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ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ืช ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื ืคืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืฉืจื™ืช ืขื˜ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืืœื™ ื“ื™ืื˜ื ื™ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื—ืœื‘
ื”ื”ืฉืžื ื” โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื
ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืจ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื ื” ....
ืžื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ? ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• 90% ืžื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื™ืจืงื•ืช โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืžืฉ ืžื ื•ืช ืคืจื™ ื•ื™ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื 30% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” Greer, F. R. et al. Pediatrics 2006;117:578-585
ืžื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Trends in Childrenโ€™s Diets, to 1994-96: Key Findings
ืžื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ? ืžืœื— - ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” . Trends in Childrenโ€™s Diets, to 1994-96: Key Findings
The Consumption of Added Sugars
ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื”ืฉืžื ื” - ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ 100% ืžื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ( ืžืชื•ืš ืกืงืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื” " ื‘ ) USDAโ€™s continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1998
ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ - ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื” " ื‘ โ€œ Optimizing Bone Health and Calcium Intakes of Infants, Children, and Adolescents " Greer, F. R. et al. Pediatrics 2006;117:578-585 % ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช
ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืช ื”ืขืฆื ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ 1 2 3 4 5
ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ? > 51 1200 19-50 1000 9-18 1300 4-8 800 1-3 500 ื’ื™ืœ ( ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ) ื”ืงืฆื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ( ืž " ื’ ืกื™ื“ืŸ )
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืกื™ื“ืŸ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืงืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ 200 ืž " ืœ 120 4 ื›ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืฉื•ื ืžืœื 36 ื’ืจื 205 ยฝ ืงื•ืคืกืช ืกืจื“ื™ื ื™ื 60 ื’ืจื 125 3 ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™ 270 ื’ืจื 90 3 ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื‘ ื˜ืจื™ 270 ื’ืจื 70 ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžื ื” ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื”
ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ย 
ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ืข
ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืœื”ื–ื ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื”ืคืขื•ื˜ 2009 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช : ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช : 2-6% ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื : 0.1-0.5% " ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ืข ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ .... ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช , ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืžืื›ื™ืœืชืŸ ...." ( ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก 337-460 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” )
ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” 2007: ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช , ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ( ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ) ืื™ื ื” ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืื™ - ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื ื–ื™ื ืœืงื˜ืื– , ื”ืžืคืจืง ืืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ( ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ). ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื‘ื• ืœืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ , ื’ื–ื™ื , ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ , ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ . ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช . ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืœืงื˜ืื– ื—ื•ื• ืืช ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช .
ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ื’ื ืœืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื–
ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ืชื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžืชื•ืš : ื—ืœื‘ โ€“ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช . ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ
ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื ืฉื‘ืจ ! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” 2007: ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช , ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ืชื“ืจื™ืš ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช 2009 ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
ESPGAN Working Group on Acute Diarrhoea Recommendations for Feeding in Childhood Gastroenteritis JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY & NUTRITION 1997;24:619,620 ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื AAP ESPGAN ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืค " ื 2007
Pedone CA. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2000;54:568-71. ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื•ืชืกืกื™ื ( ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ) ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ืžืงืฆืจืช ืืช ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ืžื–ื™ืง ...
ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ Pedone CA. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2000;54:568-71 . ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ืžื–ื™ืง ... ื”ื™ืืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื Milk fermented by yogurt and probiotic
[object Object],ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
ืชื“ืจื™ืš ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช 2009 ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ืงื•ืช ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pediatrics 2008; 121:183-91.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
ื ื›ื•ืŸ , ืื‘ืœ ...
J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:1759-65. ื”ืื ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ?
ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื™ื“ืŸ
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืกื™ื“ืŸ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ โ€“ ื ื›ืก ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื›ืืœ ื ื›ืก ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช .
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ย 
ืžืฆื’ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืžืฆื’ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชืžืฆื’ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืžืฆื’ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชleahali
ย 
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชlunapenso
ย 
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชlunapenso
ย 

Similar to 01 (20)

ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืชื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
ย 
02
0202
02
ย 
ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืœื‘ืŸ
ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืœื‘ืŸืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืœื‘ืŸ
ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืœื‘ืŸ
ย 
ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ
ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ืŸืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ
ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ
ย 
ื‘ืขื“ ื—ืœื‘
ื‘ืขื“ ื—ืœื‘ื‘ืขื“ ื—ืœื‘
ื‘ืขื“ ื—ืœื‘
ย 
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ย 
ืžืฆื’ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื™ื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืจื•ืก
ืžืฆื’ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื™ื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืฆื’ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื™ื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืจื•ืก
ืžืฆื’ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื™ื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืจื•ืก
ย 
milk
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ย 
06
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ย 
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ื—ืœื‘ - ื”ืืžืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”
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ย 
Lactose intolerance basics
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ย 
ื•ื™ื“ืกืœ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ื•ื™ื“ืกืœ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืกืœ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ื•ื™ื“ืกืœ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ย 
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื”
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื”
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื”
ย 
ืžืฆื’ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืžืฆื’ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชืžืฆื’ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืžืฆื’ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ย 
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ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ย 
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ย 

01

  • 1. ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ืช ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื ืคืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืฉืจื™ืช ืขื˜ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืืœื™ ื“ื™ืื˜ื ื™ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื—ืœื‘
  • 2. ื”ื”ืฉืžื ื” โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื
  • 3. ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืจ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื ื” ....
  • 4. ืžื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ? ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• 90% ืžื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื™ืจืงื•ืช โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืžืฉ ืžื ื•ืช ืคืจื™ ื•ื™ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื 30% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” Greer, F. R. et al. Pediatrics 2006;117:578-585
  • 5.
  • 6. ืžื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ? ืžืœื— - ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” . Trends in Childrenโ€™s Diets, to 1994-96: Key Findings
  • 7. The Consumption of Added Sugars
  • 8. ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื”ืฉืžื ื” - ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ 100% ืžื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ( ืžืชื•ืš ืกืงืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื” " ื‘ ) USDAโ€™s continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1998
  • 9. ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ - ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื” " ื‘ โ€œ Optimizing Bone Health and Calcium Intakes of Infants, Children, and Adolescents " Greer, F. R. et al. Pediatrics 2006;117:578-585 % ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช
  • 12. ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ? > 51 1200 19-50 1000 9-18 1300 4-8 800 1-3 500 ื’ื™ืœ ( ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ) ื”ืงืฆื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ( ืž " ื’ ืกื™ื“ืŸ )
  • 13.
  • 14. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืงืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ 200 ืž " ืœ 120 4 ื›ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืฉื•ื ืžืœื 36 ื’ืจื 205 ยฝ ืงื•ืคืกืช ืกืจื“ื™ื ื™ื 60 ื’ืจื 125 3 ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™ 270 ื’ืจื 90 3 ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื‘ ื˜ืจื™ 270 ื’ืจื 70 ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžื ื” ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื”
  • 15.
  • 16. ย 
  • 18. ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช : ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช : 2-6% ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื : 0.1-0.5% " ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ืข ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ .... ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช , ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืžืื›ื™ืœืชืŸ ...." ( ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก 337-460 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” )
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ( ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ) ืื™ื ื” ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืื™ - ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื ื–ื™ื ืœืงื˜ืื– , ื”ืžืคืจืง ืืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ( ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ). ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื‘ื• ืœืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ , ื’ื–ื™ื , ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ , ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ . ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช . ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืœืงื˜ืื– ื—ื•ื• ืืช ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช .
  • 25. ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ื’ื ืœืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื–
  • 26.
  • 27. ืชื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžืชื•ืš : ื—ืœื‘ โ€“ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช . ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 33. ESPGAN Working Group on Acute Diarrhoea Recommendations for Feeding in Childhood Gastroenteritis JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY & NUTRITION 1997;24:619,620 ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื AAP ESPGAN ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืค " ื 2007
  • 34. Pedone CA. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2000;54:568-71. ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื•ืชืกืกื™ื ( ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ) ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ืžืงืฆืจืช ืืช ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ืžื–ื™ืง ...
  • 35. ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ Pedone CA. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2000;54:568-71 . ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ืžื–ื™ืง ... ื”ื™ืืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื Milk fermented by yogurt and probiotic
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 40. ื ื›ื•ืŸ , ืื‘ืœ ...
  • 41. J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:1759-65. ื”ืื ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ?
  • 42. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื™ื“ืŸ
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45. ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ โ€“ ื ื›ืก ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื›ืืœ ื ื›ืก ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช .
  • 46. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืงืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื• 5.5 ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืชืจื“ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ 1 ืง " ื’ 230 7 ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœืช 1.2 ืง " ื’ 1500 10 ืคืจื•ืกื•ืช ืœื—ื 300 ื’ืจื 750 100 ืฉืงื“ื™ื ( ื›ื•ืก ) 120 ื’ืจื 690 5 ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื ยฝ ืง " ื’ 230 ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžื ื” ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื”
  • 47.
  • 48. ย 

Editor's Notes

  1. ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื• . ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืช . ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง , ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœื ืจืง ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืืœื ื’ื ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืืชืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ , ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื• ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช . ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื , ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื”
  2. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืจื— , ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืื• ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืš ืื•ื›ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืข ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ืฉืžื ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉืงืœ . ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืžื’ืคื” ,ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื”ืฉืžื ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื’ื“ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื’ืคื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืื•ืชื•ืชื” ื’ื ื‘ื”ื . ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืžื ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืœื ืคื•ืกื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ . ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื”ืฉืžื ื” ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช : ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ,ืกื›ืจืช ,ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื,ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ , ืงืฉื™ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ,ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“..., ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื•ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืชื™ืจืช ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื’ืคืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžื“ืื™ื’ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืกื›ืจืช ,ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื , ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ื•ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืขื•ืœื” .
  3. ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ,ืคืขื ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ,ื™ื—ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•,ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืจ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
  4. ื ืชืจืŸ โ€“ ืžื™ื ืจืœ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื ืชืจืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืžืขื˜. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ืžืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ,ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืจื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืœื— (ื ืชืจืŸ ื•ื›ืœื•ืจ). ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžืœื— ื•ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ,ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืจื“ื™ื•ื•ืกืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ืฅ ืื’ื‘ ื›ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื
  5. ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืžื›ืคื™ืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืขื•ื“ืคืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ ืกื•ืžื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ื•ืช ืœื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.ื›ืžืขื˜ 40% ืžืกืš ื”ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื ืžืฉื•ืžืŸ ื•ืกื•ื›ืจ ืžื•ืกืฃ.
  6. ืžืื•ืชื• ื“ื• " ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื” - USDA , ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉ - 7 ืžืชื•ืš 10 ื‘ื ื™ื ื• -9 ืžืชื•ืš 10 ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื” " ื‘ ืื™ื ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช . ื“ืขื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืชืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ . ื•ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ืžืกืช ื”ืขืฆื ? ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช .
  7. ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืžืกืคื™ืง ืกื™ื“ืŸ ? ืžืฉื ืช 1930 ื”ื•ืกื›ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื . ืกื™ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก . 1 ืžื›ืœ 3 ื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก ื• -1 ืžื›ืœ 6 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื . ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื—ืœื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืชื” . ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก . ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืค " ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ . 1 ืžื›ืœ 3 ื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก ื• 1 ืžื›ืœ 6 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื . ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื—ืœื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืชื” ื•ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ . ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื” . ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก . ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืค " ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ . ืขื•ื“ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช . ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื’ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš
  8. ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช , ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื . ื‘ื™ืŸ 70-80 % ืžืžืกืช ื”ืขืฆื ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืข " ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื .20 % ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช . ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืžืกืช ื”ืขืฆื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ . ืœืคื—ื•ืช 90% ืžืžืกืช ื”ืขืฆื ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 18 ืœื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ . ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 10 % ื‘ืžืกืช ื”ืขืฆื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื ืžืฆืื” ื›ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ื›ืคืœืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื . ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื’ืช ืฉื™ื ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ื”ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ . ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช . ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— . ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื•ืœืžืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ืชืงื™ื ื” ื•ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืกืช ื”ืขืฆื . ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ืฉื”ืฉื’ื ื• ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 18. ื‘ื™ืŸ 70-80 % ืžืžืกืช ื”ืขืฆื ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืข " ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื .20 % ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื‘ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช . ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืžืกืช ื”ืขืฆื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ . ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 10 % ื‘ืžืกืช ื”ืขืฆื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื ืžืฆืื” ื›ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ื›ืคืœืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื . ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื’ืช ืฉื™ื ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืกืช ืขืฆื ื”ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ .
  9. ื”ืงืฆื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ืš ืฉืชืกืคืง ืจืžืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืื–ืŸ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื•ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆื . ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš , ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื , ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช , ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
  10. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 10-60% ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ื ืœืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื” - DRI .
  11. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช? 1. ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช : ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช 3 ืžื ื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ ืœื™ื•ื ืื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื”ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื” (ืžื’ื™ืœ 9). 2. ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื›ืืœ ื ื›ืก ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
  12. ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื• . ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืช . ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง , ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœื ืจืง ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืืœื ื’ื ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืืชืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ , ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื• ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช . ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื , ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื”
  13. ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื ื™ื’ืจ ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ื™ืœ 9 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื . ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื ืžื™ื” . ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืœื—ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืœืจื’ื™ื” . . ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืžื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ , ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจ , ืขื•ืฃ , ื”ื•ื“ื• , ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช . ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืœืชืคืจื™ื˜ ืœื’ื™ืœ 9 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื , ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ .
  14. ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘ ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ( ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ) ืื™ื ื” ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ! ืื™ - ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื ื–ื™ื ืœืงื˜ืื– , ื”ืžืคืจืง ืืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ( ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ). ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืคืจืง ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง , ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื‘ื• ืœืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ , ื’ื–ื™ื , ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ , ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ . ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช . ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ - ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืœืงื˜ืื– ื—ื•ื• ืืช ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช . ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœ ืื• ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” , ืื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช . 3. ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื›ืžื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ , ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื : ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืชืขืฉื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื•ื—ื” , ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืื›ืœืช ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ . ืื›ื™ืœืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ื”ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ . ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” . ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ( ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ ) ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช . ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– . ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ , ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– . ื’ื ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ืงื•ื˜ื’ ' ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื . ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืงื˜ืื– ( ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ืื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ) ืœืคื ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ . ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ . ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง - ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ , ื ืคื™ื—ื•ืช , ื’ื–ื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ . ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ืจื•ืคื ื•ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” . ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช - ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœืงื˜ืื– ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื , ื•ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื” ื’ื ื”ืชืืžืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื›ืช ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื . ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ืœืžืฉืœ , ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ , ืงื•ื˜ื’ , ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื‘ืฉืœื” . ืœื ืœื‘ื“ - ื ืกื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ืžืœืื” . ืื›ื™ืœืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ . ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ - ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• , ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช . ืื›ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช , ืœืขืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช , ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” , ืฉืชื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื 1/2 ืขื“ 3/4 ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ . ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื - ืื›ืœื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื , ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” , ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ . ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื”ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื•ืžืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœื• . ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจ - ืœืคื ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื™ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืงื˜ืื– ) ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– (. ืœืงื˜ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช .
  15. ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ( ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ) ืœืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ . ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืืฆืœ 6%-2% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื—ื•ืœืคืช ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 5 ืฉื ื™ื . ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื 0.1-0.5% ื‘ืœื‘ื“ . ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื” " ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื " ื›ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ( ืขื“ ืคื™ 10!!) ืžื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ . ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ . ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืื˜ื ื™ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ืกืจื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื . ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ( ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ) ืื™ื ื” ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ! ืื™ - ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื ื–ื™ื ืœืงื˜ืื– , ื”ืžืคืจืง ืืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ( ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ). ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืคืจืง ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง , ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื‘ื• ืœืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ , ื’ื–ื™ื , ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ , ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ . ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช . ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ - ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืœืงื˜ืื– ื—ื•ื• ืืช ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช . ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœ ืื• ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” , ืื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช . 3. ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื›ืžื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ , ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื : ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืชืขืฉื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื•ื—ื” , ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืื›ืœืช ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ . ืื›ื™ืœืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ื”ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ . ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” . ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ( ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ ) ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช . ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– . ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ , ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– . ื’ื ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ืงื•ื˜ื’ ' ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื . ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืงื˜ืื– ( ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ืื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ) ืœืคื ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ . ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ . ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง - ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ , ื ืคื™ื—ื•ืช , ื’ื–ื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ . ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ืจื•ืคื ื•ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” . ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช - ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœืงื˜ืื– ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื , ื•ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื” ื’ื ื”ืชืืžืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื›ืช ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื . ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ืœืžืฉืœ , ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ , ืงื•ื˜ื’ , ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื‘ืฉืœื” . ืœื ืœื‘ื“ - ื ืกื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ืžืœืื” . ืื›ื™ืœืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ . ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ - ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• , ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช . ืื›ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช , ืœืขืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช , ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” , ืฉืชื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื 1/2 ืขื“ 3/4 ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ . ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื - ืื›ืœื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื , ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” , ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ . ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื”ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื•ืžืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœื• . ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจ - ืœืคื ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื™ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืงื˜ืื– ) ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– (. ืœืงื˜ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช .
  16. ื’ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” 2007: ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” , ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื“ ืœืืœืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื”ืชืื . ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• . ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื . ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ . ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืœืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื , ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ , ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ื–ื™ื ืœืงื˜ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” . ืืš ืœื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ืœืœื ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ .
  17. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ! ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช ื’ื ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื ( ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื—ืœื‘ื™ื™ื ). ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื›ืžื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ , ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื : ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืชืขืฉื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื•ื—ื” , ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืื›ืœืช ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ . ืื›ื™ืœืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ื”ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ . ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” . ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ( ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ ) ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช . ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– . ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ , ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– . ื’ื ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ืงื•ื˜ื’ ' ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื . ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืงื˜ืื– ( ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ืื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ) ืœืคื ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ . ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ . ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง - ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ , ื ืคื™ื—ื•ืช , ื’ื–ื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ . ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ืจื•ืคื ื•ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” . ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช - ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœืงื˜ืื– ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื , ื•ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื” ื’ื ื”ืชืืžืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื›ืช ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื . ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ืœืžืฉืœ , ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ื– , ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ , ืงื•ื˜ื’ , ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื‘ืฉืœื” . ืœื ืœื‘ื“ - ื ืกื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ืžืœืื” . ืื›ื™ืœืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ . ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ - ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• , ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช . ืื›ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช , ืœืขืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช , ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” , ืฉืชื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื 1/2 ืขื“ 3/4 ื›ื•ืก ื—ืœื‘ . ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื - ืื›ืœื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื , ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” , ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ . ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื”ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื•ืžืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœื• . ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจ - ืœืคื ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื™ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืงื˜ืื– ) ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– (. ืœืงื˜ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช .
  18. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ( ื ื–ืœืช , ื“ืœืงื•ืช ืื–ื ื™ื™ื , ืืกื˜ืžื” ). ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืคื™ืกื” ื—ืกืจืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื“ืขื™ ืื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” , ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ืกื™ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืžื” . ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืœืฉื•ื•ื ืื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ , ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ืชื ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื . ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื”ืื ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจืคืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืืกืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืจืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ โ€“ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื  " ืœ ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ . ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื ืฆืคื• ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืืœืจื’ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืขื ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” .
  19. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ( ื ื–ืœืช , ื“ืœืงื•ืช ืื–ื ื™ื™ื , ืืกื˜ืžื” ). ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืคื™ืกื” ื—ืกืจืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื“ืขื™ ืื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” , ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ืกื™ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืžื” . ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืœืฉื•ื•ื ืื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ , ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ืชื ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื . ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื”ืื ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจืคืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืืกืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืจืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ โ€“ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื  " ืœ ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ . ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื ืฆืคื• ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืืœืจื’ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืขื ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” .
  20. ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืœื™ื—ื” ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ( ื ื–ืœืช , ื“ืœืงื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื , ืืกื˜ืžื” ). ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืคื™ืกื” ื—ืกืจืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื“ืขื™ ืื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” , ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ืกื™ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืžื” . ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืœืฉื•ื•ื ืื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ , ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ืชื ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื . ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื”ืื ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจืคืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืืกืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืจืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ . ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื  " ืœ ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ . ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื ืฆืคื• ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืืœืจื’ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืขื ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” .
