Buchanan, 1822, Fishes of Ganges: 68, 367, (type locality: Bengal)
(Fig. 30- 32).
Diagnosis: Fourty scales present in longitudinal series; twelve scales present before the dorsal fin; a
black ocellus is present at the end of dorsal fin.
Meristic characters: D- 28; P- 13; V- 5; A- 19; C- 11; LLS- 40; PDS- 12; LL/D- 3 ½; LL/V- 5 ½;
LL/A- 5 ½.
Metric characters: TL (mm) - 77; SL (mm)- 62.0; % SL: HL- 32.2; HD- 19.3; BDD- 14.3; PRD-
32.5; % HL: HD- 60.0; ED- 15.0.
Pseudosphromenus (Macropodus) cupanus (Valenciennes)
Polycanthus cupanus Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7: 357 (type locality: Ariancoupan River,
Pondicherry) (Fig. 33- 35).
Diagnosis: Dorsal and anal fins long and provided with spiny and rayed portions; the former
originates just above anal origin and extends posteriorly a little in front of post end of anal. Tip of
pectoral and pelvic reach behind the origin of anal; a small black spot present at the base of caudal;
first ray of pelvic elongated.
Meristic characters: D- XIII, 6; P- 10; PL- I, 5; A- XVI; 12; C- 6; LLS- 30; PDS- 30.
Metric characters: TL (mm)- 36; SL (mm)- 27; %SL: HL- 37.0; HD-25.9; BDD- 22.3; PRD- 30.6;
DCP- 5.6; % HL: HD- 70.0; ED- 30.0
Pseudetroplus maculatus (Bloch)
Chaetodon maculatus, Bloch, 1785, Syst. Ichth: 427 (type locality: India) (Fig. 36- 38).
Diagnosis: Body with 3- 4 black blotches on the dorso- posterior half of the body; anal, dorsal, ventral
and caudal fins have dark staining on the border. Lateral line incomplete.
Meristic characters: D- xvii- xx, 8- 10; P- I, 15- 16; V- i, 5; A- xii- xv, 8- 9.
Metric characters: TL (mm)-84.0; SL (mm)-61.0; % SL: HL-65.6; HD-39.3; BDD-49.2; PRD-50.8;
LCP-10.7; DCP-14.8; % HL: HD- 39.3; ED- 9.8.
Etroplus suratensis (Bloch)
Chaetodon suratensis Bloch, 1785, 1785, Syst. Ichth: 427 (type locality: Surat) (Fig. 39- 41).
Diagnosis: Five to six slanting black bands present on the body; each scale with a fluorescent pearly
spot on it. Pectorals with a large black spot at the base; dorsal with 18 spines; anal with 12 spines.
Meristic characters: D- XVIII, 15; P- 14; V- I, 5; A- XII, 13; C- 16;.LLS- 43; PDS- 13; LL/D- 8½;
LL/V- 18; LL/A- 20½;
Metric characters: TL (mm)- 160.0; SL (mm)- 131.0; % SL: HL- 30.5; HD- 40.5; BDD- 50.4; PRD-
42.0; LCP- 7.0; DCP- 15.3; % HL: HD- 132.5; ED- 22.5.
Pristolepis malabarica ( Gunther)
Catopra malabarica Guenther, 1864, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (3) 14: 375 (type locality: hill ranges of
Trvancore, Kerala). Pristolepis malabarica, Plamoottil & Abraham, 2013, J. Adv. Zool. 34 (1): 28-
35 (Fig. 42- 44).
8. Mathews Plamoottil
International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) Page | 19
Diagnosis: Pre opercle with its vertical limb roughened or slightly serrated; at the angle of pre opercle
3 or 4 small spines present; angle of inter and sub opercles generally without serrations but fine
serrations present in a few cases; opercle with two sharp flat bifid spines; lateral line scales – 19- 23/
8-11; scales from lateral line to ventral fin- 8½- 10½.
