The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries transformed agrarian societies into industrialized, urban ones through new machinery, factories, and mass production. This led to designated shifts for work and leisure, establishing the concept of the weekend. In the 19th century, the proliferation of visual entertainment like lantern slides, stereoscopes, circuses, and amusement parks satisfied the growing leisure time of industrialized societies. Early experiments in capturing motion through photography by scientists like Eadweard Muybridge and Étienne-Jules Marey, as well as devices like the zoetrope and praxinoscope, helped establish the foundational principles of persistence of vision and the phi effect that make film possible.