This document discusses a study on the reasons young people in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa undergo virginity testing. It provides background on virginity testing as a traditional practice and its revival. The study aims to understand perceptions of virginity testing from the perspectives of adolescents, particularly reasons for undergoing tests. It reviews literature discussing views both supporting and opposing virginity testing and implications for sexual health.
This document outlines the agenda for an upcoming research methods class. It will include teams presenting, a review of assignment 2, outside readings from the first three weeks, and a review of assignment 3. There will also be time for questions and discussion.
This document discusses the relationship between psychology and architecture, specifically regarding phallic architecture. It begins by defining phallic architecture and providing examples of intentional and unintentional phallic buildings from around the world. It then discusses the psychological effects of skyscrapers and verticalization of cities. Next, it outlines differences between urban planning research methods and social psychology research methods. It concludes by noting limitations of the paper and questions for future research on topics like patriarchal vs matriarchal societies and Jungian archetypes in architecture.
Behavior Modification for the classroom, based on Cliff Madsen's excellent book "Teaching/Discipline: A Positive Approach for Educational Development."
This document summarizes the female reproductive organs, including both external and internal structures. Externally, it describes the vulva and its components such as the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule. Internally, it outlines the vagina, uterus, and ovaries. It provides details on each structure's appearance, location, dimensions, and purpose within the reproductive system. The summary concludes by noting that the document categorizes and describes the key organs involved in human female reproduction.
The Girls' Brigade International Council (GBIC) is the coordinating body for Girls' Brigade organizations around the world. It meets every four years in different locations and oversees the policies and expansion of Girls' Brigade. It has six regional fellowships covering Africa, Europe, Pacific, Asia, Caribbean and Americas. Each fellowship comprises of different countries and has their own membership numbers and program levels. The Europe fellowship highlighted work in Kosovo and Northern Ireland, while the Africa fellowship mentioned its country members and differences in program structures.
A partnership with the UNFPA-UNICEF Global Programme to End Child Marriage, UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme on the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation and the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, the STAR Initiative (Strategic Technical Assistance for Research) to end harmful practices aims to strengthen evidence generation and learning. The initiative has three areas of focus: evidence generation, evidence synthesis and research dissemination and uptake.
Putting Children First: Session 1.6.C Oluwaseyi Somefun - Child health outcom...The Impact Initiative
Ā
Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
The document discusses child marriage and girls' education in West and Central Africa. It notes that 4 in 10 girls in the region are married before 18 and gender inequality in education remains high. Keeping girls in school is key to preventing child marriage. The project aims to strengthen collective advocacy on these issues in Francophone West and Central Africa by supporting capacity building, shared learning and advocacy. It discusses activities at the national, regional and international levels to promote girls' access to education and end child marriage.
This document outlines the agenda for an upcoming research methods class. It will include teams presenting, a review of assignment 2, outside readings from the first three weeks, and a review of assignment 3. There will also be time for questions and discussion.
This document discusses the relationship between psychology and architecture, specifically regarding phallic architecture. It begins by defining phallic architecture and providing examples of intentional and unintentional phallic buildings from around the world. It then discusses the psychological effects of skyscrapers and verticalization of cities. Next, it outlines differences between urban planning research methods and social psychology research methods. It concludes by noting limitations of the paper and questions for future research on topics like patriarchal vs matriarchal societies and Jungian archetypes in architecture.
Behavior Modification for the classroom, based on Cliff Madsen's excellent book "Teaching/Discipline: A Positive Approach for Educational Development."
This document summarizes the female reproductive organs, including both external and internal structures. Externally, it describes the vulva and its components such as the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule. Internally, it outlines the vagina, uterus, and ovaries. It provides details on each structure's appearance, location, dimensions, and purpose within the reproductive system. The summary concludes by noting that the document categorizes and describes the key organs involved in human female reproduction.
The Girls' Brigade International Council (GBIC) is the coordinating body for Girls' Brigade organizations around the world. It meets every four years in different locations and oversees the policies and expansion of Girls' Brigade. It has six regional fellowships covering Africa, Europe, Pacific, Asia, Caribbean and Americas. Each fellowship comprises of different countries and has their own membership numbers and program levels. The Europe fellowship highlighted work in Kosovo and Northern Ireland, while the Africa fellowship mentioned its country members and differences in program structures.
A partnership with the UNFPA-UNICEF Global Programme to End Child Marriage, UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme on the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation and the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, the STAR Initiative (Strategic Technical Assistance for Research) to end harmful practices aims to strengthen evidence generation and learning. The initiative has three areas of focus: evidence generation, evidence synthesis and research dissemination and uptake.
Putting Children First: Session 1.6.C Oluwaseyi Somefun - Child health outcom...The Impact Initiative
Ā
Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
The document discusses child marriage and girls' education in West and Central Africa. It notes that 4 in 10 girls in the region are married before 18 and gender inequality in education remains high. Keeping girls in school is key to preventing child marriage. The project aims to strengthen collective advocacy on these issues in Francophone West and Central Africa by supporting capacity building, shared learning and advocacy. It discusses activities at the national, regional and international levels to promote girls' access to education and end child marriage.
CREATING AWARENESS REGARDING RISKS OF INDUCED ABORTIONZURA AHMED
Ā
Abortion continues to be embraced by the youths in University despite the diverse effects associated with the practice.... How can Edutainment be used to facilitate awareness regarding risks of induced abortion? lets check it out
Comprehensive and emotive aspects of Abortion in Universities: case of Makere...KOceanz Bush
Ā
This poem tells the story of an unintended pregnancy from a young woman's perspective. It describes a sexual encounter where protection was not used. As her belly grows, she feels alone, scared, and in pain. She decides to take abortion pills, hoping to escape the situation in the short term, but is left with physical and emotional agony. The poem highlights the risks of unprotected sex and unsafe abortion, and the suffering it can cause.
Modern Families: attitudes and perceptions to adoption in AustraliaSammway
Ā
The document summarizes research on attitudes toward adoption in Australia. Some key findings include:
- While adoption is viewed positively, many Australians are unaware of the declining adoption rates and growing number of children in foster care.
- About 1 in 5 Australians have a personal connection to adoption or fostering. However, these issues receive little media attention.
- The adoption process is seen as too long, complex, and potentially designed to make people fail or be deemed ineligible due to age restrictions.
- Most Australians are concerned about the number of children in long-term foster care and support reforms to increase adoption rates.
- While fostering is also viewed positively, some believe the system exposes children to instability and financial
Living further from health care facilities can negatively impact health in South Africa by serving as a barrier to access. Research in South Africa found that teenage childbearing was influenced by the distance to care facilities, and teenage childbearing can have lasting health and economic consequences. A program called NAFCI that provided youth-friendly sexual health services and information at clinics was associated with delayed childbearing, increased contraceptive use, and reduced sexually transmitted infections among adolescents living near the clinics. Improving access to reproductive healthcare and information can help address disparities in teenage pregnancy and its adverse outcomes.
The document discusses an exploratory study examining young people's perspectives on HIV prevention campaigns in Ongako Sub County, Gulu District, Uganda. The study used participatory methods like drama performances to educate youth. Qualitative data collection methods found increased HIV testing but ongoing high-risk behaviors. While youth had medical knowledge about HIV, they did not always consider it a personal threat. The conclusion calls for prevention campaigns to better address youth perceptions and socio-cultural factors influencing their sexual behaviors.
The International Foundation for CDKL5 Research (IFCR) was established in 2009 by parents of children with CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) to fund research for treatments and a cure. The IFCR has several initiatives to achieve this goal, including developing mouse models of CDD, funding stem cell research using induced pluripotent stem cells, and establishing an international patient registry. The IFCR also partners with other organizations and raises funds through donations and events to support these research efforts to help improve the lives of those affected by CDD.
The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation has partnered with institutions around the world to fund over 50 research projects exploring the relationship between population, reproductive health, and economic development in low and middle-income countries. This research initiative called PopPov has supported studies at both the macro and micro levels. Macro-level research has examined how demographic changes and policies impact economic growth, while micro-level research has assessed the effects of family planning and reproductive health on outcomes for women and children. PopPov researchers have generated new data and identified creative methods using natural experiments to help establish causal relationships. Their findings are being used to inform health, family planning, and education programs in several countries.
Roger Glass discusses the mission and activities of the Fogarty International Center at NIH. The Center advances global health research by supporting international collaborations, building research capacity abroad, and training scientists. It works across NIH institutes and has over 400 grants supporting areas like chronic diseases, implementation research, and capacity building in low and middle income countries. The Center aims to address global health challenges through strategic partnerships and a focus on research and training.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundations SECURE THE FUTURE? Programme Announces New F...Koos Dorssers
Ā
The document summarizes research that found the Grandmothers Against Poverty and AIDS (GAPA) program in Tanzania has had a positive impact in mitigating the effects of HIV/AIDS. The research found that GAPA members benefited from higher self-esteem and saw lower levels of poverty and stigma in their communities due to peer support and income generation activities. Over 72% of GAPA members reported someone in their household died from HIV/AIDS in the past 10 years. The program has empowered grandmothers to support children orphaned by AIDS and influence policies affecting their families and communities.
This is a presentation of Global Youth Leadership & Girl-child Foundation, what the organisation stands for, her achievement, opportunities and challenges.
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A statistical overview and exploration of ...UNICEF Publications
Ā
Over the last two decades, reliable data on FGM/C have been generated through two major sources: the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), supported by UNICEF. The new UNICEF report reviews all available DHS and MICS data and presents the most comprehensive compilation to date of statistics and analyses on FGM/C. It covers all 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where FGM/C is concentrated and includes, for the first time, statistics from countries where representative survey data were lacking. The report highlights trends across countries, and it examines differentials in prevalence according to social, economic, demographic and other variables. The findings add crucial evidence that sheds further light on how abandonment of harmful social norms can be accelerated.
Poverty, Sexual Practices and Vulnerability of Female Sex Workers to HIV/AIDS...John Bako
Ā
The prevalence of HIV among Female who sell sex in Nigeria has witnessed a sharp decline between 2007 to 2014.
The decline was recorded both amidst BBFSWs (30.2% in 2007 to 19.4% in 2014) and NBFSWs (37.4% in 2007 to 8.6 in 2014)
This decline can be attributed to National programmatic response towards achieving universal access to HIV/AIDS preventions in Nigeria.
Friends Africa is a pan-African non-governmental organization located in Nigeria that works to mobilize political and financial support for fighting AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. In 2013, Friends Africa organized numerous advocacy events targeting decision-makers and stakeholders. These included hosting a panel on social media for non-profits, meetings with the Executive Director of the Global Fund during his visit to discuss issues like sustainable health financing, and a corporate executive dinner on the role of the private sector in health in Africa. Friends Africa also partnered with organizations to convene global leaders to discuss challenges and opportunities in health financing at various international conferences and forums.
This newsletter summarizes recent activities within the Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health at Johns Hopkins. It highlights faculty promotions, new hires, major conferences and projects. Specifically, it discusses the successful International Conference on Family Planning in Bali, expansions of the Advance Family Planning and PMA2020 projects, and a new initiative of the Global Early Adolescent Study in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Final Ant39 Virginity Testing South Africa1EricaMouse
Ā
Virginity testing is a cultural practice in South Africa where young girls are examined to determine if their hymen is intact, indicating virginity. The practice originated in the Zulu kingdom and resurfaced in the 1990s as a means to promote abstinence and curb the spread of HIV/AIDS. However, virginity testing is controversial as it may violate human rights and discourage HIV testing by promoting stigma. While supporters see it as cultural tradition, critics argue it does little to prevent disease and may encourage risky sexual behaviors.
The document presents information on female genital mutilation (FGM). It discusses what FGM is, the beliefs behind why it is practiced, its effects, and actions taken to stop it. FGM involves the ritual removal of some or all of a female's external genitalia and is most common in 27 African countries. Beliefs used to justify it include that it reduces sexual urge, increases loyalty to husbands, and is a rite of passage. However, these beliefs lack medical basis. Effects of FGM include severe pain, bleeding, death, decreased sexual enjoyment, and low self-esteem. Actions to stop FGM recognize it as a human rights violation and include providing information to hospitals, designating an
This document presents the findings of a baseline study conducted in Sophia, Guyana to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding child abuse prevention and support for abused children. Key findings include:
1) High rates of neglect, verbal, physical and sexual abuse of children in their own homes and communities.
2) Many children are left unsupervised for long periods, increasing risks of school absenteeism, early sexual activity, and teen pregnancy.
3) Over a quarter of recorded pregnancies in the area were to teen mothers, raising concerns about their and their infants' welfare.
4) While knowledge of what constitutes abuse was clear, attitudes did not always translate to intervention or reporting abuse due to safety
Male Circumcision Research Into Policy Final S A H A R A Dec 09 2009Nicholas Jacobs
Ā
Male circumcision has been shown to reduce HIV infection risk in men by 50-60%. Three randomized controlled trials in Africa found circumcision reduced HIV risk. WHO and UNAIDS recommend countries with high HIV prevalence and low circumcision rates consider scaling up circumcision services. In South Africa, circumcision services have been piloted and national guidelines are being developed. Modeling predicts circumcision scale-up could significantly reduce HIV prevalence over time if uptake is high. Ensuring services are gender-sensitive, communicate partial efficacy, and promote safer sex practices will be important for effectiveness.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of HIV-related sickness on migration patterns in Southern Africa. The study found that when individuals in cities like Johannesburg become too sick to work due to HIV, most will return home (68% of men, 58% of women). If someone back home becomes sick with HIV/AIDS, men are more likely to send money home while women are more likely to return home to provide physical and emotional care. The study highlights the importance of networks of care in explaining migration patterns and challenges the assumption that migration is solely for better access to health services.
CREATING AWARENESS REGARDING RISKS OF INDUCED ABORTIONZURA AHMED
Ā
Abortion continues to be embraced by the youths in University despite the diverse effects associated with the practice.... How can Edutainment be used to facilitate awareness regarding risks of induced abortion? lets check it out
Comprehensive and emotive aspects of Abortion in Universities: case of Makere...KOceanz Bush
Ā
This poem tells the story of an unintended pregnancy from a young woman's perspective. It describes a sexual encounter where protection was not used. As her belly grows, she feels alone, scared, and in pain. She decides to take abortion pills, hoping to escape the situation in the short term, but is left with physical and emotional agony. The poem highlights the risks of unprotected sex and unsafe abortion, and the suffering it can cause.
Modern Families: attitudes and perceptions to adoption in AustraliaSammway
Ā
The document summarizes research on attitudes toward adoption in Australia. Some key findings include:
- While adoption is viewed positively, many Australians are unaware of the declining adoption rates and growing number of children in foster care.
- About 1 in 5 Australians have a personal connection to adoption or fostering. However, these issues receive little media attention.
- The adoption process is seen as too long, complex, and potentially designed to make people fail or be deemed ineligible due to age restrictions.
- Most Australians are concerned about the number of children in long-term foster care and support reforms to increase adoption rates.
- While fostering is also viewed positively, some believe the system exposes children to instability and financial
Living further from health care facilities can negatively impact health in South Africa by serving as a barrier to access. Research in South Africa found that teenage childbearing was influenced by the distance to care facilities, and teenage childbearing can have lasting health and economic consequences. A program called NAFCI that provided youth-friendly sexual health services and information at clinics was associated with delayed childbearing, increased contraceptive use, and reduced sexually transmitted infections among adolescents living near the clinics. Improving access to reproductive healthcare and information can help address disparities in teenage pregnancy and its adverse outcomes.
The document discusses an exploratory study examining young people's perspectives on HIV prevention campaigns in Ongako Sub County, Gulu District, Uganda. The study used participatory methods like drama performances to educate youth. Qualitative data collection methods found increased HIV testing but ongoing high-risk behaviors. While youth had medical knowledge about HIV, they did not always consider it a personal threat. The conclusion calls for prevention campaigns to better address youth perceptions and socio-cultural factors influencing their sexual behaviors.
The International Foundation for CDKL5 Research (IFCR) was established in 2009 by parents of children with CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) to fund research for treatments and a cure. The IFCR has several initiatives to achieve this goal, including developing mouse models of CDD, funding stem cell research using induced pluripotent stem cells, and establishing an international patient registry. The IFCR also partners with other organizations and raises funds through donations and events to support these research efforts to help improve the lives of those affected by CDD.
The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation has partnered with institutions around the world to fund over 50 research projects exploring the relationship between population, reproductive health, and economic development in low and middle-income countries. This research initiative called PopPov has supported studies at both the macro and micro levels. Macro-level research has examined how demographic changes and policies impact economic growth, while micro-level research has assessed the effects of family planning and reproductive health on outcomes for women and children. PopPov researchers have generated new data and identified creative methods using natural experiments to help establish causal relationships. Their findings are being used to inform health, family planning, and education programs in several countries.
Roger Glass discusses the mission and activities of the Fogarty International Center at NIH. The Center advances global health research by supporting international collaborations, building research capacity abroad, and training scientists. It works across NIH institutes and has over 400 grants supporting areas like chronic diseases, implementation research, and capacity building in low and middle income countries. The Center aims to address global health challenges through strategic partnerships and a focus on research and training.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundations SECURE THE FUTURE? Programme Announces New F...Koos Dorssers
Ā
The document summarizes research that found the Grandmothers Against Poverty and AIDS (GAPA) program in Tanzania has had a positive impact in mitigating the effects of HIV/AIDS. The research found that GAPA members benefited from higher self-esteem and saw lower levels of poverty and stigma in their communities due to peer support and income generation activities. Over 72% of GAPA members reported someone in their household died from HIV/AIDS in the past 10 years. The program has empowered grandmothers to support children orphaned by AIDS and influence policies affecting their families and communities.
This is a presentation of Global Youth Leadership & Girl-child Foundation, what the organisation stands for, her achievement, opportunities and challenges.
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A statistical overview and exploration of ...UNICEF Publications
Ā
Over the last two decades, reliable data on FGM/C have been generated through two major sources: the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), supported by UNICEF. The new UNICEF report reviews all available DHS and MICS data and presents the most comprehensive compilation to date of statistics and analyses on FGM/C. It covers all 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where FGM/C is concentrated and includes, for the first time, statistics from countries where representative survey data were lacking. The report highlights trends across countries, and it examines differentials in prevalence according to social, economic, demographic and other variables. The findings add crucial evidence that sheds further light on how abandonment of harmful social norms can be accelerated.
Poverty, Sexual Practices and Vulnerability of Female Sex Workers to HIV/AIDS...John Bako
Ā
The prevalence of HIV among Female who sell sex in Nigeria has witnessed a sharp decline between 2007 to 2014.
The decline was recorded both amidst BBFSWs (30.2% in 2007 to 19.4% in 2014) and NBFSWs (37.4% in 2007 to 8.6 in 2014)
This decline can be attributed to National programmatic response towards achieving universal access to HIV/AIDS preventions in Nigeria.
Friends Africa is a pan-African non-governmental organization located in Nigeria that works to mobilize political and financial support for fighting AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. In 2013, Friends Africa organized numerous advocacy events targeting decision-makers and stakeholders. These included hosting a panel on social media for non-profits, meetings with the Executive Director of the Global Fund during his visit to discuss issues like sustainable health financing, and a corporate executive dinner on the role of the private sector in health in Africa. Friends Africa also partnered with organizations to convene global leaders to discuss challenges and opportunities in health financing at various international conferences and forums.
This newsletter summarizes recent activities within the Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health at Johns Hopkins. It highlights faculty promotions, new hires, major conferences and projects. Specifically, it discusses the successful International Conference on Family Planning in Bali, expansions of the Advance Family Planning and PMA2020 projects, and a new initiative of the Global Early Adolescent Study in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Final Ant39 Virginity Testing South Africa1EricaMouse
Ā
Virginity testing is a cultural practice in South Africa where young girls are examined to determine if their hymen is intact, indicating virginity. The practice originated in the Zulu kingdom and resurfaced in the 1990s as a means to promote abstinence and curb the spread of HIV/AIDS. However, virginity testing is controversial as it may violate human rights and discourage HIV testing by promoting stigma. While supporters see it as cultural tradition, critics argue it does little to prevent disease and may encourage risky sexual behaviors.
The document presents information on female genital mutilation (FGM). It discusses what FGM is, the beliefs behind why it is practiced, its effects, and actions taken to stop it. FGM involves the ritual removal of some or all of a female's external genitalia and is most common in 27 African countries. Beliefs used to justify it include that it reduces sexual urge, increases loyalty to husbands, and is a rite of passage. However, these beliefs lack medical basis. Effects of FGM include severe pain, bleeding, death, decreased sexual enjoyment, and low self-esteem. Actions to stop FGM recognize it as a human rights violation and include providing information to hospitals, designating an
This document presents the findings of a baseline study conducted in Sophia, Guyana to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding child abuse prevention and support for abused children. Key findings include:
1) High rates of neglect, verbal, physical and sexual abuse of children in their own homes and communities.
2) Many children are left unsupervised for long periods, increasing risks of school absenteeism, early sexual activity, and teen pregnancy.
3) Over a quarter of recorded pregnancies in the area were to teen mothers, raising concerns about their and their infants' welfare.
4) While knowledge of what constitutes abuse was clear, attitudes did not always translate to intervention or reporting abuse due to safety
Male Circumcision Research Into Policy Final S A H A R A Dec 09 2009Nicholas Jacobs
Ā
Male circumcision has been shown to reduce HIV infection risk in men by 50-60%. Three randomized controlled trials in Africa found circumcision reduced HIV risk. WHO and UNAIDS recommend countries with high HIV prevalence and low circumcision rates consider scaling up circumcision services. In South Africa, circumcision services have been piloted and national guidelines are being developed. Modeling predicts circumcision scale-up could significantly reduce HIV prevalence over time if uptake is high. Ensuring services are gender-sensitive, communicate partial efficacy, and promote safer sex practices will be important for effectiveness.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of HIV-related sickness on migration patterns in Southern Africa. The study found that when individuals in cities like Johannesburg become too sick to work due to HIV, most will return home (68% of men, 58% of women). If someone back home becomes sick with HIV/AIDS, men are more likely to send money home while women are more likely to return home to provide physical and emotional care. The study highlights the importance of networks of care in explaining migration patterns and challenges the assumption that migration is solely for better access to health services.
This document summarizes a workshop on developing evidence on vulnerabilities of men who have sex with men (MSM) and gays in sub-Saharan Africa to support HIV/AIDS advocacy and policy. It discusses the diverse socio-political landscapes across 22 countries, where some criminalize homosexuality while others have more tolerant cultures. While many LGBT communities and organizations exist, they often operate secretly due to oppression. The document analyzes factors like laws, stigma, risky sex practices, and inclusion of MSM in national HIV strategies. It concludes that building solidarity through research-informed advocacy, capacity building, and combating prevention could help address challenges faced by sexual minorities.
1. Uganda saw a dramatic decline in HIV prevalence from 21.1% in 1991 to 9.1% in 1998 through large-scale behavioral changes, equivalent to a 75% effective vaccine.
2. The biggest factor was a substantial decline in sexual partners, with 48% of men and women reporting sticking to one partner.
3. The changes were driven by community and political efforts reinforcing each other through messaging focused on risk avoidance, open discussion of HIV/AIDS, and promoting care for infected individuals and orphans.
This document discusses a study on the reasons young people in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa undergo virginity testing. It provides background on virginity testing as a traditional practice and its revival. The study aims to understand perceptions of virginity testing from the perspectives of adolescents, particularly reasons for undergoing tests. It reviews literature discussing views both supporting and opposing virginity testing and implications for sexual health.
01 Monica Do Santos Healing The Dragon S A H A R ANicholas Jacobs
Ā
This document discusses interventions for heroin use disorders and reducing HIV transmission. It summarizes findings from previous studies that found many intravenous drug users in Africa do not properly clean or dispose of needles, increasing HIV risk. The objectives are to compare views of long-term former heroin users and specialists on effective interventions and improve programs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 former users and 10 specialists. Preliminary findings from the first study on former users are presented on their demographics and drug use histories.
05 Lawrence Osano Is Wife Inheritance An Impediment In H I VNicholas Jacobs
Ā
This document discusses how certain cultural practices in the Luo ethnic community in Kenya can act as impediments to controlling and preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS. It focuses on the practices of wife inheritance, polygamy, and "Chira" (a curse). Wife inheritance traditionally ensured continuity of the family line but now young men often claim widows for pleasure without concern for infection status. Polygamy allowed men to have many wives and sons, but spreading infection. "Chira" involved a ritual with a widow's body that could also spread disease. Male dominance prevents women from refusing unprotected sex or inheritance. The document calls for respecting traditions but adding education to address modern challenges like HIV/AIDS.
The document discusses strategies for reducing HIV risk among young people in South Africa. It argues that limited opportunities in education, employment, and entrepreneurship fuel the HIV epidemic by constraining choices and creating a perception of scant opportunity. The proposed strategies aim to change this perception by developing a mindset of seeking opportunity, building skills to negotiate pressures, and finding new links to opportunities through programs, peer networks, and media campaigns. The goal is reducing risk by empowering personal initiative to respond to circumstances.
This document outlines a research study on vulnerabilities of men who have sex with men (MSM) and gays in Eastern and Southern Africa. The study aims to develop an evidence base to advocate for more inclusive HIV/AIDS policies and programming. It involves a desktop literature review, focus group meetings in the region, and an international dialogue. The overall goals are to encourage quality prevention and care for MSM communities and influence policies related to their rights.
Review Of Interventions For Changing BehavioursNicholas Jacobs
Ā
This document discusses interventions and strategies for changing HIV-related behaviours. It outlines the theoretical basis for behavioural interventions, target behaviours like unprotected sex that need to be changed, and target groups like adolescents, sex workers, and men who have sex with men. Strategies discussed include counseling, group education sessions, and social events. Examples are given of behavioural interventions conducted in South Africa, including school-based programs, interventions for drug users and those with STIs, and community-based testing initiatives. The conclusion emphasizes the need for sustained, community-level interventions that integrate behavioural strategies into existing programs and services.
The document summarizes research conducted in 9 Southern African countries on multiple and concurrent partnerships (MCPs) as a driver of HIV. Focus groups and interviews found MCPs are common due to sexual dissatisfaction, culture/norms, money/gifts, alcohol, and male dominance. Countries then developed national mass media campaigns promoting safe relationships and challenging MCPs. A regional One Love Southern Africa campaign was also launched with a website, TV drama, radio drama, posters, booklets, and partnerships across countries.
01 Vearey S A H A R A I O M Session 3 Dec 2009Nicholas Jacobs
Ā
This document summarizes challenges to common assumptions about migration and health in South Africa. It finds that migrants are often wrongly assumed to travel for healthcare and burden health systems. However, data shows that most migrants seek healthcare after living in South Africa for some time and for reasons other than health. While migrants face barriers to care, their health outcomes on treatment are similar to citizens. The document calls for implementing protective laws and considering health and migration together to address the social determinants of migrant health.
03 N Phaswana Mafuya Perceptions Of Sugar Mommy PracticesNicholas Jacobs
Ā
This study explored perceptions of sugar mommy relationships in South Africa through focus groups. There were mixed views on whether these relationships occur and their acceptability. Some saw them as acceptable if due to love, while others saw issues with lack of ethics or promoting youth exploitation. Reasons older women engage in these relationships included sexual fulfillment, domination, procreation, stress relief, and physical attraction to youth. Younger men's reasons included material gain, stress relief, being enticed, rejection by peers, peer influence, beliefs that older women are purer, and that they provide tender loving care and maturity. The study aimed to understand these relationships and perspectives on their occurrence and acceptability.
The document summarizes key discussions from Round Table 7 on using HIV counseling and testing (HTC) as a prevention strategy in Southern Africa. It notes innovative ideas around regional standards for HTC and linking services. Challenges discussed include a lack of evidence on prevention impacts and potential increases in violence if one partner tests positive. Policy implications focus on ensuring quality, accessible HTC services.
The document discusses the Scrutinize social marketing campaign in South Africa, which aims to reduce HIV transmission by promoting partner reduction, condom use, and testing. It describes the campaign's animated adverts ("animerts"), key messages, and accompanying materials. Discussants report the animerts resulting in self-reflection and questioning of personal sexual behaviors. The document raises questions about ensuring the campaign's mass media and interpersonal communication components effectively convey prevention messages at the community level.
The document summarizes research conducted in 9 Southern African countries on multiple and concurrent partnerships (MCPs) as a driver of HIV. Focus groups and interviews found MCPs are common due to sexual dissatisfaction, culture/norms, money/gifts, alcohol, and male dominance. Countries then developed national mass media campaigns promoting safe relationships without MCPs. A regional campaign called "One Love Southern Africa" was also launched with a website, TV drama, radio drama, posters, and partnerships across countries.
This document outlines a research study on vulnerabilities of men who have sex with men (MSM) and gays in Eastern and Southern Africa. The study aims to develop an evidence base to advocate for more inclusive HIV/AIDS policies and programming. It involves a desktop literature review, focus group meetings in the region, and an international dialogue. The overall goals are to encourage quality prevention and care for MSM communities and influence policies related to their rights.
This document summarizes a workshop on developing evidence on vulnerabilities of men who have sex with men (MSM) and gays in sub-Saharan Africa to support HIV/AIDS advocacy and policy. It discusses the diverse socio-political landscapes across 22 countries, where some criminalize homosexuality while others have more tolerant cultures. While many LGBT communities and organizations exist, they often operate secretly due to oppression. The document analyzes factors like laws, stigma, risky sex practices, and inclusion of MSM in national HIV strategies. It concludes that building solidarity through research-informed advocacy, capacity building, and combating prevention could help address challenges faced by sexual minorities.
This document discusses a study on the reasons young people in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa undergo virginity testing. It provides background on virginity testing as a traditional practice and its revival. The problem statement notes that while studies have focused on the debate around banning testing, little research has examined the views of those undergoing testing. The aims of this study are to explore perceptions of testing and the reasons for undergoing it from the perspective of young people.
Male Circumcision Research Into Policy Final Sahara Dec 09 2009Nicholas Jacobs
Ā
Male circumcision has been shown to reduce HIV infection risk in men. Three randomized controlled trials in Africa found that circumcision reduced HIV risk by 50-60%. Based on this evidence, the WHO and UNAIDS recommend promoting male circumcision in high HIV prevalence countries in Africa. In South Africa, male circumcision services have been piloted and national guidelines are being developed to scale up circumcision as part of HIV prevention. Challenges include addressing concerns about reducing comprehensive prevention messages, ensuring quality and safety of services, and promoting gender sensitivity.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
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Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
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In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
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02 Mhlongo Sahara Conference Ppts
1. Presented by Sithembile Mhlongo a PEPFAR Fellow hosted by
The Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs
FREE STATE PROVINCE
Coordinated by: Funded by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
2. Reasons for undergoing virginity
testing: A study of young people in
rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Sithembile Promise Mhlongo
Is a fellow in the PEPFAR Fellowship Program,
with Department of Cooperative Governance
and Traditional Affairs (Free State Province) as
Host Organization
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
3. Presentation Outline
ā¢ Introduction
ā¢ Background of the Study
ā¢ Problem Statement
ā¢ Aims and Objectives of the Study
ā¢ Research Questions
ā¢ Literature Review
ā¢ Research Methodology
ā¢ Findings and Discussion
ā¢ Conclusion
ā¢ Recommendations
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
4. INTRODUCTION
ā¢ Virginity testing is defined as āa practice and
process of inspecting the genitalia of
unmarried girls and women to determine if
they are sexually chaste.ā (Wickstrom
2008:1).