Meristic counts: D- XIV- XV; 11- 12; P- 12- 14; V- I, 5; A- III; 8- 9; C- 14; LLS – 19- 23/ 8- 11;
LL/D- 3½; LL/V- 8½- 10½; L/Tr- 3½/10½; PDS 10- 13; CPS- 16- 18;
Metric characters: SL (mm)- 63.0- 88.0; HL (mm) - 22.0-31.0. % SL: BDD- 41.4- 45.5; BDA-42.3-
46.6; BWD- 21.1- 23.1; BWA- 12.7- 15.4; HL- 33.6- 36.5; HD-31.0- 40.9; HW-18.3- 20.8; PRD-
37.1- 40.9; POD-63.6- 68.3; PRP- 32.3- 38.1; PRPL- 40.0-45.7; PRA-69.2-74.6; LSPD- 11.4-14.3;
LSOD-20.0-25.0; LP- 23.6-28.4; LPL-20.6-23.3; LSOA- 16.7-22.7; LBSPD- 43.2- 48.3; LBSOD-
13.6-20.0; LCP- 7.9- 13.6; DCP- 16.9- 18.5; WCP- 3.2- 6.2; DAV- 6.4- 7.7; DVV- 22.8- 26.2. %
HL: HD- 90.9- 96.8; ED- 25.8- 26.7; IOW- 26.1- 33.3; INW- 17.4- 22.2; STL-28.3- 30.6; WGM-
27.6- 31.1.
Other Features: Opercle with two sharp flat bifid spines. Outer rows of teeth in jaws enlarged;
parasphenoid bears fine teeth with rounded crowns; smaller teeth present also on the root of the
tongue on the epi and cerato- hyals. Superior and inferior pharyngeals bear villiform teeth.
Pristolepis rubripinnis Britz et al.
Pristolepis rubripinnis, Britz et al. 2012, Zootaxa 3345: 59–68 (Type locality: Pamba and Chalakudy
Rivers) (Fig. 45- 47).
Diagnosis: Fins orange red; three spines in anal fin and 14- 15 spines in dorsal fin; eyed reddish.
Meristic counts: D- XIV-XV, 13-14; P- 13-14; P- I, 5; A- III, 9; C- 14; LLS- 28-29; LL/D- 4½;
LL/V- 10½; L/Tr- 4½/10½; PDS- 19-20; C- 4½.
Metric characters: SL (mm)- 87-110; % SL: BDD-43.00-43.68; BDA-44.00-45.9; BWD-20.69-23.00;
BWA-11.82-17.24; HL- 34.54-39.08; HD-33.18-37.89; HW-20.69-22.00; PRD- 39.00-42.53; POD-
65.45-70.00; PRP-35.5-37.36; PRPL-41.82-42.00; PRA-71.00-78.16; LSPD-11.49-11.82; LSOD-
21.84-23.64; LP-24.5-25.45; LPL-21.82-25.29; LSOA-22.22-29.09; LBSPD-46.81-49.00; LBSOD-
14.94-18.18; LBA- 21.84-23.00; LCP-9.19-13.64; DCP- 4.00-17.27; WCP-3.00-4.09; DAV-5.91-6.8;
DVV-26.36-31.03. % HL: HD-95.59-98.65; HW-52.94-63.16; ED-23.53-26.32; IOW-28.95-29.73;
INW-16.18-21.05; STL-21.62-26.32; WGM-23.03-27.63.
Anabas testudineus (Bloch)
Anthias testudineus, Naturges. Ausland. Fische, (6); 121 (type locality: Java) (Fig. 48- 50).
Diagnosis: 21- 29 scales present along the lateral series; operculum serrated with spines; mouth large
with small conical teeth; a black spot present at the base of pectoral fin.
Meristic counts: D- XVIII, 9; A- XI, 9; P- 16; V- I, 5
Metric characters: TL (mm)- 127.0; SL (mm)- 101.0; HL (mm)- 34.0. % SL: HL-33.7; HD-25.7;
HW-23.8; BDD-31.7; BDSOA-28.7; BWD-21.8; BWSOA-9.9; PRD-35.6; POD-67.3; PRP-34.7;
PRPL-40.6; PRA-57.4; LSOD-14.8; LP- 20.8; LPL-17.8; LSOA-13.8; LC-25.7; LBD-58.4; LBP-6.9;
LBPL-4.9; LBA-36.6; LBC-14.8; LCP-8.9; DCP-14.8; WCP-3.9; DP-PL-9.9; DPL- A-18.8. % HL:
HD- 76.5; HW- 70.6; ED-20.6; IOW-35.3; INW-20.6; WGM-29.4; DOST- 73.5; DOD-35.2.
Other features: Body oblong and compressed at the posterior region; it is greenish to dark grey on
dorsal side and flanks and ventral side pale yellow; a well marked blotch is seen at the base of caudal
peduncle; pectoral and anal fins pale yellow; dorsal and caudal fins dark grey.
Glossogobius giuris giuris (Hamilton- Buchanan)
Gobius giuris giuris Hamilton- Buchanan, 1822, Fishes of Ganges: 51 (type locality: Gengetic
provinces) (Fig. 51- 53).
Diagnosis: Dorsal fin divided into two; pelvic fin located on the ventral side of the body; head greatly
depressed; eyes located on the dorsal side of head; dorsal fin located near to snout than caudal base.
Meristic characters: D- vi; i, 10; P- 19; v- 10; A- iii, 7; C- 14; L/tr- 14; SLS-34; PDS- 19; CPS- 7.
Metric characters: TL (mm)- 362.0; SL (mm)- 212.0; %SL: HL-32.5; HD- 18.4; BDD- 11.3; PRD-
22.4; LCP- 16.0; %HL: ED- 14.5; HD- 56.5.
9. Systematic Accounts on Percoid Fishes of Manimala River of Travancore
International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) Page | 20
Remarks: It is the sleepy gopi; known as ‘poolon’/ ‘poosan’/ ‘poozhan’/ ‘pooan’ in malayalam.
Awaous gutum (Hamilton- Buchanan)
Gobius gutum Hamilton- Buchanan, 1822, Fishes of Ganges,: 50, 366 (type locality: Padma
River).(Fig. 54 & 55)
Diagnosis: Pelvic fins are united and elongate and not adhered to the body; dorsal, pectoral and caudal
fins are mottled with minute black dots.
Meristic counts: D- vi, 11; P- I, 14; V- 8; A- 12; C 14; LLS- 51, PDS- 16;
Metric characters: TL (mm)- 134.0; SL (mm)- 110.0; HL (mm)-37.0. % SL: HL-33.6; BDD-27.3;
PRD-40.0; POD-61.8;.8PRP- 32.7; PRPL- 31.8; PRA-63.6; LD-14.5; LBA-22.7; LBC-10.9; LC-21.8;
DPL- A-32.7; LCP-18.2. % HL: HD-56.8; HW- 67.6; ED-16.2; STL-51.3; IOW-24.3; WGM-40.5.
Other features: Dark blotches present on flanks; two dorsal fins present; first dorsal inserted a little in
front of the origin of pelvic, a little nearer to snout than caudal fin; tip of pelvic fin reach anal
opening; tip of anal fin very nearer to root of caudal base; caudal fin obtuse.
