This document provides an overview of evidence that the Earth is entering a Grand Solar Minimum, which could lead to a new Mini Ice Age. It begins by summarizing the history of sunspot discovery and the approximately 11-year solar cycle. It then discusses current solar activity data and models that predict a significant decline in Total Solar Irradiance over the coming decades. The document reviews historical climate data and events that correlate with periods of reduced solar activity, such as the Maunder Minimum. Overall, it argues that the evidence from solar cycles, temperature reconstructions, and historical accounts point to an imminent Grand Solar Minimum and the climate effects that may bring.
This document provides an overview of the CFD Post software for analyzing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results from ANSYS CFX and FLUENT. It can function as a standalone post-processor or within ANSYS Workbench. CFD Post allows qualitative and quantitative analysis of results through visualization tools like contour plots, vectors, and animations. It also provides tools for extracting quantitative data, creating user-defined variables, generating reports, and performing additional analyses through calculators and macros. The document reviews the basic workflow and user interface of CFD Post and provides examples of creating locations and variables for results visualization and analysis.
Different Phases Of Solar And Magnetic Activity CyclesDana Boo
- Solar storms are caused by solar flares and are electromagnetic in nature. They can cause power outages and disrupt all forms of communication.
- Solar flares occur in cyclical 11-year periods and have three stages: precursor, impulsive, and decay stages.
- When solar winds from flares interact with Earth's magnetosphere, they can excite nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the atmosphere, causing the northern and southern lights (auroras). A powerful 1989 geomagnetic storm caused a blackout in Quebec, Canada. The next solar maximum is expected around 2025 and could similarly impact power grids.
£££ Jack Oughton - Planetary Science Presentation 03 - A Brief Guide To Terre...Jack Oughton
The document discusses the Earth's magnetic field and magnetic polar reversals. It explains that the field is generated by convection currents in the Earth's liquid outer core, known as the geodynamo. The magnetic poles have changed positions many times throughout history, as evidenced by the magnetic orientations locked in ancient lava and rock. While a reversal takes thousands of years, the magnetic field does not disappear completely during this process. The current field protects life on Earth from solar radiation.
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement and fracturing of rock along faults within the Earth's crust due to stresses from plate tectonics.
2) The largest recorded earthquake was a 9.5 magnitude quake in Chile in 1960 that caused tsunamis in Hawaii, Japan, and the Philippines but resulted in relatively few deaths due to its remote location.
3) Some of the most destructive earthquakes have been of lower magnitudes when located in populated areas with poor construction, such as the 1964 Alaskan earthquake of 9.2 magnitude that caused significant damage and loss of life.
- The Sun has been worshipped by ancient civilizations like the Egyptians who saw it as a deity. Monuments like Stonehenge were used to track the Sun's movement.
- Ancient Greeks proposed that the Sun was a large flaming ball far from Earth. Arabs calculated the Earth-Sun distance and proved moonlight is reflected sunlight.
- Galileo observed sunspots with a telescope, contradicting the view of a perfect, unchanging heavens. Later, Newton used prisms to study the Sun's composition.
This document defines tides and discusses theories about their generation and types. It introduces the equilibrium and dynamic theories of tides, which explain tides through the gravitational forces of the moon and sun. It describes different types of tides, including spring tides during a full or new moon, neap tides during quarter phases, and rare proxigean spring tides when the moon is closest to Earth. The document also briefly discusses harnessing tidal energy and provides references used.
Telluric currents are the currents that are responsible for the generation of earth's magnetic field. Also the help the earth to bound onto the solar path around the sun.
The document provides information about astronomy and the structure of the universe. It begins with a vocabulary list for "Unit 1: The study of stars and space" and defines key terms related to the Big Bang theory, such as that all matter and energy was once condensed in a single point around 13.8 billion years ago. It then discusses evidence for the Big Bang, the expansion of the universe, properties and life cycles of stars, Earth's place in the universe, and characteristics of the moon such as its phases and the causes of tides.
This document provides an overview of the CFD Post software for analyzing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results from ANSYS CFX and FLUENT. It can function as a standalone post-processor or within ANSYS Workbench. CFD Post allows qualitative and quantitative analysis of results through visualization tools like contour plots, vectors, and animations. It also provides tools for extracting quantitative data, creating user-defined variables, generating reports, and performing additional analyses through calculators and macros. The document reviews the basic workflow and user interface of CFD Post and provides examples of creating locations and variables for results visualization and analysis.
Different Phases Of Solar And Magnetic Activity CyclesDana Boo
- Solar storms are caused by solar flares and are electromagnetic in nature. They can cause power outages and disrupt all forms of communication.
- Solar flares occur in cyclical 11-year periods and have three stages: precursor, impulsive, and decay stages.
- When solar winds from flares interact with Earth's magnetosphere, they can excite nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the atmosphere, causing the northern and southern lights (auroras). A powerful 1989 geomagnetic storm caused a blackout in Quebec, Canada. The next solar maximum is expected around 2025 and could similarly impact power grids.
£££ Jack Oughton - Planetary Science Presentation 03 - A Brief Guide To Terre...Jack Oughton
The document discusses the Earth's magnetic field and magnetic polar reversals. It explains that the field is generated by convection currents in the Earth's liquid outer core, known as the geodynamo. The magnetic poles have changed positions many times throughout history, as evidenced by the magnetic orientations locked in ancient lava and rock. While a reversal takes thousands of years, the magnetic field does not disappear completely during this process. The current field protects life on Earth from solar radiation.
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement and fracturing of rock along faults within the Earth's crust due to stresses from plate tectonics.
2) The largest recorded earthquake was a 9.5 magnitude quake in Chile in 1960 that caused tsunamis in Hawaii, Japan, and the Philippines but resulted in relatively few deaths due to its remote location.
3) Some of the most destructive earthquakes have been of lower magnitudes when located in populated areas with poor construction, such as the 1964 Alaskan earthquake of 9.2 magnitude that caused significant damage and loss of life.
- The Sun has been worshipped by ancient civilizations like the Egyptians who saw it as a deity. Monuments like Stonehenge were used to track the Sun's movement.
- Ancient Greeks proposed that the Sun was a large flaming ball far from Earth. Arabs calculated the Earth-Sun distance and proved moonlight is reflected sunlight.
- Galileo observed sunspots with a telescope, contradicting the view of a perfect, unchanging heavens. Later, Newton used prisms to study the Sun's composition.
This document defines tides and discusses theories about their generation and types. It introduces the equilibrium and dynamic theories of tides, which explain tides through the gravitational forces of the moon and sun. It describes different types of tides, including spring tides during a full or new moon, neap tides during quarter phases, and rare proxigean spring tides when the moon is closest to Earth. The document also briefly discusses harnessing tidal energy and provides references used.
Telluric currents are the currents that are responsible for the generation of earth's magnetic field. Also the help the earth to bound onto the solar path around the sun.
The document provides information about astronomy and the structure of the universe. It begins with a vocabulary list for "Unit 1: The study of stars and space" and defines key terms related to the Big Bang theory, such as that all matter and energy was once condensed in a single point around 13.8 billion years ago. It then discusses evidence for the Big Bang, the expansion of the universe, properties and life cycles of stars, Earth's place in the universe, and characteristics of the moon such as its phases and the causes of tides.
WE LIVE IN A STRANGE SOLAR SYSTEM
There's a lot to wonder about space. The fact is we don't know all the answers about it. We know it's vast and beautiful, but we're not really sure how vast (or how beautiful, for that matter).
Some of the things we do know, however, are downright mind-boggling. Below, I've collected some of the most amazing facts about space, so when you look up at the stars you can be ever more wowed by what you're looking at.
1. Neutron stars can spin at a rate of 600 rotations per second
Neutron stars are one of the possible evolutionary end-points of high mass stars. They're born in a core-collapse supernova star explosion and subsequently rotate extremely rapidly as a consequence of their physics. Neutron stars can rotate up to 60 times per second after born. Under special circumstances, this rate can increase to more than 600 times per second.
2. Space is completely silent
Sound waves need a medium to travel through. Since there is no atmosphere in the vacuum of space, the realm between stars will always be eerily silent.
That said, worlds with atmospheres and air pressure do allow sound to travel, hence why there's plenty of noise on Earth and likely other planets as well.
3. There is an uncountable number of stars in the known universe
We basically have no idea how many stars there are in the universe. Right now we use our estimate of how many stars there are in our own galaxy, the Milky Way. We then multiply that number by the best guesstimate of the number of galaxies in the universe. After all that math, NASA can only confidently say that say there all zillions of uncountable stars. A zillion is any uncountable amount.
An Australian National University study put their estimate at 70 sextillion. Put another way, that's 70,000 million million million
4. The Apollo astronauts' footprints on the moon will probably stay there for at least 100 million years
Since the moon doesn't have an atmosphere, there's no wind or water to erode or wash away the Apollo astronauts' mark on the moon. That means their footprints, roverprints, spaceship prints, and discarded materials will stay preserved on the moon for a very long time.
They won't stay on there forever, though. The moon still a dynamic environment. It's actually being constantly bombarded with "micrometeorites," which means that erosion is still happening on the moon, just very slowly.
5. 99 percent of our solar system's mass is the sun
Our star, the sun, is so dense that it accounts for a whopping 99 percent of the mass of our entire solar system. That's what allows it to dominate all of the planets gravitationally.
Technically, our sun is a "G-type main-sequence star" which means that every second, it fuses approximately 600 million tons of hydrogen to helium. It also converts about 4 million tons of matter to energy as a byproduct.
When the sun dies, it will become a red giant and envelop the Earth and everything on it. But don't worry: That won't happen for another
The sun is made up of plasma and has magnetic north and south poles like Earth. It accounts for over 99% of the solar system's mass and its gravity dominates the orbits of planets. Science believes the sun will eventually become a red giant as it runs out of hydrogen for nuclear fusion, growing hotter over 100,000K before shrinking into a white dwarf with no heat or light. Recently NASA observed an abnormally large coronal hole near the sun's south pole, indicating the sun may be entering a phase of increased solar activity before transitioning to a red giant.
The document provides information about the Sun and space weather. It discusses that the Sun is a dynamic star that is always changing and produces phenomena like sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections. When solar storms interact with Earth's magnetic field, they can produce effects like auroras and disrupt technology and power grids. Space agencies monitor the Sun to study space weather and its impacts on Earth.
This document provides information about plate tectonics through 5 sections:
1) It defines plate tectonics and provides diagrams of Earth's layers.
2) It describes where plate tectonics is occurring globally and locally through examples.
3) It discusses how plate tectonics has affected life on Earth through changing environments and fossil evidence.
4) It notes there are still issues and debates around fully understanding the mechanisms driving plate tectonics and predicting impacts.
5) It argues more research across scientific fields is needed to better comprehend plate tectonics and issues like its relationship to volcanism and climate change.
In this presentation, I focused on the geomorphological aspect of earthquake which means tectonic plates. Additionally, we also included the origin of the Universe and tectonic plates. And also the Nepal and Taiwan earthquakes of 2015 was also described here in perspective with tectonic plates.
Lab 6 Tides and Coastal processes Goals1. Understand wha.docxsmile790243
Lab 6: Tides and Coastal processes
Goals:
1. Understand what causes tides.
2. Understand how deep-ocean waves change and break when they reach a coastline.
3. Understand how shoreline transport of sediment occurs and how it is affected by human activities.
Tides
Tides are actually waves that move through the oceans and large lakes. In the oceans, they have periods of several hours and wavelengths of 1000s of kilometers. Depending on the wave period that dominates in different parts of the world, some places have only one high and one low tide a day (diurnal tides), whereas others have two high (about equal to each other) and two low tides (also about equal to each other) known as semidiurnal. A third type is mixed tides with two highs and two lows a day with different heights, (a high high, a low high, a high low and a low low). California, as the rest of the west coast has mixed tides.
The gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon causes tides on Earth. The gravitational influence of an object is directly related to its mass and its distance from another object. So even though the Sun has much more mass than the Moon, it is over 380 times farther away from the Earth than the Moon. Therefore, our little Moon wins out and has the most influence on the tides on Earth.
As the Earth spins about its axis, centrifugal force keeps water balanced on all sides of the planet. However, the Moon's gravitational forces disrupt this balance by pulling the water towards the Moon. A double "bulge" is formed—one side pulling toward the Moon and the opposite side pulling away from it, just like swinging a water balloon causes it to stretch both toward AND away from your hand. The areas where the bulging occurs experience high tides.
Tides are predictable, but their periods do not coincide with the 24 hour Earth day. The Moon takes about 24 hours and 50 minutes to line up again exactly with the same point on the Earth. Therefore, the timing of the tides shifts almost an hour a day. Because the relative positions of the Sun, Earth and Moon change over the course a day, a month and a year, the absolute heights of diurnal, semidiurnal and mixed tides vary over these periods. For example, even within the same ~25 hour period, the heights of the semidiurnal tides are not exactly the same, although they are close. Even more significant changes are seen over a monthly cycle, with higher-than-normalspring tides (not named for the season but because the water "springs" higher than normal) and the lower-than-normalneap tides.
Exercise 1.
Let's investigate the causes of spring and neap tides. Go to this websitehttp://aspire.cosmic-ray.org/Labs/Tides/tides_simulator.html . Pick the student version because the teacher version has an annoying note in the middle of the simulation screen—the teacher version will not give you any more information than the student version to answer these questions. Click on the tide simulator. Click the box to turn on spring/neap ...
Lesson 1 the origin of the universe and solar systemMaryJoyValentino
The document provides an overview of Earth science topics including the origin of the universe, solar system, and Earth. It discusses theories of how the universe and solar system formed, including the nebular hypothesis which proposes that the solar system condensed from a giant cloud of gas and dust. Key events included gravitational collapse of the solar nebula forming the Sun and planets condensing from the disk as it rotated and cooled.
The document discusses the dynamo theory of the Earth's magnetism. It proposes that electric currents produced by the movement of liquid iron in the Earth's outer core generate the planet's magnetic field. Convection currents provide the energy needed to sustain the magnetic field over geological timescales. Paleomagnetic studies of fossil magnetism in rocks support the idea that the Earth's magnetic poles have reversed polarity multiple times in the past, consistent with the dynamo theory.
The document summarizes information about the Earth, including its interior structure, tectonic plates, continents, and earthquakes and volcanoes. It describes the lithosphere and two types of crust. It explains tectonic plates and lists the seven major plates. It discusses continental drift and the movement of continents over time. It provides brief descriptions of volcanoes and earthquakes, including what causes them and examples of volcanic eruptions and earthquake damage.
The universe: why does it exist? Why is there something rather than nothing? Where and why did structure arise: galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. This slide show is a full history of enquiry into how structure arises in the universe. It goes from Plato and Aristotle to the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The title Heart of Darkness refers to a book that has the full story: Heart of Darkness, by Jeremiah P Ostriker and Simon Mitton, ISBN 978 0691134307
The document discusses several theories of the origin of Earth:
- The Nebular Hypothesis proposed that Earth formed from a nebula of gas and dust along with the Sun. However, it does not explain the Sun's low angular momentum.
- The Planetesimal Hypothesis proposed that small planetesimals collided to form planets, but does not explain how they formed one planet.
- The Gaseous Tidal Hypothesis proposed tidal forces from a passing star detached gas from the Sun to form planets, but the theory cannot provide the proper angular momentum.
- The Gas Dust Cloud Hypothesis suggests planets evolved from a cold gas and dust cloud around the Sun, and explains some observed phenomena of
The document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of the universe and the solar system. It states that the widely accepted Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from the violent expansion of space-time and extremely dense and hot matter. It also describes the Nebular Hypothesis for the formation of the solar system, which suggests that the sun and planets formed from a giant rotating cloud of gas and dust approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Additionally, it briefly outlines other hypotheses such as the Creationist Theory, Oscillating Universe Theory, and Steady-State Theory.
The document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of the universe and the solar system. It states that the widely accepted Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from the violent expansion of space-time and extremely dense and hot matter. It also describes the Nebular Hypothesis for the formation of the solar system, which suggests that the sun and planets formed from a giant rotating cloud of gas and dust approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Additionally, it briefly outlines other hypotheses such as the Creationist Theory, Oscillating Universe Theory, and Steady-State Theory.
The document analyzes the number and positioning of stones at Stonehenge and proposes they encode information about precession and Earth's movement through the zodiac. It finds relationships between the number of stones in each circle and time periods like the 2,160 year age. It suggests Stonehenge was built to convey a message about balancing Earth and tracking its position over long time periods. The document challenges common explanations for why ancient structures aligned with solstices and equinoxes and proposes they marked Earth's balance rather than agricultural cycles.
EARTH QUACK AND ITS TYPES BRIEFLY EXPLAINHafiz JUNAID
Tectonic earthquakes are the most common type and are caused by rocks breaking in response to geological forces. Other earthquake types include volcanic, collapse, and human-caused explosions. Early seismographs used pendulums to record ground motions, while modern ones use electronics. Seismic waves include P and S body waves and surface Love and Rayleigh waves. Locating earthquakes requires analyzing arrival times at multiple seismograph stations. The development of seismology helped establish that earthquakes are caused by fault ruptures rather than effects.
There's a VERY interesting, fascinating site on the web - http://www.zetatalk.com
Its source is rather controversial (some may argue), but its CONTENT is amazing.
Have you heard about Ice Ages, frozen mammoth's and End of the World predictions? Then throw away all your reference "scientific" books - it is all complete nonsense.
ZetaTalk presents the most comprehensive theory of Geological and recent Climate change I've evere came on.
I prepared a presentation that was presented in English discussion club in my native town Drohobycz (Ukraine) and you can download it HERE.
for further reference see http://www.zetatalk.com
Think for yourself! Make your own investigation!
The document discusses the history and theories of Earth's magnetism. It explains that ancient Chinese and Greeks discovered magnetic rocks that pointed north. In 1600, William Gilbert proposed that Earth itself acts as a giant spherical magnet based on his experiments. This led to the question of what causes Earth's magnetism. Early theories proposed Earth's core was a permanent magnet, but this was disproven. Later, the dynamo theory emerged, attributing magnetism to electric currents in Earth's liquid outer core driven by convection. Paleomagnetic studies of fossil magnets in rocks support that Earth's magnetic poles have reversed many times.
1) According to NASA scientist Jim Kasting, there could be dozens of habitable planets surrounding us that we cannot yet see.
2) Seven Earth-sized planets were recently discovered orbiting the star Trappist-1 that may be capable of sustaining liquid water and life.
3) Throughout history, various cultures made structures aligned with astronomical events like solstices, demonstrating early interest in the skies.
The document summarizes key concepts about the sun and Earth's formation. It describes how the sun generates energy through nuclear fusion in its core, and how this energy reaches the surface in about 8 minutes. It also explains how Earth formed from the accretion of planetesimals, and how its core, mantle and crust layers developed as denser materials sank to the center. The oceans formed from early rainfall, and continents gradually emerged and shifted positions over billions of years.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
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Similar to 000 super grand solar minimum v4.8 - copyrig
WE LIVE IN A STRANGE SOLAR SYSTEM
There's a lot to wonder about space. The fact is we don't know all the answers about it. We know it's vast and beautiful, but we're not really sure how vast (or how beautiful, for that matter).
Some of the things we do know, however, are downright mind-boggling. Below, I've collected some of the most amazing facts about space, so when you look up at the stars you can be ever more wowed by what you're looking at.
1. Neutron stars can spin at a rate of 600 rotations per second
Neutron stars are one of the possible evolutionary end-points of high mass stars. They're born in a core-collapse supernova star explosion and subsequently rotate extremely rapidly as a consequence of their physics. Neutron stars can rotate up to 60 times per second after born. Under special circumstances, this rate can increase to more than 600 times per second.
2. Space is completely silent
Sound waves need a medium to travel through. Since there is no atmosphere in the vacuum of space, the realm between stars will always be eerily silent.
That said, worlds with atmospheres and air pressure do allow sound to travel, hence why there's plenty of noise on Earth and likely other planets as well.
3. There is an uncountable number of stars in the known universe
We basically have no idea how many stars there are in the universe. Right now we use our estimate of how many stars there are in our own galaxy, the Milky Way. We then multiply that number by the best guesstimate of the number of galaxies in the universe. After all that math, NASA can only confidently say that say there all zillions of uncountable stars. A zillion is any uncountable amount.
An Australian National University study put their estimate at 70 sextillion. Put another way, that's 70,000 million million million
4. The Apollo astronauts' footprints on the moon will probably stay there for at least 100 million years
Since the moon doesn't have an atmosphere, there's no wind or water to erode or wash away the Apollo astronauts' mark on the moon. That means their footprints, roverprints, spaceship prints, and discarded materials will stay preserved on the moon for a very long time.
They won't stay on there forever, though. The moon still a dynamic environment. It's actually being constantly bombarded with "micrometeorites," which means that erosion is still happening on the moon, just very slowly.
5. 99 percent of our solar system's mass is the sun
Our star, the sun, is so dense that it accounts for a whopping 99 percent of the mass of our entire solar system. That's what allows it to dominate all of the planets gravitationally.
Technically, our sun is a "G-type main-sequence star" which means that every second, it fuses approximately 600 million tons of hydrogen to helium. It also converts about 4 million tons of matter to energy as a byproduct.
When the sun dies, it will become a red giant and envelop the Earth and everything on it. But don't worry: That won't happen for another
The sun is made up of plasma and has magnetic north and south poles like Earth. It accounts for over 99% of the solar system's mass and its gravity dominates the orbits of planets. Science believes the sun will eventually become a red giant as it runs out of hydrogen for nuclear fusion, growing hotter over 100,000K before shrinking into a white dwarf with no heat or light. Recently NASA observed an abnormally large coronal hole near the sun's south pole, indicating the sun may be entering a phase of increased solar activity before transitioning to a red giant.
The document provides information about the Sun and space weather. It discusses that the Sun is a dynamic star that is always changing and produces phenomena like sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections. When solar storms interact with Earth's magnetic field, they can produce effects like auroras and disrupt technology and power grids. Space agencies monitor the Sun to study space weather and its impacts on Earth.
This document provides information about plate tectonics through 5 sections:
1) It defines plate tectonics and provides diagrams of Earth's layers.
2) It describes where plate tectonics is occurring globally and locally through examples.
3) It discusses how plate tectonics has affected life on Earth through changing environments and fossil evidence.
4) It notes there are still issues and debates around fully understanding the mechanisms driving plate tectonics and predicting impacts.
5) It argues more research across scientific fields is needed to better comprehend plate tectonics and issues like its relationship to volcanism and climate change.
In this presentation, I focused on the geomorphological aspect of earthquake which means tectonic plates. Additionally, we also included the origin of the Universe and tectonic plates. And also the Nepal and Taiwan earthquakes of 2015 was also described here in perspective with tectonic plates.
Lab 6 Tides and Coastal processes Goals1. Understand wha.docxsmile790243
Lab 6: Tides and Coastal processes
Goals:
1. Understand what causes tides.
2. Understand how deep-ocean waves change and break when they reach a coastline.
3. Understand how shoreline transport of sediment occurs and how it is affected by human activities.
Tides
Tides are actually waves that move through the oceans and large lakes. In the oceans, they have periods of several hours and wavelengths of 1000s of kilometers. Depending on the wave period that dominates in different parts of the world, some places have only one high and one low tide a day (diurnal tides), whereas others have two high (about equal to each other) and two low tides (also about equal to each other) known as semidiurnal. A third type is mixed tides with two highs and two lows a day with different heights, (a high high, a low high, a high low and a low low). California, as the rest of the west coast has mixed tides.
The gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon causes tides on Earth. The gravitational influence of an object is directly related to its mass and its distance from another object. So even though the Sun has much more mass than the Moon, it is over 380 times farther away from the Earth than the Moon. Therefore, our little Moon wins out and has the most influence on the tides on Earth.
As the Earth spins about its axis, centrifugal force keeps water balanced on all sides of the planet. However, the Moon's gravitational forces disrupt this balance by pulling the water towards the Moon. A double "bulge" is formed—one side pulling toward the Moon and the opposite side pulling away from it, just like swinging a water balloon causes it to stretch both toward AND away from your hand. The areas where the bulging occurs experience high tides.
Tides are predictable, but their periods do not coincide with the 24 hour Earth day. The Moon takes about 24 hours and 50 minutes to line up again exactly with the same point on the Earth. Therefore, the timing of the tides shifts almost an hour a day. Because the relative positions of the Sun, Earth and Moon change over the course a day, a month and a year, the absolute heights of diurnal, semidiurnal and mixed tides vary over these periods. For example, even within the same ~25 hour period, the heights of the semidiurnal tides are not exactly the same, although they are close. Even more significant changes are seen over a monthly cycle, with higher-than-normalspring tides (not named for the season but because the water "springs" higher than normal) and the lower-than-normalneap tides.
Exercise 1.
Let's investigate the causes of spring and neap tides. Go to this websitehttp://aspire.cosmic-ray.org/Labs/Tides/tides_simulator.html . Pick the student version because the teacher version has an annoying note in the middle of the simulation screen—the teacher version will not give you any more information than the student version to answer these questions. Click on the tide simulator. Click the box to turn on spring/neap ...
Lesson 1 the origin of the universe and solar systemMaryJoyValentino
The document provides an overview of Earth science topics including the origin of the universe, solar system, and Earth. It discusses theories of how the universe and solar system formed, including the nebular hypothesis which proposes that the solar system condensed from a giant cloud of gas and dust. Key events included gravitational collapse of the solar nebula forming the Sun and planets condensing from the disk as it rotated and cooled.
The document discusses the dynamo theory of the Earth's magnetism. It proposes that electric currents produced by the movement of liquid iron in the Earth's outer core generate the planet's magnetic field. Convection currents provide the energy needed to sustain the magnetic field over geological timescales. Paleomagnetic studies of fossil magnetism in rocks support the idea that the Earth's magnetic poles have reversed polarity multiple times in the past, consistent with the dynamo theory.
The document summarizes information about the Earth, including its interior structure, tectonic plates, continents, and earthquakes and volcanoes. It describes the lithosphere and two types of crust. It explains tectonic plates and lists the seven major plates. It discusses continental drift and the movement of continents over time. It provides brief descriptions of volcanoes and earthquakes, including what causes them and examples of volcanic eruptions and earthquake damage.
The universe: why does it exist? Why is there something rather than nothing? Where and why did structure arise: galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. This slide show is a full history of enquiry into how structure arises in the universe. It goes from Plato and Aristotle to the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The title Heart of Darkness refers to a book that has the full story: Heart of Darkness, by Jeremiah P Ostriker and Simon Mitton, ISBN 978 0691134307
The document discusses several theories of the origin of Earth:
- The Nebular Hypothesis proposed that Earth formed from a nebula of gas and dust along with the Sun. However, it does not explain the Sun's low angular momentum.
- The Planetesimal Hypothesis proposed that small planetesimals collided to form planets, but does not explain how they formed one planet.
- The Gaseous Tidal Hypothesis proposed tidal forces from a passing star detached gas from the Sun to form planets, but the theory cannot provide the proper angular momentum.
- The Gas Dust Cloud Hypothesis suggests planets evolved from a cold gas and dust cloud around the Sun, and explains some observed phenomena of
The document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of the universe and the solar system. It states that the widely accepted Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from the violent expansion of space-time and extremely dense and hot matter. It also describes the Nebular Hypothesis for the formation of the solar system, which suggests that the sun and planets formed from a giant rotating cloud of gas and dust approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Additionally, it briefly outlines other hypotheses such as the Creationist Theory, Oscillating Universe Theory, and Steady-State Theory.
The document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of the universe and the solar system. It states that the widely accepted Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from the violent expansion of space-time and extremely dense and hot matter. It also describes the Nebular Hypothesis for the formation of the solar system, which suggests that the sun and planets formed from a giant rotating cloud of gas and dust approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Additionally, it briefly outlines other hypotheses such as the Creationist Theory, Oscillating Universe Theory, and Steady-State Theory.
The document analyzes the number and positioning of stones at Stonehenge and proposes they encode information about precession and Earth's movement through the zodiac. It finds relationships between the number of stones in each circle and time periods like the 2,160 year age. It suggests Stonehenge was built to convey a message about balancing Earth and tracking its position over long time periods. The document challenges common explanations for why ancient structures aligned with solstices and equinoxes and proposes they marked Earth's balance rather than agricultural cycles.
EARTH QUACK AND ITS TYPES BRIEFLY EXPLAINHafiz JUNAID
Tectonic earthquakes are the most common type and are caused by rocks breaking in response to geological forces. Other earthquake types include volcanic, collapse, and human-caused explosions. Early seismographs used pendulums to record ground motions, while modern ones use electronics. Seismic waves include P and S body waves and surface Love and Rayleigh waves. Locating earthquakes requires analyzing arrival times at multiple seismograph stations. The development of seismology helped establish that earthquakes are caused by fault ruptures rather than effects.
There's a VERY interesting, fascinating site on the web - http://www.zetatalk.com
Its source is rather controversial (some may argue), but its CONTENT is amazing.
Have you heard about Ice Ages, frozen mammoth's and End of the World predictions? Then throw away all your reference "scientific" books - it is all complete nonsense.
ZetaTalk presents the most comprehensive theory of Geological and recent Climate change I've evere came on.
I prepared a presentation that was presented in English discussion club in my native town Drohobycz (Ukraine) and you can download it HERE.
for further reference see http://www.zetatalk.com
Think for yourself! Make your own investigation!
The document discusses the history and theories of Earth's magnetism. It explains that ancient Chinese and Greeks discovered magnetic rocks that pointed north. In 1600, William Gilbert proposed that Earth itself acts as a giant spherical magnet based on his experiments. This led to the question of what causes Earth's magnetism. Early theories proposed Earth's core was a permanent magnet, but this was disproven. Later, the dynamo theory emerged, attributing magnetism to electric currents in Earth's liquid outer core driven by convection. Paleomagnetic studies of fossil magnets in rocks support that Earth's magnetic poles have reversed many times.
1) According to NASA scientist Jim Kasting, there could be dozens of habitable planets surrounding us that we cannot yet see.
2) Seven Earth-sized planets were recently discovered orbiting the star Trappist-1 that may be capable of sustaining liquid water and life.
3) Throughout history, various cultures made structures aligned with astronomical events like solstices, demonstrating early interest in the skies.
The document summarizes key concepts about the sun and Earth's formation. It describes how the sun generates energy through nuclear fusion in its core, and how this energy reaches the surface in about 8 minutes. It also explains how Earth formed from the accretion of planetesimals, and how its core, mantle and crust layers developed as denser materials sank to the center. The oceans formed from early rainfall, and continents gradually emerged and shifted positions over billions of years.
Similar to 000 super grand solar minimum v4.8 - copyrig (20)
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
3. In October, 2018,Valentina Zharkova, Professor
in Mathematics at Northumbria University, gave a
presentation of her Solar Magnetic Field and
Wave Amplitude hypothesis at the Global
Warming Policy Foundation.
The solar model she and her team of scientists
created indicates that we have begun a descent
into a Grand Solar Minimum cycle, and that a Mini
Ice Age, such as the one that gripped the planet
from 1300 - 1850, is imminent.
In the following presentation,
I will show you the evidence to prove
this bold prediction.
SuperGSMinfo.com
4. OVERVIEW
A shift in your perspective is essential
for a thorough understanding of the
events ahead.
All of the information is readily available,
it simply needed to be put in the
correct order.
Everything in the universe operates on a
cycle if you have the right perspective.
(Car / star stuff example.)
The sun is the driver of Earth’s climate.
To see where we’re headed and what to
expect, we need to study history and
previous known solar cycles.
The GSM ‘symptoms’ are being
reported if you know what to look for.
Little by little, then all at once.
No one alive has experienced what
we’re about to go through.
SuperGSMinfo.com
6. SUNSPOT DISCOVERY
• Within a week of the
discovery/invention of the telescope
(1609), we began to look at the sun
and recorded dark spots on the
surface.
• Viewed as dark spots on the sun.
• Sunspots form in groups.They
appear, disappear, grow, morph
around – seem to have a mind of
their own.
• Chinese have sunspot records going
back to 28 B.C.
Galileo Galilei recorded this drawing of
sunspots on June 23, 1613.
Johannes Hevelius 1611 - 1687
SuperGSMinfo.com
7. SUNSPOT CYCLE
DISCOVERY
For 230 years astronomers were
recording and counting dark spots on
the sun independently.
In 1844, Heinrich Schwabe put the data
into a chart for the first time.
The results show periods of increased
and decreased sunspot activity / solar
output.
Discovery of the ~11 year cycle.
(Shortest of the sun’s cycles)
Shortly after Schwab’s discovery of the
11 year cycle, RudolphWolf realized the
need for continuous daily observations.
He recognized the difficulty of counting
individual sunspots and devised the
below equation to help standardize the
data.
R=k(10g+n)
SuperGSMinfo.com
Maximums and Minimums of the 11 year cycle become apparent
8. BUTTERFLY DIAGRAM
• 1858 - Richard Carrington noted that
SS appear in two bands then drift
towards the equator through the 11
year cycle.
• Every sunspot is charted by location
at formation.
• As the cycle matures, the sunspots
begin to form at lower and lower
latitudes – terminating near the
equator.
• Once the 11 year cycle ends, the
sunspots return to the higher and
lower latitudes and the cycle repeats.
• Wasn’t accepted untilWalter Maunder
mapped out the Butterfly Diagram in
1904.
• The sun and it’s magnetic fields rotate
at different speeds.
Zharkova 2018
SuperGSMinfo.com
9. BUTTERFLY DIAGRAM
• Periods of increased and decreased
solar activity were identified.
• Sunspots don’t control the sun’s
temperature. Rather, they’re an
indicator of what the sun is up to.
• An active (warm) sun has a lot of
sunspots. Solar Maximum
• An inactive (cold) sun has fewer or
no sunspots. Solar Minimum
SuperGSMinfo.com
10. MODERN SUNSPOT
ACTIVITY
• Form in pairs. Leading polarity /
trailing polarity.
• Pot of boiling water analogy.
• Umbra / Penumbra.An
electromagnetic phenomenon
connected by magnetic fields though
their centers.
• Arches (or loops) connect the
sunspots and carry plasma, charged
particles from one sunspot to
another. (Electric theme)
• The loops connect at oppositely
magnetized fields. Blue is positive and
red is negative.The loops come out
of one sunspot and dive down into
one of the opposite charge.
Sun’s magnetic field
SuperGSMinfo.com
11. CYCLES 1-24 & 400YEARS OF SUNSPOT ACTIVITY
• We can clearly see periods of periods of solar
Maximums and Minimums.
• Grand Solar Minimums = Large clusters of 11 year
cycles together collectively = low solar activity.
• Grand Solar Maximums = Large clusters of 11 year
cycles together collectively = high solar activity.
SuperGSMinfo.com
13. REDUCING
IN STRENGTH
• Roughly 30% reduction
in solar strength per
cycle over the past 4
solar cycles (11 year
cycle).
• Note the double peaks.
• February 2014 signaled
the beginning of the
descent into the Grand
Solar Minimum.
SuperGSMinfo.com
14. JACK EDDY PHD
• Jack Eddy linked the
temperature of the Earth with
the cycles of solar activity.
• Proved that a decrease of solar
activity will result in lower
terrestrial temperature.
• Eddy Minimum
• Gives history a brand new
perspective.
SuperGSMinfo.com
15. HISTORY
CZECH REPUBLIC
“HUNGER STONES”
The signs and symptoms of a solar minimum are found
throughout history. If you know what to look for.
Czech Republic was experiencing a massive drought in 2018.
At the end of the summer, the Elbe River was low enough to
expose the “Hunger Stone”.
Inscribed on the stone are dates of when the stone was last
exposed.
In addition, a more ominous carving is found.“If you can see me,
then cry.” A possible harbinger of rough times ahead.
A sign of a hibernating sun includes droughts.
SuperGSMinfo.com
16. AMERICAN HISTORY
– BUFFALO, NY 1977
Buffalo, NY experienced
blizzard in January of 1977 that
was unprecedented.
Solar cycle 20 was weak.
A weak solar cycle resulted in
lower energy (heat) from the
sun stored in the Earth.
January 1977 was 10 degrees
below normal.
Miami, FL also received snow.
Minor changes in the sun cause
drastic effects on our planet.
Net heat loss
SuperGSMinfo.com
17. AMERICAN HISTORY
YEARWITHOUT A SUMMER
• 1816 was known as ‘TheYear Without a
Summer’ in New England because six inches
of snow fell in June and every month of the
year had a hard frost.
• 1815 eruption of Mt.Tambora. Volcano
Explosivity Index 7 (VEI).The eruption column
reached an altitude of more than 141,000 ft.
• Artists during that time painted what they saw.
Majority of paintings in that era show a sky full
of clouds or a hazy horizon.
SuperGSMinfo.com
18. AMERICAN HISTORY – AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1776
• 25 Dec 1776: George Washington led a small raid force across the
frozen Delaware River. NewYork Harbor was also frozen solid.
• Note the ice in the famous painting.
• Washington’s army was able to ride horses and roll cannons across
the frozen river.
• Does anyone remember a time when the Delaware river froze over
solid enough where you can move an army across it?
• The American Revolution took place during a period of reduced
solar activity. Specifically, during the descent into the Dalton
Minimum.
SuperGSMinfo.com
19. AMERICAN HISTORY – LANDING AT JAMESTOWN 1607
• The people who volunteered to travel to a New World and set up a brand
new colony were hardened settlers.They knew how to live off the land and
were armed with homesteading and survival knowledge that’s lost in today’s
society.
• Of the first 104 colonists, only 38 survived the first winter.
• Of the10,000 colonists who left England in the next 15 years, only 20% were
still alive in Jamestown by 1622.
• They suffered greatly from disease, famine, and conflict with local natives. (A
starving person’s immune system is greatly diminished).
• Jamestown received a constant supply of replacement colonists to replace the
dead.
• North America was founded during the Maunder Minimum.
SuperGSMinfo.com
20. HISTORY
FROST FAIRS ON THE
RIVERTHAMES
• River Thames in London froze at least 23
times between 1309 and 1814, with first
recorded frost fair in 1608.
• Period from mid-14th to 19th century in
Europe is referred to as the 'Little Ice
Age' due to severity of the climate.
• The last occurrence was two centuries
ago in 1814, but in the past a number of
festivals known as the River Thames Frost
Fairs sprang up on the river.
• Number or times the River Thames froze
over by century:
• 15th century = 2
• 16th century = 5
• 17th century = 10
• 18th century = 6
• 19th century = 1
SuperGSMinfo.com
21. RELATIONAL CYCLE
(RC) THEORY
JOHN CASEY
• The cycles are measurable.Therefore, if
you can measure it, then you can see
where it was and also see where it’s going.
• Predictable periods of increased and
decreased output.
• If you have the right perspective,
everything in the universe operates on a
cycle.
• ~ 90-100 years (Centennial Cycle )
• ~ 206 years (Bicentennial Cycle )
• ~ 500 year cycle
• ~ 1,000 year cycle
• ~ 11,500 year cycle
SuperGSMinfo.com
22. PERSPECTIVE
• Everything
operates on a cycle
if you have the
right perspective.
• Patterns begin to
emerge.
• Patterns lead to
predictions.
• Predictions
become reality.
SuperGSMinfo.com D. Birch 2017 TSM
23. PATTERNS EMERGE – WHEELER’S DROUGHT CLOCK
• Patterns emerge once you have the right
perspective.
• The drought cycle coincides with RC
Theory’s cycles. (100, 170, 510 years)
• Dr. Raymond H.Wheeler (1892-1961)
developed a clock to forecast recurring
droughts, which coincided with colder
climates. He found that every 170 years, the
climate would turn colder and dryer, social
mood would turn negative, civil wars would
proliferate, and the economy would suffer
from financial collapse.
• Droughts are a symptom of a Solar Minimum
SuperGSMinfo.com
24. • Medieval Maximum /
MedievalWarm
• Wolf Minimum
• Sporer Minimum
• Maunder Minimum
• Dalton Minimum
• Modern Maximum /
Modern Maximum
• Eddy Minimum 500 year cycle
200 year cycle
100 year cycle
SuperGSMinfo.com
25. GISP 2
SuperGSMinfo.com
• Greenland Ice Sheet Project
• On 1 July 1993, after five
years of drilling, the
Greenland Ice Sheet Project
Two (GISP2,) penetrated
through the ice sheet and
1.55 meters into bedrock
recovering an ice core
3053.44 meters in depth.
• At the time, it was the
deepest ice core recovered
in the world.
26. CENTRAL GREENLAND
TEMPERATURE RECORDS
• Peaks
• Minoan Warm - 3,750 BC
• Roman Warm - 2,000 BC
• Medieval Warm - 1,000 AD
• Modern Warm - Present
• Roughly 30% reduction per warm
period.
• Civilizations collapsed during
these cold periods.
• Beginning of a new cold epoch.
