This document provides an overview of finite element analysis (FEA) and the ANSYS software package. It defines FEA as using discrete elements to simulate loading conditions on a design and determine its response. ANSYS is a complete FEA software that can perform structural, thermal, fluid, electrical, and electromagnetic simulations. It is used across many industries for design optimization, reducing testing needs. The document also provides brief details on ANSYS capabilities and the company that develops it.

1. FEA and ANSYS
Module 2

2. Introduction
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FEA and ANSYS
Overview
• In this chapter, we will define Finite Element Analysis and
also present an overview of ANSYS capabilities.
• Topics covered:
A. What is FEA?
B. About ANSYS
C. About the company

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FEA and ANSYS
A. What is FEA?
• Finite Element Analysis is a way to simulate loading
conditions on a design and determine the design’s response
to those conditions.
• The design is modeled using discrete building blocks called
elements.
– Each element has exact
equations that describe how it
responds to a certain load.
– The “sum” of the response of all
elements in the model gives the
total response of the design.
– The elements have a finite
number of unknowns, hence the
name finite elements.
Historical Note
• The finite element method of
structural analysis was created
by academic and industrial
researchers during the 1950s
and 1960s.
• The underlying theory is over
100 years old, and was the basis
for pen-and-paper calculations in
the evaluation of suspension
bridges and steam boilers.

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FEA and ANSYS
...What is FEA?
• The finite element model, which has a finite number of
unknowns, can only approximate the response of the
physical system, which has infinite unknowns.
– So the question arises: How good is the approximation?
Physical System F.E. Model
– Unfortunately, there is no easy
answer to this question. It
depends entirely on what you are
simulating and the tools you use
for the simulation. We will,
however, attempt to give you
guidelines throughout this
training course.

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FEA and ANSYS
...What is FEA?
Why is FEA needed?
• To reduce the amount of prototype testing
– Computer simulation allows multiple “what-if” scenarios to be
tested quickly and effectively.
• To simulate designs that are not suitable for prototype testing
– Example: Surgical implants, such as an artificial knee
• The bottom line:
– Cost savings
– Time savings… reduce time to market!
– Create more reliable, better-quality designs

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FEA and ANSYS
B. About ANSYS
• ANSYS is a complete FEA software package used by
engineers worldwide in virtually all fields of engineering:
– Structural
– Thermal
– Fluid, including CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)
– Electrical / Electrostatics
– Electromagnetics
• A partial list of industries in which ANSYS is used:
– Aerospace
– Automotive
– Biomedical
– Bridges & Buildings
– Electronics & Appliances
– Heavy Equipment & Machinery
– MEMS - Micro Electromechanical Systems
– Sporting Goods

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FEA and ANSYS
…About ANSYS
• ANSYS/Multiphysics is the flagship ANSYS product which
includes all capabilities in all engineering disciplines.
• There are three main component products derived from
ANSYS/Multiphysics:
– ANSYS/Mechanical - structural & thermal capabilities
– ANSYS/Emag - electromagnetics
– ANSYS/FLOTRAN - CFD capabilities
• Other product lines:
– ANSYS/LS-DYNA - for highly nonlinear structural problems
– DesignSpace - an easy-to-use design and analysis tool meant for
quick analysis within the CAD environment
– ANSYS/ProFEA - for ANSYS analysis & design optimization
within Pro/ENGINEER

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ANSYS/
Structural
ANSYS/
Professional
ANSYS/
ProFEA
DesignSpace
FEA and ANSYS
…About ANSYS
ANSYS/
ED
ANSYS/
University
ANSYS/
PrepPost
ANSYS/
Multiphysics
ANSYS/
FLOTRAN
ANSYS/
Emag
ANSYS/
LS-DYNA
ANSYS/
Mechanical

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Hyperelastic Seal
FEA and ANSYS - About ANSYS
Structural Analysis
• Structural analysis is used to determine deformations,
strains, stresses, and reaction forces.
• Static analysis
–Used for static loading
conditions.
–Nonlinear behavior such
as large deflections, large
strain, contact, plasticity,
hyperelasticity, and creep
can be simulated.

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FEA and ANSYS - About ANSYS
…Structural Analysis
• Dynamic analysis
– Includes mass and damping effects.
– Modal analysis calculates natural frequencies and mode shapes.
– Harmonic analysis determines a structure’s response to
sinusoidal loads of known amplitude and frequency.
– Transient Dynamic analysis determines a structure’s response to
time-varying loads and can include nonlinear behavior.
• Other structural capabilities
– Spectrum analysis
– Random vibrations
– Eigenvalue buckling
– Substructuring, submodeling

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FEA and ANSYS - About ANSYS
…Structural Analysis
• Explicit Dynamics with ANSYS/LS-DYNA
– Intended for very large deformation simulations where inertia
forces are dominant.
– Used to simulate impact, crushing, rapid forming, etc.

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FEA and ANSYS - About ANSYS
Thermal Analysis
• Thermal analysis is used to determine the temperature
distribution in an object. Other quantities of interest include
amount of heat lost or gained, thermal gradients, and thermal
flux.
• All three primary heat transfer modes can be simulated:
conduction, convection, radiation.
• Steady-State
– Time-dependent effects are
ignored.
• Transient
– To determine temperatures,
etc. as a function of time.
– Allows phase change (melting
or freezing) to be simulated.

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FEA and ANSYS - About ANSYS
Electromagnetics
• Electromagnetic analysis is used to calculate magnetic fields
in electromagnetic devices.
• Static and low-frequency electromagnetics
– To simulate devices operating with DC power sources, low-
frequency AC, or low-frequency transient signals.
– Example: solenoid actuators,
motors, transformers
– Quantities of interest include
magnetic flux density, field
intensity, magnetic forces and
torques, impedance,
inductance, eddy currents,
power loss, and flux leakage.

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FEA and ANSYS - About ANSYS
...Electromagnetics
• High-frequency electromagnetics
– To simulate devices with propagating electromagnetic waves.
– Example: microwave and RF passive components, waveguides,
coaxial connectors
– Quantities of interest include S-parameters, Q-factor, Return
loss, dielectric and conducting losses, and electric and magnetic
fields.
Electric field (EFSUM) in a coaxial cable

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FEA and ANSYS - About ANSYS
...Electromagnetics
• Electrostatics
– To calculate the electric field from voltage or charge excitation.
– Example: High voltage devices, micro-electromechanical
systems (MEMS), transmission lines
– Typical quantities of interest are electric field strength and
capacitance.
• Current Conduction
– To calculate current in a conductor from an applied voltage
• Circuit Coupling
– To couple electric circuits with electromagnetic devices

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FEA and ANSYS - About ANSYS
...Electromagnetics
• Types of electromagnetic analysis:
– Static analysis calculates magnetic fields due to direct current
(DC) or permanent magnets.
– Harmonic analysis calculates magnetic fields due to alternating
current (AC).
– Transient analysis is used for time-varying magnetic fields.

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FEA and ANSYS - About ANSYS
Fluid Analysis
• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
– To determine the flow distributions and temperatures in a fluid.
– ANSYS/FLOTRAN can simulate laminar and turbulent flow,
compressible and incompressible flow, and multiple species.
– Applications: aerospace, electronic packaging, automotive
design
– Typical quantities of interest are velocities, pressures,
temperatures, and film coefficients.

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FEA and ANSYS - About ANSYS
…Fluid Analysis
• Acoustics
– To simulate the interaction between a fluid medium and the
surrounding solid.
– Example: speakers, automobile interiors, sonars
– Typical quantities of interest are pressure distribution,
displacements, and natural frequencies.
• Contained-Fluid Analysis
– To simulate the effects of a contained, non-flowing fluid and
calculate hydrostatic pressures due to sloshing.
– Example: oil tankers, other liquid containers
• Heat and Mass Transport
– A one-dimensional element is used to calculate the heat
generated by mass transport between two points, such as in a
pipe.

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Deflection of a bi-metal
bar due to heating
FEA and ANSYS - About ANSYS
Coupled-Field Analysis
• Coupled-Field Analysis considers the mutual interaction
between two or more fields. The fact that each field depends
upon another makes it impossible to solve each separately,
therefore you need a program that can solve both physics
problems by combining them.
• Examples:
– Thermal-stress analysis
– Piezoelectrics (electric & structural )
– Acoustics (fluid & structural)
– Thermal-electric analysis
– Induction heating (magnetic and thermal)
– Electrostatic-structural analysis

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FEA and ANSYS
C. About the Company
ANSYS, Inc.
• Developer of ANSYS family of products
• Headquartered in Canonsburg, PA - USA (south of Pittsburgh)

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FEA and ANSYS
…About the Company
ANSYS Support Distributors (ASDs)
• Sales and support network for ANSYS
• Over 75 offices worldwide
• Local expertise for ANSYS consulting and training

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FEA and ANSYS
…About the Company
ANSYS Support Coordinator (ASC)
• Contact for ANSYS at your company site
• Focal point for ANSYS correspondence; software updates,
error notices, newsletter and other mailings, etc.
For more information about ANSYS and the company:
• www.ansys.com
• On-line documentation
• Training manuals from other ANSYS courses