Fig. 13 Ambassis commersoni, greenish Fig. 14 A. commersoni, Yellowish
Fig.15. Parambassis dayi, silvery Fig.16. P. dayi, brownish Fig.17 P. dayi, with deeper body
Fig.18. P. thomassi, golden; Fig.19. P. thomassi yellowish; Fig.20. P. thomassi, preserved
Fig.21. Channa marulius, yellowish; Fig. 22 C. marulius, whitish; Fig.23. Preserved
10. Mathews Plamoottil
International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) Page | 21
Fig.24. Channa micropeltes, young; Fig.25. Young adult Fig.26. Adult
Fig. 2. Channa striatus, young Fig. 28 C. striatus, adult Fig. 29. C. striatus, preserved
Fig.30. Channa gachua, fresh; Fig. 31 C. gachua, preserved; Fig.32. C. gachua, dorsal view
Fig.33. Pseudosphromenus cupanus, brownish; Fig. 34. Blackish; Fig. 35. Uncommon
Fig.36. P. maculatus (Bloch), greenish Fig.37 Golden Fig.38. Preserved
Fig.39. E. suratensis- dark green Fig.40. Yellowish green Fig.41. Preserved
11. Systematic Accounts on Percoid Fishes of Manimala River of Travancore
International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) Page | 22
Fig.42. Pristolepis malabarica, fresh; Fig.43. Preserved; Fig.44. Greyish
Fig.45 Pristolepis rubripinnis, reddish Fig.46. Greenish; Fig.47. Preserved
Fig. 48 Anabas testudineus, blackish Fig.49 . Greenish; Fig.50. Preserved
Fig.51. Glossogobius giuris giuris, yellowish Fig.52. Preserved Fig.53. Blackish
Fig.54. Awaous gutum- Brown Fig.55. Reddish
4. CONCLUSION
Percoid fishes found in the inland water bodies of India are Snooks, Glass fishes, Leaf fishes,
Cichlids, Gobioides, Climbing perches (Anabantids), Gouramies, Murrels (Talwar and A. Jhingran,
1991; Jayaram, 2010) etc. Lates, Ambassis, Chanda, Parambassis, Lutjanus, Nandus, Badis,
12. Mathews Plamoottil
International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) Page | 23
Pristolepis, Terapon, Etroplus, Pseudetroplus, Oreochromis, Eleotris, Odonteleotris, Butis, Incara,
Parachaeturichthys, Oxyurichthys,, Glossogobius, Bathygobius, Awaous, Brachygobius, Gobiopterus,
Anabas, Ctenops, Pseudosphromenus, Colisa, Osphronemus, channa etc are the freshwater percoid
fishes found in India (Talwar and Jhingran, 1991; Jayaram, 2010). Lates calcarifer, Ambassis
commersoni, A. gymnocephalus, A. nalua, Chanda nama, Parambassis baculis, P. dayi, Parambassis
lala, P. thomassi, P. ranga, Lutjanus johni, Nandus nandus, Pristolepis marginata, P. malabarica, P.
rubripinnis, P. pentacantha, Etroplus suratensis, Pseudetroplus maculates, E. canarensis,
Oreochromis mossambicus, O. nilotica, Glossogobius giuris, Awaous gutum, Anabas testudineus,
Pseudosphromenus cupanus, P. dayi, Osphronemus goramy, Channa gachua, C. marulius, C.
striatus, C. micropeltes, C. orientalis, C. punctatus etc are found in the freshwater bodies of Kerala.
Order Perciformes is the most diversified of all fish orders; its classification is controversial since
many families are similar and are not easily definable in terms of common shared derived characters
(Jayaram, 2010); taxonomic studies proved that meristic counts and morphometric characters of the
examined fishes do not vary much from the standard values; morphological variations including
colour changes found in many fishes etc. As there is no much meristic difference, no need of a
detailed taxonomic analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author acknowledges Principal, Baby John Memorial Government College, Chavara, Kollam for
providing necessary facilities to undergo this study.
REFERENCES
[1] Easa PS, Shaji CP, 2003. Biodiversity documentation for Kerala, Kerala Forest Research
Institute, Peechi.
[2] Jayaram KC, 2002. Fundamentals of fish taxonomy, Narendra publishing House, Delhi.
[3] Jayaram KC, 2010. Fresh water fishes of the Indian region, Narendra publishing House, Delhi.
[4] Lakshmi NR (2009) Impact of human interventions on inland fisheries, a case study from
Manimala River, Kerala, India, MPhil dissertation submitted to the University of Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram.
[5] Nelson JS, 2006. Fishes of the World. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. New York.
[6] Payne AI, 1986. The ecology of tropical lakes and rivers, John Wiley and sons, New York.
[7] Plamoottil M (2015a) Ichthyodiversity of Manimala River, Kerala, India. Journal of Zoological
and Bioscience Research,, 2 (2): 26-34.
[8] Plamoottil M (2015b) Taxonomic Notes on exotic fishes of Manimala River, Kerala, India.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, vol.3, no. 5, pp. 74-76.
[9] Plamoottil M (2016) Systematic notes on hill stream cyprinid fishes of Manimala River, Kerala,
India. Journal of Zoological and Bioscience Research, 3 (1): 10- 14.
[10] Talwar PK, A Jhingran, 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries,. Oxford and IBH
publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.