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
5. Intro Continued
The traditional Zulu custom of virginity testing fell
into disuse over the past decades. However, it has
been revived by communities in order to prevent
young girls from becoming sexually active. There is
often social pressure to participate in virginity testing
although such testing has been opposed as
ineffective, unhygienic and a violation of human
rights (Taylor, 2004).
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
6. Introduction Continued
ā¢ āAs the AIDS epidemic has been transformed
from one increasing HIV infection rates during
the 1980ās to one of increasing AIDs morbidity
and death since the mid 1990s, the call for
regular virginity testing of girls has made
concurrent public appearanceā (Leclerc-
Madlala, 2001: 534).
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
7. Introduction Continued
ā¢ The practice of virginity testing was done from the early
twentieth century in KwaZulu- Natal (Le Roux 2006). In the
early twentieth century the verification of a girlās virginity
enabled her family to demand a larger lobola than normal
bride wealth at marriage, an additional cow to be given to
the girlās mother. If the girl was found not to be virgin,
then her father had to pay a cow to the chief because the
girl has shown disrespect not only to her parents but also
to the whole nation
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
8. Continued
ā¢ According to Kinoti (2005) in KwaZulu-Natal virginity testing
is a practice in which girls aged seven to twenty six are
examined to determine whether their hymen (commonly
known as eye) is intact. Girls who pass the examination
receive a white star pasted on their forehead and a
certificate confirming their virginity. The reason for the
practice is to prevent pregnancy and encourage girls to
remain virgins up until marriage, because there is a belief
that a girl should have a first sexual intercourse on her first
day of her marriage.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
9. Continued
ā¢ In South Africa, the practice of virginity testing is most
common among the Zulu, and to a lesser extent by the
Xhosa. In practice, it requires a physical examination of girls
in order to determine if their āhymensā are intact (Scorgie,
2002). The testing always takes place at the residence of
the local chief, where all girls of the community will be
tested by old respected women of the village.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
10. Continued
ā¢ Kinoti (2005) argues that virginity testing is being taken as
one method to check the onslaught of the HIV/AIDS
pandemic in order to encourage abstinence, which is one
of the ABC strategies for preventing the further spread of
the virus. Often those in favour of virginity testing claim
that the benefits include the prevention of the spread of
HIV/AIDS and teenage pregnancy, the detection of children
who are sexually abused and that it relieves the burden on
pensioners who are forced to assume responsibility for
caring for unplanned babies (Le Roux 2006).
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
11. Statement of the Problem
ā¢ Most studies tend to focus on the ongoing debate about
whether virginity testing should be banned or not. Scorgie
(2002) argues that there are some who favour virginity
testing and believe that if young girls are tested they will
be fearful of engaging in sexual activity.
ā¢ Those who are against virginity testing argue that the
procedure is unconstitutional, unhygienic, and violates the
human rights of the young women being tested.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
12. Continued
ā¢ Some of the studies focus on virginity testing as a way to
prevent teenage pregnancy. Kaufman et al (2001) argue
that teenage pregnancy is high in South Africa. More than
30 percent of 19 year old girls are reported to have given
birth at least once.
ā¢ Makiwane and Udjo (2006) also report a high rate of
teenage pregnancy in South Africa. About half of young
people between 15-19 years have been reported to have
had sex and 37 percent have been pregnant.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
13. Continued
ā¢ The increase in teenage pregnancy is a worrying factor
because it is proof that young people are engaging in
unprotected sex which puts them at risk of HIV infection.
Teenage pregnancy is associated with high levels of poverty
and low socio- economic status. Some girls drop out of
school and depend on their mothers to support their
children (Scorgie, 2002).
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
14. Continued
ā¢ There are a growing number of studies on virginity testing
but more attention is paid to the abahloli (testers) and the
elders of the society and in particular what they think
about virginity testing. However, the views of those who
actually undergo virginity testing have thus far been largely
neglected.
ā¢ To date, little is known about how adolescents view
virginity testing. Are young people undergoing virginity
testing voluntarily? Are they being forced by their parents
and the wider society to undergo virginity testing?
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
15. Aims and Objectives
of the Study
ā¢ The overall objective of the study is to explore
perceptions of virginity testing among young
people. In particular, the study looks at the
reasons for undergoing virginity testing
among young people in a rural area in
KwaZulu-Natal.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
16. Research Questions
ā¢ Is virginity testing voluntary?
ā¢ What are the main reasons for undergoing virginity
testing?
ā¢ What importance is attached to virginity testing?
ā¢ What are some of the problems with virginity testing from
the perspectives of adolescent girls?
ā¢ For those who undergo virginity testing, what are the
implications
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
17. Literature Review
ā¢ In the last two decades, virginity testing has emerged as an
important traditional cultural practice, although its roots go
back much further. Historically virginity testing was used to
determine the suitability of women for marriage but it also
reflected societal stress on abstinence from sexual activity
on the part of girls and young women.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
18. Continued
ā¢ A study of attitudes, beliefs and practices of the Vhavenda
by Muluadzi (2005) found that during the virginity testing
preparation week, girls were warned against being
deflowered before marriage and taught how to engage in
sexual activities without losing their virginity. Girls were
expected to stay virgins until their marriage. Chastity was
highly valued as young adolescents were taught to abstain
from sexual intercourse.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
19. Continued
ā¢ A study exploring adolescentsā attitudes to virginity by the
Kaizer Foundation (2003) noted that adolescents who
reported abstaining from sexual activity in high school
resulted in them having respect for themselves and
enjoying the respect of their family. In addition,
adolescents reported that it leads to them feeling that they
are in control of their relationships and they are behaving
in a manner consistent with their morals or religious
beliefs.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
20. Continued
ā¢ Gumede (2000) argues that virginity testing prevents
teenage pregnancy, the spread of sexually transmitted
diseases, including HIV/AIDS, and eases the burden on
pensioners, who have to raise unplanned children. In
addition, virginity testing is safer than using contraceptives
or resorting to abortion.
ā¢ virginity was directly linked to socialisation as girls were
taught at an early age to view their genitals as their
motherās cow (inkomo kamama) which made them a
valuable asset
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
21. Continued
ā¢ George (2008) found that the AIDS epidemic places
tremendous pressure on grandparents to provide social
support for a growing number of grandchildren whose
parents have died so it is in their best interest to regulate
fertility and prevent pregnancy.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
22. Continued
ā¢ One of the advocates of virginity testing, President Jacob
Zuma, was reported as having encouraged girls to take
the tests as a way of curbing the spread of HIV/AIDS. He
refers to virginity as a girlās family treasure, saying that
traditionally girls would only have sex when permitted to
do so by their families (Kinoti, 2005).
ā¢ Shaulhoub-Kevorkian (2004) states that the traditional
norm of virginity testing for unmarried girls in many
societies increases young womenās risk of infection
because it restricts their ability to ask for information
about sex out of fear that they will be thought to be
sexually active
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
23. Continued
The biggest HIV/AIDS risk for many women and
girls is marriage. More than fourth-fifths of new
infections in women occur in marriage or in long-
term relationships with primary partners. Some
women who are living with HIV/AIDS were virgins
when they got married and had remained faithful
to their husbands (IWHC, 2008).
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
24. Continued
Gupta (2000) observes that in South Africa, a myth has arisen
that an HIV positive man can be cured by having sex with a
virgin. This has led to the rape of many girls and resulted in
them acquiring the virus. Virginity testing confirms which girls
are virgins and exposes them to the risk of being raped and
contracting HIV/AIDS.
George (2008) argues that men who are HIV positive may be
more likely to target virgins. The study reported that young girls
are āsought as sexual partners by older menā in an attempt to
avoid contracting HIV/AIDS from older sexually active women
who may be infected
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
25. Continued
ā¢ Gupta (2000) stated that in cultures where virginity is highly
valued, research has shown that some young women practice
alternative sexual behaviors, such as anal sex in order to
preserve their virginity. In areas where virginity testing has
become common doctors report a rise in physical traumas
associated with anal sex among young women
ā¢ Doctors suspect that the rise in HIV infection rates in girls of a
particular age group are directly related to increased
participation in anal sex. Afraid of failing their virginity tests,
girls might be agreeing to or perhaps suggesting anal sex to their
partners as an alternative to vaginal penetration.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
26. Continued
ā¢ According to Gupta (2000) gender norms and expectations
keep women uninformed about their bodies and sexual
health. They are often denied health services especially
reproductive health care, which prevents them from
accessing treatment and information about HIV risks.
ā¢ Cultural mores however may encourage men to have many
sexual partners; they are often encouraged to have multiple
partners to be regarded as real men in society, which places
women at even greater risk of HIV. Women receive no
education about sexual issues and if a woman is seen to have
information about sexual issues; she is regarded as being
promiscuous.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
27. Research Methodology
Study Site (Nongoma)
ā¢ Nongoma is situated in the North Eastern part of KwaZulu-Natal with a population
of about 230 762 (Mabaso, 2006). The majority of the population is Africans, with
55 percent females and 45 percent males. The majority (98%) of the population is
rural. Nongoma is characterised by a high unemployment rate.
ā¢ Mabaso (2006) further states that 63 percent of the population in Nongoma is not
economically active but depend on those who are economically active. Almost two
thirds of the population depends on government grants for support. Nongoma is
not very different from other rural areas in South Africa. The level of education is
relatively low and the area is characterised by a lack of facilities which brings
health problems in the form of diseases such as cholera
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
28. Continued
ā¢ Three focus group discussions were conducted: girls who
had undergone virginity testing, girls who had not
undergone virginity testing and boys only. The age of the
participants ranged from 13 to 19 years. Each focus group
consisted of about six people and the emphasis was on
understanding their perceptions of virginity testing.
ā¢ 10 in-depth interviews were conducted.
ā¢ The researcher used a snowball sample to find girls who
had undergone virginity testing.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
29. Limitations
ā¢ It was not easy to find participants for the study,
because the study is sensitive and involves
discussion of cultural issues. Some participants
cannot talk freely about virginity testing because of
the stigma and the fear that they will be perceived as
sexually active. The research study was conducted in
a remote rural area that involved large traveling
expenses which was a limiting factor, as was the age
of participants.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
30. Ethical Considerations
ā¢ Ethical considerations were at all times used to guide the conduct of the
study. In particular, three basic ethical considerations (voluntary
participation, informed consent, and confidentiality) were at all times
respected by the researcher during the research. Ethical clearance was
obtained from the University of KwaZulu-Natal higher degrees committee.
The interview schedule was prepared and submitted to the supervisor
before the researcher commenced fieldwork.
ā¢ The interviews were conducted by the researcher in the local language
(Zulu), in September 2008. The interviews were transcribed and then
translated into English.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
31. Data Analysis
ā¢ The researcher used thematic analysis to analyse data.
According to Creswell (1994) thematic analysis is a method of
identifying, analysing, and reporting patterns or themes
within qualitative data. Hayes (2000:56) defines themes as
ārecurrent ideas or topics which are detected in the scripts
being analysed, they usually come up in more than one
occasion in a particular set of dataā.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
32. Findings and Discussion
ā¢ The results from this qualitative study indicate
that young adolescents identify virginity
testing as a strategy to determine whether or
not the hymen (ihlo) is intact. All the female
respondents had undergone virginity testing
and reported that the procedure is voluntary.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
33. Continued
ā¢ The findings of this study concerning the reasons for undergoing
virginity testing in rural KwaZulu-Natal are also consistent with
evidence which indicates that the custom is associated with lobola
and marriage. Most adolescents make this association. If a girl
loses her virginity before marriage, the groom does not pay the full
bride price. A study conducted by Daniel (2005) observes that
virginity testing was originally intended to prove the purity of the
bride before marriage. The study reveals that girls who are virgins
are in a much better position to command a higher bride price, that
there is strong support for virginity testing, and that it is widely
respected as a traditional practice.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
34. Continued
ā¢ The present study also found that some girls felt virginity
testing is important for self respect and dignity. If a girl
is no longer a virgin she holds no value; boys of the same
age as her do not show her the same respect as virgins,
and they do not view her as a prospective marriage
partner. They are not allowed to attend traditional
ceremonies that are meant for virgins and are treated
the same as older women who are sexually active
(umfazi).
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
35. Continued
ā¢ Chigwenye and Shumba (2009) state that boys are not
subjected to virginity examinations. Boys and men are not
even expected to remain abstinent before marriage or faithful
during marriage. Their sexual purity is not questioned. In
Zimbabwe, the sexual indulgence of boys is condoned and
even celebrated (Chigwenye and Shumba 2009). Male
adolescent sexual activities are regarded as normal and worth
celebrating, while those of female adolescents are regarded
as taboo.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
36. Continued
ā¢ In their study of adolescent sexual relations in
South Africa, Wood and Jewkes (2002) found
that there is a sexual double standard. It is
acceptable for boys to have multiple sexual
partners while disallowing their regular
girlfriends from even speaking to other boys.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
37. Continued
ā¢ The present study reveals that adolescents engage in
alternative sexual practices like non-penetrative sex in
order to keep their virginity. Other studies found that
adolescents practice anal sex to protect their virginity
(Gupta, 2000; Chigwenye and Shumba, 2009). Women
practicing anal intercourse are less likely to use condoms
and more likely to engage in risky behaviour (Gupta, 2000).
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
38. Continued
ā¢ In the context of HIV/AIDS, studies indicate that young
people are amongst the most affected groups. However
there is a fear that virginity testing will increase the rate of
HIV infections. Young girls who undergo the test are at risk
of being raped. There are reported cases of girls being
raped after the reed dance ceremony. Most of the girls
were not happy that the reed dance ceremony was
attended by boys and journalists. Rape also emerges as a
concern in the literature.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
39. Continued
ā¢ Virginity testing confirms which girls are virgins and
exposes them to the risk of being raped and contracting
HIV. Win (2004) further states that older men seek
relationships with younger girls who are virgins with the
view that they are not sexually active and therefore not HIV
positive. Some of the girls noted that boys attend the reed
dance ceremony just to confirm which girls are virgins and
if a girl is no longer a virgin; boys laugh at her.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
40. Continued
ā¢ In the present study it was found that boys who rape
virgins often do so for other reasons. It was reported that
boys sometimes rape girls who are virgins in order to show
their anger and reduce the girlās pride. This is consistent
with a study conducted by Chigwenye and Shumba (2009),
whose findings suggest that having sex with a girl can be
used to reduce the pride of a girl. Such abuse takes place if
a boy manages to have sex with a proud girl and then
boasts about it among his peers to undermine the girl and
boost his own social status and self esteem.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
41. Continued
ā¢ The literature has revealed that there is a direct link between
teenage pregnancy, poverty, and HIV/AIDS (Buthelezi 2006).
The link stems from the fact that pregnant young females often
miss educational and work opportunities and end up having
little or no income. The findings of this study also indicate that
adolescents who fall pregnant normally drop out of school in
order to take care of their children and in some cases
responsibility for the child falls on the grandmothers who
assume financial support. This is consistent with Scorgieās (2002)
findings that most teenagers who fall pregnant live with their
grandmothers and their main source of income is her pension.
Therefore grandmothers suffer the burden of supporting
grandchildren.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
42. Continued
ā¢ Buthelezi (2006) states that virginity testing promotes
abstinence but while abstinence is a guaranteed way of
preventing HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases,
abstinence before marriage has not been able to adequately
respond to the questions and concerns relating to sexual
matters which trouble young people in their everyday lives.
Many married people who were virgins on their wedding day
continue to die of AIDS. This study suggests that boys should
also abstain from sexual activities so that both partners are
protected from sexually transmitted diseases (including
HIV/AIDS).
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
43. Conclusion
ā¢ The study managed to shed light on the views and
perspectives held by adolescents with regard to
virginity testing
ā¢ While promoting virginity testing one should also look
and think about issues related to the safety and
security of the young girls. How do we protect them
from rape? Prevention programmes should also play a
big role and young boys should also be encouraged to
abstain from sex.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
44. Continued
ā¢ Given the fact that there is high support for virginity testing
and that young girls report they undergo the test
voluntarily, human rights activists should reconsider the
banning of the custom and work together with supporters
of virginity testing in trying to come up with a solution of
how best to conduct the test without infringing the rights
of children
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
45. Continued
ā¢ At a time when HIV/AIDS in South Africa is causing a
great deal of devastation, delaying the age of sexual
debut can contribute to the prevention of the spread
of HIV/AIDS. South Africa will also experience a
decline in teenage pregnancy, which will lead to
increase in female education. Virginity testing is a
strategy that delays the age of sexual debut but should
be accompanied by abstinence awareness campaigns
which not only focus on female but also male
abstinence.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
46. Recommendations
ā¢ It is recommended that there should be abstinence
awareness programmes. For males interventions should
include skills to resist pressure not to abstain, and changing
and creating positive attitudes towards sexual abstinence
since traditions and particular notions of masculinity
encourage men to have multiple sexual partners. Varga
(1997) states that for young men having many sexual
partners is a āyardstickā used to measure masculinity,
intelligence, and success among peers. Strategies used to
gain multiple sexual partners are regarded as proof of male
intelligence, cunning, and wit
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
47. Continued
ā¢ It is recommended that there should be policies and
programmes that promote greater equality between
men and women. The main focus should be on
promoting equality in terms of sexual decision-making,
especially in traditional societies where women are
expected to be silent and ignorant about sexual
matters. Gupta (2000) states that men often do not go
to health care professionals to seek information
relating to sexual health; they rely on their peers who
are also not knowledgeable just like them.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
48. Continued
ā¢ Last but not least, the debate surrounding virginity testing
has highlighted the vulnerability of girl children and
virginity testing is seen as a human rights issue that needs
to be addressed. Future research should include
supporting structures such as āTake a girl child to workā,
where young girls will be provided with life skills training
programmes aimed at promoting and protecting the rights
of women and girl children and fostering their well-being,
self respect, and dignity. I feel that virginity testing alone
cannot empower young girls, and also foster self respect
and dignity, but it requires some support.
Coordinated by: Funded by: Hosted by:
PFP was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development/South Africa under the terms of Award No 674-A-00-04-00025-00025-00.
49. END OF THE PRESENTATION
THANK YOU, NGIYABONGA, KEALEBOHA