The document discusses the Tanzimat reforms introduced by the Ottoman Empire in various provinces between 1839-1893. It notes that the reforms were first implemented in European territories in 1839, before being gradually introduced to Arabic provinces after the Crimean War. The provincial reform law was introduced to Syria in 1866, followed by Libya in 1867, Hijaz in 1868, East Arabia in 1871, and Iraq in 1871. The first attempts to implement reforms in Transjordan failed in the 1850s, but some reforms were introduced to northern regions in 1867 and southern regions in 1893. The document outlines some of the means used to establish Ottoman control, including road construction, railways, telegraph lines, and new governmental buildings. It

1. TANZIMAT ERA
Dr.Ekin Mahmuzlu
1

2. TANZIMAT IN
THE FRONTIER
Example of Transjordan

3. Tanzimat on Diferent
Provinces
◦Ottoman Empire implemented reforms to diferent
provinces in diferent periods.
◦Tanzimat reforms were implemented to Modern
Turkey’s European Lands, South Bulgaria, and North
Greece in 1839
◦It arrived to South Black Sea in 1848
◦Tanzimat arrived mostly to Arabic Provinces after the
Crimean War
◦The Provincial Reform Law was introduced in Syria in
1866
◦The Provincial Reform Law was introduced in Libya
in 1867
◦The Provincial Reform Law was introduced in Hijaz in
1868
◦The Provincial Reform Law was introduced in East
Arabia in 1871
◦The Provincial Reform Law was introduced in Iraq in
1871 (by the famous Mithat Pasha)
◦The Provincial Reform Law was introduced in Yemen
in 1872

4. Tanzimat on Transjordan
◦First Attempt to implement in Jordan was
in the early-1850s, but it failed.
◦The Governor of Damascus (Mehmed
Raşid Pasha) managed to implement these
reforms in North Transjordan in 1867
(Ajlun and Balqa’)
◦However it arrived to Southern
Transjordan in 1893 (Karak and Maan
districts)

5. Tanzimat on Transjordan
The Governor of Damascus (Mehmed Raşid Pasha)
managed to implement these reforms in North
Transjordan in 1867 (Ajlun and Balqa’)
◦Ajlun accepted the Ottoman reforms without any
resistance.
◦Tribes in Balqa’ decided to resist, but Mehmed Raşid
Pasha assembled such massive armed force that
almost all of these tribes capitulated without fghting.
◦Ottoman army entered only pocket of resistance, the
town of Salt on 17 August 1867.
◦The modern local governmental bodies were
established in the North.
◦Even though Ottoman army won a series a victories
in the South, it was satisfed with a limited number of
reforms in the South

6. Tanzimat on Transjordan
In 1892, the governor in Damascus Osman
Nuri Pasha lied a plan to expand the
Ottoman authority and bring Tanzimat
Reforms and local governmental bodies in
the South Jordan.
The new governor (Hüseyin Hilmi Efendi)
managed to assemble a great army in
October 1893 and established Tanzimat
Reforms as late as 1893. (54 years late
indeed)

7. The Means of Establishing
Control
1. The road constructions from district
centers to each village.
2. Hijaz Railways
a. Damacus – Dara’ in 1902
b. Reached to Tabuk in 1906
c. Reached to Madina in 1 September
1908
3. Telegram lines
4. New government buildings

8. The Means of Establishing
control: Carrot
With the establishment of local government,
the Empire implemented new modern laws,
especially the commercial laws and new land
code.
This created new opportunities to merchants,
shop-keepers, and middle-classes (teacher,
lawyers etc…)
These new classes were also incorporated to
local governmental bodies: the members of
newly established governmental councils: court
of frst instance, municipal courts, etc.. were
from these new bourgeois classes.
It also protected the local peasants against the
raids of tribes.

9. The Means of Establishing
control: Stick
New gendarmes and police stations along the roads,
towns and railways.
The local governors and the commander of gendarmes
rarely used brute force.
The local government usually beneftted from local
rivalries between diferent tribes.
They either acted as neutral negotiator between these
tribes
Or
They supported the tribes, which collaborated with the
central government.