  21. ืืคืฉืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืฆื•ื™ : ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ โ€ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ , ื•ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืชืž " ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ ( ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื• ืคื•ืจืžื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืกื•ื™ื” ). ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืœื”ืžืœืฆื” ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื• ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช . ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996 ืคืจืกืžื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืจืคื•ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ . ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” , ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื . ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ( ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืขืงื‘ ืจืคื•ืื™ ) ื™ืฉ ืœืกืคืง ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ . ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ( ื‘ื“ " ื› ื›ืืœื” ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืฉืคื•ื– ) ืื• ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื–ืง ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืœืงื˜ืื– , ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœื‘ . ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื , ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ืœืงื˜ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช . ืื›ื™ืœื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ืžืงืฆืจืช ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช . ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ , ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื•ืชืกืกื™ื ( ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ) ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื . ืœืขื“ื›ื•ื ื›ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ืช 2005 ืคืจืกื ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช . ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช 3 ืžื ื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ ืœื™ื•ื ืื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื”ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื” . ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื›ืืœ ื ื›ืก ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช . ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ืฉืžืกืคืงืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื™ื“ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ , ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช B ( ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ 12 B ), ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A , ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื•ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื .
  22. ืคื•ืจืžื•ืœื•ืช ืกื•ื™ื” ืœืืœืจื’ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ : ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืืœืจื’ื™ื” , ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืคื•ืจืžื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืกื•ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื•ืœื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืœืจื’ื™ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื‘ ืคืจื” . ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ ืคืจื” , ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืง ( ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืœื™ื–ืื˜ ืฉืœ ืงื–ืื™ืŸ ืื• ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ) ืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืกื•ื™ื” .
  23. ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ืง ื”ืื ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืกื™ื“ืŸ , ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืืœื ื’ื ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื . ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ : ืžื”ื™ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ , ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื›ืœืœ ? ื”ืื ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ , ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืกื™ื“ืŸ , ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืืœื ื’ื ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ? ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช : ื ืขืจื•ืช : 498 ืœืขื•ืžืช 866 ืž " ื’ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื ืขืจื™ื : 480 ืœืขื•ืžืช 1070 ืž " ื’ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžืกืงื ื” : ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ 9-18 ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืœืœื ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• , ื•ืœืขื ื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช .
  24. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ , ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” . ื›ืžื• ? ื˜ื—ื™ื ื” , ืฉืงื“ื™ื โ€“ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช . ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™ , ื›ืจื•ื‘ .. - ื’ื ืžื”ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ .
  25. ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื™ื˜ื™ืช , ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื˜ื” , ืงื˜ื ื™ื•ืช , ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืื•ืงืกืœื™ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงื˜ื ื™ื•ืช , ืชืจื“ , ืคื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ . ืื™ื ื•ืœื™ืŸ โ€“ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืกื™ืกืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื”ืžืขื™ , ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืืช ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ . ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืงื™ื—ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ , ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืกืคื™ื’ื” . ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืงืœื™ื , ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” . ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืงืคืื™ืŸ , ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ . ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื™ื˜ื™ืช , ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืื•ืงืกืืœื™ืช , ื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกื™ืกื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื’ืชื• ื‘ืžืขื™ . ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืื•ืงืกืœื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืงื“ื™ื , ืงื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ( ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื•ื™ื” ), ืกืœืง , ืงืฉื™ื• , ื›ืจื•ื‘ ื•ืชืจื“ . ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคื™ื˜ื™ืช , ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื˜ื” , ืงื˜ื ื™ื•ืช , ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื ื™ื . ื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ืจื•ืคื .
  26. ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื›ืืœ ื ื›ืก ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช . ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ืฉืžืกืคืงืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื™ื“ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ , ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช B ( ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ 12 B ), ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A , ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื•ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื . ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ โ€“ ื ื›ืก ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช , ื•ืœืจืื™ื” , ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 3 ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ( ื—ืœื‘ , ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” , ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ) ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื .
  27. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” - ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ. ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืขื ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช. ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆื. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกื™ื“ืŸ, ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”.
  28. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื” ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืœื ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช , ืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืฉื•ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื™ืก ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืกืคื’ . ื’ื ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” . ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืฉื•ืžืŸ ืœืกืคื™ื’ื” , ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืกืคื’ ื’ื ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืžืžื™ืฅ ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืกื™ื“ืŸ . ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื ืกืคื’ ื’ื ืœืœื ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D , ื‘ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช , ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ . ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื , ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื—ืงืจ DASH ( Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension ), ืฉืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื . ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” , ืฉื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื’ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ . ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื ืคื’ืขืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ื“ืœืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื•ืขืชื™ืจืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื . ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ , ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืกืคื’ ื’ื ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื•ื’ื ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ .