This paper summarizes a study conducted by Shell Exploration and Production investigating attitudes that lead to risky driving among professional drivers. Interviews were conducted with drivers in four countries to identify barriers to safe driving and factors that encourage it. A follow-up survey of 400 drivers in the same countries assessed attitudes towards driving safety. The survey found that while most drivers intend to drive safely, many believe they can decide when to follow rules. It also found that contractors were more likely than company drivers to feel invulnerable. The conclusions call for efforts to change attitudes around work organization and expectations to intrinsically motivate safe driving.
Comparative Ergonomic Review Study of common Road-transport DriversSoumyajitDas47
Road transport is a critical fountain of both wellbeing and ecological concerns. As more remote correspondence, diversion and driver help frameworks multiply the vehicle market, the rate of interruption related accidents is relied upon to heighten. In any case, there is a real concern in regards with the impacts of such gadgets on street wellbeing – both according to the perspective of progress in driving styles, just as potential interruption brought about by the in-vehicle criticism. This paper gives an audit of momentum research on in vehicle driver pose and a few workstation specifically, given that this gadget has gotten the best consideration in the writing. The point of this exploration is to give a thought regarding viewpoint perspective on different vehicle and a similar report on their drivers. Various versatile vehicle we find in our everyday life. The examination showed an outline of normal vehicle driver's issues and ergonomic ramifications on driving. This examination gives a topical perspective on vehicle drivers wellbeing plan combination and a few writing audit underlined the issues and intriguing proposals.
Human drivers have always been an essential requirement in the operation of a motor vehicle. At the same
time, research has repeatedly demonstrated that driver error plays a role in more than 90% of road crashes
(NHTSA 2008; Blanco et al. 2016). As such, in the past two decades, vehicle manufacturers have designed new
and increasingly sophisticated features that provide more assistance to drivers to help mitigate such errors. Such
features are an important precursor to the development of automated vehicles and, currently, expectations are
high that the advent of semi- or fully- automated vehicles will dramatically reduce road crashes
Critique Template for a Mixed-Methods StudyNURS 6052We.docxannettsparrow
Critique Template for a Mixed-Methods Study
NURS 6052
Week 6 Assignment: Application: Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies (due by Day 7 of Week 7)
Date:
Your name:
Article reference (in APA style):
URL:
What is a critique? Simply stated, a critique is a critical analysis undertaken for some purpose. Nurses critique research for three main reasons: to improve their practice, to broaden their understanding, and to provide a base for the conduct of a study.
When the purpose is to improve practice, nurses must give special consideration to questions such as these:
· Are the research findings appropriate to my practice setting and situation?
· What further research or pilot studies need to be done, if any, before incorporating findings into practice to assure both safety and effectiveness?
· How might a proposed change in practice trigger changes in other aspects of practice?
To help you synthesize your learning throughout this course and prepare you to utilize research in your practice, you will be critiquing a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods research study of your choice.
If the article is unavailable in a full-text version through the Walden University Library, you must e-mail the article as a PDF or Word attachment to your Instructor.
MIXED-METHODS RESEARCH CRITIQUE
1. Research Issue and Purpose
What is the research question or issue of the referenced study? What is its purpose? (Sometimes ONLY the purpose is stated clearly and the question must be inferred from the introductory discussion of the purpose.)
1. Researcher Pre-understandings and / or Hypotheses and Research Questions
Does the article include a discussion of the researcher’s pre-understandings? What does the article disclose about the researcher’s professional and personal perspectives on the research problem? What are the hypotheses (or research questions/objectives) of the study? (Sometimes the hypotheses or study questions are listed in the Results section, rather than preceding the report of the methodology used. Occasionally, there will be no mention of hypotheses, but anytime there are inferential statistics used, the reader can recognize what the hypotheses are from looking at the results of statistical analysis.)
2. Literature Review
What is the quality of the literature review? Is the literature review current, relevant? Is there evidence that the author critiqued the literature or merely reported it without critique? Is there an integrated summary of the current knowledge base regarding the research problem, or does the literature review contain opinion or anecdotal articles without any synthesis or summary of the whole? (Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introductory section without being explicitly identified.)
3. Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
Is a theoretical or conceptual framework identified? If so, what is it? Is it a nursing framework or one drawn from another.
Validity of an on-road driver performance assessment within an initial driver...Erik Roelofs
Based on a competence-oriented view of driving a driver performance
assessment (DPA) has been developed to inform learner drivers about their
progress in acquiring driving proficiency.
Comparative Ergonomic Review Study of common Road-transport DriversSoumyajitDas47
Road transport is a critical fountain of both wellbeing and ecological concerns. As more remote correspondence, diversion and driver help frameworks multiply the vehicle market, the rate of interruption related accidents is relied upon to heighten. In any case, there is a real concern in regards with the impacts of such gadgets on street wellbeing – both according to the perspective of progress in driving styles, just as potential interruption brought about by the in-vehicle criticism. This paper gives an audit of momentum research on in vehicle driver pose and a few workstation specifically, given that this gadget has gotten the best consideration in the writing. The point of this exploration is to give a thought regarding viewpoint perspective on different vehicle and a similar report on their drivers. Various versatile vehicle we find in our everyday life. The examination showed an outline of normal vehicle driver's issues and ergonomic ramifications on driving. This examination gives a topical perspective on vehicle drivers wellbeing plan combination and a few writing audit underlined the issues and intriguing proposals.
Human drivers have always been an essential requirement in the operation of a motor vehicle. At the same
time, research has repeatedly demonstrated that driver error plays a role in more than 90% of road crashes
(NHTSA 2008; Blanco et al. 2016). As such, in the past two decades, vehicle manufacturers have designed new
and increasingly sophisticated features that provide more assistance to drivers to help mitigate such errors. Such
features are an important precursor to the development of automated vehicles and, currently, expectations are
high that the advent of semi- or fully- automated vehicles will dramatically reduce road crashes
Critique Template for a Mixed-Methods StudyNURS 6052We.docxannettsparrow
Critique Template for a Mixed-Methods Study
NURS 6052
Week 6 Assignment: Application: Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies (due by Day 7 of Week 7)
Date:
Your name:
Article reference (in APA style):
URL:
What is a critique? Simply stated, a critique is a critical analysis undertaken for some purpose. Nurses critique research for three main reasons: to improve their practice, to broaden their understanding, and to provide a base for the conduct of a study.
When the purpose is to improve practice, nurses must give special consideration to questions such as these:
· Are the research findings appropriate to my practice setting and situation?
· What further research or pilot studies need to be done, if any, before incorporating findings into practice to assure both safety and effectiveness?
· How might a proposed change in practice trigger changes in other aspects of practice?
To help you synthesize your learning throughout this course and prepare you to utilize research in your practice, you will be critiquing a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods research study of your choice.
If the article is unavailable in a full-text version through the Walden University Library, you must e-mail the article as a PDF or Word attachment to your Instructor.
MIXED-METHODS RESEARCH CRITIQUE
1. Research Issue and Purpose
What is the research question or issue of the referenced study? What is its purpose? (Sometimes ONLY the purpose is stated clearly and the question must be inferred from the introductory discussion of the purpose.)
1. Researcher Pre-understandings and / or Hypotheses and Research Questions
Does the article include a discussion of the researcher’s pre-understandings? What does the article disclose about the researcher’s professional and personal perspectives on the research problem? What are the hypotheses (or research questions/objectives) of the study? (Sometimes the hypotheses or study questions are listed in the Results section, rather than preceding the report of the methodology used. Occasionally, there will be no mention of hypotheses, but anytime there are inferential statistics used, the reader can recognize what the hypotheses are from looking at the results of statistical analysis.)
2. Literature Review
What is the quality of the literature review? Is the literature review current, relevant? Is there evidence that the author critiqued the literature or merely reported it without critique? Is there an integrated summary of the current knowledge base regarding the research problem, or does the literature review contain opinion or anecdotal articles without any synthesis or summary of the whole? (Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introductory section without being explicitly identified.)
3. Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
Is a theoretical or conceptual framework identified? If so, what is it? Is it a nursing framework or one drawn from another.
Validity of an on-road driver performance assessment within an initial driver...Erik Roelofs
Based on a competence-oriented view of driving a driver performance
assessment (DPA) has been developed to inform learner drivers about their
progress in acquiring driving proficiency.
"The Health & Safety at Work Act 1974, the basis of health & safety law in this country, sets out employer’s duties to its employees and members of the general public and the duties that employees have to themselves and each other. Remember that the law states that a motor vehicle is a place of work. The Road Safety Bill contains a number of measures aimed at helping to improve safety on the roads of Great Britain and to help achieve targets for the reduction of casualty frequency and in particular revisions to the law relative to the use of mobile phones which is covered under the “Drivers” section of this document. A general introduction has been produced explaining how the new offence of corporate manslaughter/homicide works and where it will apply. It is intended to provide fundamental information to employers, senior managers and others seeking an overview of the new legislation.
"
The Human Factor Investigating the Role of Driver Behavior in Ride Sharing Ac...PrestigeLaw
Ride sharing services have revolutionized transportation, providing convenient and affordable options for passengers worldwide. However, with the growing popularity of ride sharing, concerns regarding safety and accidents have also emerged. While various factors contribute to ride sharing accidents, one critical element that cannot be overlooked is the role of driver behavior. This article delves into the impact of driver behavior on ride sharing accidents, examining the factors that influence driver actions and exploring potential solutions to enhance safety on the roads.
To Find out the Relationship between Errors, Lapses, Violations and Traffic A...inventionjournals
Background: The Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) has been extensively used as predictor of self-reported road traffic accidents. The associations between lapses and the violation and error factors of the DBQ however, might be reporting a little bias. Aim: The current study aiming to explore the driving behaviours of cuddalore district and to investigate the relationship between error, violations, and lapses of DBQ and accident involvement. Methods: Current study is a relational study. 500 drivers Was selected randomly in cuddalore district Results: Finding indicated that significant relationship between driving error, lapses and violations, Also there are significant relations among traffic awareness of driving behaviors of participants.
Ahmed RahhaliGrad 695Weekly journal #5My research seeks to.docxdaniahendric
Ahmed Rahhali
Grad 695
Weekly journal #5
My research seeks to expound on the way driver education reduces accidents rate and the associated costs. In addition, it explores other means of mitigating accidents and crashes rates. These means could either be in the form of incentives to the drivers, mitigating accident management costs and long-term changes is a hard task but can result in substantial cost savings and secure the lives of drivers and the general public. It is the mandate of every road safety authority to ensure that sufficient and proper training is provided, and all the vehicles have the recommended safety features.
Driver education and training are arguably paramount in every aspect of driver and road safety and the right educational and learning technologies must be implemented to achieve it. Several other factors should be strictly adhered to and applied as the essential rules and requirements. Incorporating a driver policy is one of them. Driving policies should be introduced and taught in appealing methods and group learning environment. The policies should guide the on-road driving behaviors, penalties applicable for poor driving, steps to take after an unfortunate collision incident, and the inspection to be carried out on the vehicles for pre and post route deliveries.
Drivers ought to be equipped with accurate information on past crush incidents and other severe accidents. Monitoring accidents goes beyond formal education and training. Drivers must be aware of recent incidents and make a considerable effort to learn from them. Such information should be accurately outlined and cover all the aspects of the accident i.e., the cause, casualties, and how the driver could have avoided it. Regular assessment of the drivers’ skills. Drivers should update their license and check on the health issues like the eyesight that may affect them on the road — ensuring that vehicles are roadworthy and might the safety standards and requirements. This can be achieved by installing up-to-date safety features, programs and regular repairs to avoid on-road breakups that compromise the driving dynamics.
Ahmed Rahhali
Grad 695
Weekly journal #6
Delivery Drivers, especially new and young drivers register high crash rates according to William (1999), States that young drivers are involved in more crashes as compared to drivers who have experience and have worked in this sector for some time. The reason for the high number of Accidents and Crashes in young drivers is due to lack of enough experience and lack of the necessary driving skills, which means maybe the training was not well conducted or it had some mishaps. This is due to the fact that driving is not an easy task as it is considered to self-paced and complex, at the same time requiring the combination of basic tasks, like steering, accelerating and braking and other complex skills lie problem solving and hazard perception, that are required for normal vehicle operation. The delivery ...
A survey of professional truck drivers determines the key factors driving loyalty to carriers. Drivers were asked to rate the importance of specific employee benefits in their decision to stay with or leave a trucking company. This paper outlines the results of the survey and provides suggestions on how to sustain a culture of driver appreciation throughout fleet operations.
A survey of professional truck drivers determines the key factors driving loyalty to carriers. Drivers were asked to rate the importance of specific employee benefits in their decision to stay with or leave a trucking company. This paper outlines the results of the survey and provides suggestions on how to sustain a culture of driver appreciation throughout fleet operations.
1. Copyright 2004, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at The Seventh SPE International Conference on
Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production held in Calgary,
Alberta, Canada, 29–31 March 2004.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of
information contained in a proposal submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as
presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to
correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any
position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented at
SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of
Petroleum Engineers. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper
for commercial purposes without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is
prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to a proposal of not more than 300
words; illustrations may not be copied. The proposal must contain conspicuous
acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper was presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O.
Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435.
Proposal
As part of the Shell Exploration and Production Hearts and
Minds research programme, four operating companies across
the globe took part in a study investigating the attitudes that
lead to risk-taking behaviour among drivers. Initially, depth
interviews were carried out in Holland, Nigeria, Thailand and
the Sultanate of Oman with a range of professional drivers,
both company employed and contracted. The interviews
focused on four problem behaviours: use of seatbelts; driving
while fatigued; overloading/unsafe loading; and driving with
excess speed for the conditions. Several perceived barriers to
safe driving were identified, as well as factors that encouraged
correct behaviour. These factors were further investigated in a
follow up survey, which also assessed several types of biased
thinking that can lead to risky driving. 400 professional
drivers in the same four locations in summer 2003 completed
the questionnaire. The output analysis of this work is intended
to provide the areas to focus on with drivers, supervisors and
management in the planned Hearts and Minds tool with the
working title “Driving Safely” that is to be published in 2004.
Introduction
Keeping a global upstream company on the move through
driving is an enormous task. Every day, right across the globe,
there are thousands of vehicle movements. Some of this
driving is done in inhospitable, and potentially dangerous
driving environments. Driving accidents are the biggest killer
in the Shell Exploration and Production with 50% of all fatal
accidents being driving related.
Most of the time vehicles used by Shell companies are
driven on public roads and in countries where driving is a
high-risk activity in general, and therefore it is also high risk
activity for the company and its contractors. In 1997, the
World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that traffic
accidents caused as many as 4% of all deaths worldwide. In
1998, 1.1 million people died as a direct result of injuries
sustained in a road traffic accident. In the same year, people
involved in road traffic accidents received almost 39 million
injuries. It has been predicted by the WHO that road traffic
accidents will rise from the 7th to 2nd most frequent cause of
death by 2020.
In Shell Exploration and Production we are concerned by
this particularly as driving a vehicle is one of the few activities
in our operations that is unsupervised once a journey
commences (Malone 2004). In this unsupervised state you are
very much relying on the attitude and behaviour of the driver
to be intrinsically motivated to conduct the journey safely.
These attitudes and behaviours cannot be ignored and
therefore a study was kicked off to understand the attitude and
behaviours of drivers globally.
Survey Results
In the follow-up survey drivers were asked how far they
agreed with 25 attitude statements, developed to reflect the
opinions expressed by the population of drivers who were
originally interviewed.
The attitude statements were then reduced to a set of
eight underlying dimensions, using a multivariate statistical
analysis technique called factor analysis. Table 1 in Appendix
1 shows these eight dimensions, the attitude statements they
included, and the percentage of drivers agreeing with each.
Survey Findings
The following were the key findings from the study:
1. The vast majority of the drivers surveyed intend to
drive safely and follow all the rules. However, the
interviews suggested that for many drivers, this
actually reflects the belief that they have to look out
for themselves, as nobody else will.
2. Several interviewees indicated that, from time to
time, their company places schedules and workloads
on them that require them to drive in ways that
compromise their safety. When this happens they
simply refuse.
3. More then half of all drivers felt that that they are
good enough drivers to avoid accidents as long as
they are careful, and that they can decide whether or
not to follow the driving safety rules.
SPE 86842
Influencing Driver Attitudes and Behaviour
Dianne Parker, University of Manchester & Charles Malone, Shell Exploration and Production
2. 2 SPE 86842
4. Of concern was that almost half said that some
driving safety procedures just get ignored, and
everyone knows it.
5. Some drivers said that, even when they are tired, their
driving performance is not affected. However,
fatigue always leads to problems, and drivers need to
be made aware that they are no exception.
6. As might be expected and illustrated in figure 1, there
were differences in attitudes between Shell company
drivers and contractor drivers. Shell company drivers
perceived safety efforts to be correctly focused
whereas contractors were indifferent towards the
accuracy of this focus.
7. Those driving for contractors had more of a sense of
powerfulness than Shell company drivers, which
means they were more likely to feel relatively
invulnerable and in control. When driving this is not
a desirable way to feel, as a state of ‘chronic unease’
is better preparation for an unexpected event.
8. Contractors more readily acknowledged the negative
effects of both fatigue and overwork than Shell
company staff. This may reflect actual differences in
pressure of work or the contractor drivers may be
more aware of or willing to acknowledge the fact that
their personal safety is compromised when they are
fatigued and/or overworked.
9. With reference to table 2 in Appendix 1 more drivers
believe themselves to be better and safer than the
average professional driver than can actually be
possible. Given a normal distribution for
professional drivers, only 50% of drivers can be
above average. Over sixty percent of drivers rated
themselves more skilled than average and over
seventy percent as safer than average. Similarly,
over three quarters of all drivers thought they were
less likely to be involved in an accident than the
average professional driver.
Conclusions
There is clearly a lot of work to be done in changing some
of the attitudes observed from the survey. Most of the issues
identified were to do with what the drivers think about the way
their job is organised, and the things they are expected to do.
Changing these attitudes will require change from
management and supervisors.
It is now planned to develop a Hearts and Minds tool with
the current working title “Driving Safely”. The focus of the
tool will be to take not only the drivers, but also the
management and supervisors of drivers, through the safe
behaviour model (Bryden et al, 2004) addressing the attitudes
observed in the survey findings reported in this paper. The
objectives of this tool are to intrinsically motivate drivers to
conduct a safe journey and to work with supervisors and
management of these drivers to create the environment for this
to happen. The “Driving Safely” tool is planned to be
published in 2004.
Acknowledgements
Appreciation and thanks are given to the drivers working
for and contracted to The Shell Petroleum Development
Company of Nigeria Limited, Nederlandse Aardolie
Maatschappij B.V. (Netherlands), Petroleum Development
Oman LLC (Sultanate of Oman) and Thai Shell Exploration
and Production Co., Ltd. for participating in the interviews
and the follow-up survey questionnaires for this study.
References
1. Malone, C., “Tackling Road Safety In a Global Upstream
Business: An integrated and long-term approach”, Paper
SPE 86751 presented at 2004 SPE Conference on HSE in
Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, Calgary, 2004.
2. Bryden, R., S., Hudson, PTW., Van der Graaf, G. & Vuijk,
M., “Why did I do that?: From unsafe acts to working
safely”, Paper SPE 86876 presented at 2004 SPE
Conference on HSE in Oil and Gas Exploration and
Production, Calgary, 2004.
Figure 1: Significant Shell - contractor
differences
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Focus
Pow
erfulness
O
verw
ork
Fatigue
Contractors
Shell drivers
3. SPE 86842 3
Appendix 1
Table 1: Underlying attitude dimensions
Dimension Agreement %
Willingness to take personal responsibility for my own safety 90.8
As a professional driver it is my responsibility to make sure that I always drive in a safe way
I intend to follow the safety rules every time I make a journey for work
Part of being a professional driver is always following all of the safety procedures
This company genuinely wants all of its drivers to follow all of the rules all of the time
The belief that overwork compromises my safety 14.3
If I tried to follow all of the safety rules when it is very busy, there would be a lot of pressure
just to get the job done
My line manager knows that I am sometimes given too much to do during a shift and still drive
safely
If I complained about being given too much to do, I would just be told to get on with it
The belief that safety violations are unavoidable 6.7
I do not expect to follow all of the driving safety rules on every journey
Some of the safety rules we have to comply with are ridiculous and inappropriate
I have no choice but to drive when I am feeling very tired sometimes
A feeling of powerfulness 54.6
It is mainly up to me to decide whether to follow the driving safety rules
As long as I am careful I will not be involved in any driving accidents
The Company is responsible for ensuring my safety while I am driving for them
Traffic accidents are always avoidable if you are a good enough driver
The belief that the focus of the safety effort is incorrect 15.8
Management in this company turn a blind eye to the safety rules when it suits them
When a professional driver is involved in an accident, it is usually not their fault
Too much attention is paid to unimportant aspects of safety, while some more important ones
get ignored
The belief that the Company genuinely cares about driving safety 62.8
If we had concerns about a driving safety issue the Company would always listen
You can always get the job done within the time allowed if you follow all the safety rules
The belief that fatigue compromises my safety 12.8
Even if I am feeling tired, it does not affect my driving performance
Even when I have to drive very long hours, fatigue is not a problem for me
The belief that some safety rules are just ignored 44.3
People in the Company know perfectly well that some safety rules get broken on a regular basis
There are some safety rules here that most people just ignore
Table 2: Percentage of drivers believing that they are MORE or MUCH MORE skillful and safe than the average professional driver.
How skillful, compared to average? 62.4%
How safe, compared to average? 71.8%
How likely to have an accident, compared to average? 24.9%