10. ECONOMIC
HISTORY

11. 11
Selim III, 1789-1807

12. 12
•The population of the Empire is approximately 25 million people.
•It is a low number for so large area. Main reasons were wars, famine,
and diseases. Inadequacy of population was a severe problem in terms
of economy (income & human resources) and warfare.
•%85 of population live in the rural areas. %15 live in the cities. (Urban
cities correspond to a dwelling unit whose population is more than
10.000)
Country Population
Percenta
ge
1 Qing China 297,623,950 30.4%
2 Maratha Empire
~115,000,00
0 21.1%
3
French First
Republic ~50,095,616 ~5.1%
4
Britain and
possessions ~49,170,000 ~5.0%
5
Holy Roman
Empire ~41,050,000 ~4.2%
6 Russian Empire 35,005,000 3.6%
7 Tokugawa Japan 29,000,000 3.0%
8
Spain and
possessions 26,500,000 2.7%
9 Ottoman Empire 26,000,000 2.7%

13. 13
Population in Anatolia
• The migration from
Balkans and the Caucasus.
• The migration because of
the Ottoman – Russian War
in 1877-1878
Years
Population
(Millions)
1840 10
1880 13
1914 16
1927 13,5
1939 17.5

14. Industrial Revolution

15. First Industrial Revolution
◦ The frst Industrial Revolution was the transition to new
manufacturing processes in Britain, continental Europe
and the United States, in the period from between 1760 to
1820.
◦ In 1774 John Wilkinson invented a boring machine
◦ Boulton and James Watt's frst commercial engine in 1776.
◦ Industrial Revlution started in cotton textiles, moved from
light industries (textiles, ceramics etc…) to heavy
industries (coal mining, iron making etc…)

16. 19th Century European
Economy
In the 1850s;
◦ The industrial Revolution sparded out to Northern France,
Belgium, Western Germany,
◦ In the late-nineteenth century;
◦ USA (electricity) and Germany (chemicals) became epicenter
of the new industries.

17. 19th Century European
Economy
As the result of industrilization, GNP
, population, population
densitiy, technology, and urbanization increased.
NOTE: Don’t confuse “”Mysery”” with “””Poverty”””.
The working classes earned greater incomes and poverty decreased
accordingly. However, it also brought miseries; no social securites,
air and water pollution in the ciries, and risk of unemployement for
masses.

19. 19th Century Ottoman
Economy
◦ 19th century was the period of integration of Ottoman
economy to global markets.
◦ While it imported manufactured western goods, like
textiles and machineries; it exported cash crops, like
tobacco, opium, and cotton and traditional textiles like
mohair and carpets.

20. 19th Century Ottoman Economy
◦ Baltalimanı Treaty (1838)
◦ Initially signed with UK, but France and other European powers
enjoyed similar rights.
◦ This treaty abolished trade monopolies
◦ It opened the Ottoman markets to foreigners

21. 19th Century Ottoman Economy
◦ The Result of Integration of Ottoman Economy to World Markets
◦ Increase of foreign trade from roughly 1-2% in the early-19th
century to more than tenfold of the initial levels in 1910s.
◦ Importation: Textiles, machineries, tools, and new house tools
(clocks and sowing machines)
◦ Exportation: Adana (cotton), Afyon (opium poppy), Alexandroupoli
(tobacco), Ankara (Mohair), Antalya (citrus), Beirut (silk), Burgas
(grains), Bursa (silk), Giresun (hazelnuts), Kavala (tobacco),
Mytilene (olive oil), Samsun (tobacco, grains), Tekirdağ (grains),
Varna (grains), and Volos (tobacco, grains).
◦=== Commercilized agriculture
◦=== Consumption of western goods

22. 19th Century Ottoman Economy
Transformation of Ottoman Agriculture
Land Code of 1858 allowed the farmers possessed their lands.
The main issue of Anatolian and Balkan farmers was the usury and traditional
tools.
Mithat Pasha was found frst agricultural cases in 1863 to fund the farmers.
In 1888, Agricultural Bank was established to allocate cheap credits to
farmers.
In the some Arabic and Kurdish lands, farmers avoided to register their lands
to the tribunal leaders to evade tax and military service.
This latter resulted in «yarıcılık» to big land lords controlling the farms.

23. Capitulations and Merchants
◦ Capitulations were the bilateral
trade agreements. First with
Venetians during the Mehmed II, the
famous one was with France during
the Süleyman the Great/Lawgiver.
◦ This treaty gave foreign merchants;
◦ 1. To be judged in their own courts
rather than local courts
◦ 2. With Baltalimanı Treaty (1839),
they were excepted from internal
customs (9%)
◦ 3. With Baltalimanı Treaty (1839) the
external customs (3%) were fxed to
3% to foreigners , while exportaiton
tax was 12% and importation was 5%
for Ottoman merchants.
◦ The Result: Many Ottoman
merchants sought foreign
protection/.citizenship

24. Debt and Money
◦ Ottoman State has budgetary defcits
The Issue was that increasing
Ottoman military and bureaucratic spending.
Even though the tax collected per citizen
increased, GNP increase was low. Therefore,
there was budgetary defcit in the Empire.
Before 1775, the Empire relied on tax-farming.
However tax-farming was the source of local
ayans.

25. Debt and Money
After the abolishment of Ayans,
Ottoman relied on;
A)Internal debt
B)External debt
C)Debasement of coins (Infation)
◦ A) First Internal debt
First internal debt was “sehim”
on 1775 to pay war indemnities after
Küçük Kaynarca Treaty (1774).
The interest rate was 15% in
1797. Internal debt
also created crowding out efect. It
pushed private enterprises out of
the market with high interest rate.
There also was kaime (the
substitute) a paper money substitute
also kin a bond.

26. Debt and Money
B) Money and Infation
State fnanced the budgetary
defcit by debasement in coins
Debasement is the practice of
lowering the intrinsic value of gold
and silver coins by mixing with
copper and other metals
18th
century, the golden money
was lira, big silver coin was piasters
(kuruş), para was small silver and
copper was pul.
The silver was mixed so much
with copper that there is
expression:; «(gümüş) para (bakır)
pul oldu».
It lead to 85% infation, which
derailed the economy.
The Janissaries always

27. New Monetary Policy and Ottoman Bank
B) New Monetary Policy and
Ottoman Bank
Tahsis-i Sikke (1844): The weight
of a golden lira was fxed to «2
dirhem 1 çekirdek», which means
handsome in modern Turkish. The
modern Turkish golden lira weight
mostly the same.
The Ottoman Bank, an Anglo-
French enterprise, was established in
1863.
It operated almost as a central bank
from 1863 to 1933.
1 golden lira = 1 paper Lira =
1,1 golden British sterling (1844-
1914)
It is called limping golden
standard because silver piasters was
in use as well.
The new money regime solved
Money with 5 Languages
İş bu evrak ibraz
olunduğunda led-el-altun
verilerek
(1 mecidiyye altın lirası)
nakid hakkıdır.
(Arabic, Armanian, Greek,
French, and Ottoman)

28. Ottoman External Debt
First external debt was during
the Crimean War (1855).
The interest rate was always low.
Even though the Empire collected
more taxes, the expenditures always
surpassed it. Accordingly the debt
was accumulated.
The Market Crash in Wien (1873)
caused increase in interest rates.
Greece, Romania, Argentina run
bankruptcy in 1873, Ottomans
resisted to 1876. The
Public Debt Administration was
established in 1881.

29. The Public Debt Administration
It was established in 1881, and its board was run
by an English, French, Austrian, German,
Austrian, Dutch, Italian, and Ottoman board
member. The British and French had greater
weight as fnancer to Ottoman debts. PDA
collected taxes on fshing, salt, silk, tobacco,
intoxicating beverages, and stamps in exchange
for paying external debts.
PDA controlled 20-30% of Ottoman budget.
Tobacco Monopoly was established in 1879,
which will transformed into TEKEL today.
These institutions helped the foreign powers
to establish economic control of foreign powers
in the Empire..
In 1914 total external debts was 160 millions
British (145 million golden liras).

30. Railway are coming next weeks

31. Overall the Economy
◦ Population growth in Anatolia from 10 millions to 16
millions
◦ Syrian population almost doubled from 1880s to
1914
◦ The population growth demonstrated a GNP growth
in the Empire.