500 years
500 years
1,000 years
Oppenheimer Ranch Project
SuperGSMinfo.com
27. SO FAR WE ESTABLISHED 3 THINGS
1. Sunspots occur in cycles.
2. Sunspot activity is an indicator of Earth’s temperature.
3.These cycles occur in predictable patterns.
SuperGSMinfo.com
28. TOTAL SOLAR
IRRADIANCE (TSI)
• Energy from the sun is measured
in Watts per squared meter.
(Wm2)
• A reduction of 3 - 4 Wm2 is the
difference between the Maunder
Minimum and today’s warm
climate.
• Just like Fahrenheit and Celsius.
TSI is measured using two
different measurement systems.
We’re looking at the European
unit of measure.
SuperGSMinfo.com
29. TOTAL SOLAR
IRRADIANCE (TSI)
Habib Ullo Ismailovich Abdussamatov 2014
• Lower chart is viewed on a linear plain. It
lacks depth.
• Upper chart adds the element of depth for
perspective.
• During the Maunder Minimum, the sun’s
TSI output was 1363.5
• TSI predicted to be 1360.0Wm2 by 2040.
• Minor changes in the sun causes drastic
changes on the planet.
• TSI is the solar radiative power per unit
area incident on the Earth's upper
atmosphere.
• Upcoming solar cycles 25 and 26 are
projected to be extremely weak.
• The rate of descent (TSI loss) is
unprecedented.
SS 25
SS 26
Now
2040
SuperGSMinfo.com
M.M.
SS 21 SS 22 SS 23
SS 24
Zharkova
30. HISTORY
DISEASE AND PLAGUES
GISP2 data reconstruct
temperature records.
Red arrows denote maximum
warm periods of the cycle.
Overlay periods of major plagues
and diseases.
We see an increase of illness
during times of low temperature
records.
Cold weather destroys crops.
Humans thrive in the warmth.
Our immune system is weaker
when we’re hungry.
David DuByne ADAPT2030
SuperGSMinfo.com
31. CHINESE HISTORY
Another way to reconstruct
temperature records is through
Greenland’s ice core data.
Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP)
The Chinese have sunspot and
farming records that go back
thousands of years.
American Farmers only have records
showing the past few hundred years.
If you overlay the rise and fall of
every Chinese Dynasty against the
temperature records, you’ll find a
stark correlation.
Note: Previous temperatures were
much warmer than today.
David DuByne ADAPT2030
SuperGSMinfo.com
32. FURTHER BACK - INTERGLACIAL
Looking further back, we can see that we’re living between ice ages.This period of time is called the “InterglacialWarm.”
SuperGSMinfo.com
34. ANTHROPOGENIC
GLOBALWARMING
(AGW)
• It’s colder now than when Al Gore
won the Nobel Prize in 2007.
• Narrative shift from GW to “Climate
Change” in 2006.
• Govt funded scientists lose funding if
they don’t agree with political warming
agenda.
• No other voice in climate debate has
been allowed. Labeled “Climate
Denier”.
• “Settled Science”
• CO2 follows temperature by 800
years. CO2 is plant food.
• CO2 represents 0.04% of atmosphere.
It’s a trace gas.Termites produce more
CO2 than your SUV.
• NOAA and NASA have been caught manipulating data.
• Temperature collectors positioned near airports, bus stops, and ‘heat
islands’. Data sets for ocean temperatures found within land-locked
regions.
SuperGSMinfo.com
36. GLOBAL WARMING
CENSORING THE ‘DENIERS’
• Global warming agenda is (and has
been) forced into our view through the
news,TV, social media, internet search
engines, etc – for 30 years.
• Searching topics of global cooling,
you’re forced to see ‘GlobalWarming’
data.
• Call to silence “climate deniers” by
politicians and social justice warriors.
• Campaign to silence the facts or
discussions.
• “97% Consensus” has been debunked
over and over.Yet, it’s still locked in the
arguments as proof.
• That is not how science works!
“We’re not going to debate climate
change, the evidence of it.The
Earth is getting hotter, and human
activity is a major cause. Period.
We're not going to give time to
Climate Deniers.” Wikipedia search for Little Ice Age
shows “Hockey Stick” GW chart.
SuperGSMinfo.com
37. CURRENT
DATA
• No net warming for the
past 20 years.
• Sharp cooling for the past
3 years.
• The rate of decline in TSI
is unprecedented
• Temperatures in the
Thermosphere are
plummeting.
SuperGSMinfo.com
38. CLIMATE MODELS
“No amount of experimentation can
ever prove me right; a single experiment
can prove me wrong.”
– Albert Einstein
• 73 Climate Models – every single
one is wrong because they include
CO2 in their calculations.
• Dr. Roy Spencer and Dr. John
Christy have published a graph
comparing the predictions of 73
climate models versus the
observations of radiosondes and
satellites for tropical mid-
troposphere global temperatures.
SuperGSMinfo.com
39. OCEAN TEMPERATURES FALLING
Ocean Temperatures decreasing
Thermal mass
Heat stored in water
SuperGSMinfo.com
40. ATLANTIC
CONVEYOR
(GULF STREAM)
From 2009 to 2010, the
average strength of key ocean
currents in the North Atlantic
dropped by about 30 percent,
causing warmer waters to
remain in the tropics rather
than being carried northward.
The consequences included an
unusually harsh European
winter, a strong Atlantic Basin
hurricane season,
SuperGSMinfo.com
42. CURRENT DATA
DANISH METEOROLOGICAL
INSTITUTE (DMI)
• Sea ice thickness
shows a growing trend
over the past 4 years.
• Beginning of glaciation.
• Sea Ice thickness
steadily rising.
SuperGSMinfo.com
43. • NYTimes article 11 Jan 2019 says “ocean temperatures are heating up 40% faster than the U.N. estimated…”
• Reviewing the actual data shows stark difference.
• Deliberate attempts to obfuscate the truth.
SuperGSMinfo.com
44. IN THE NEWS
If you know what to look for,
the signs and symptoms of a cooling planet are everywhere.
Sahara first began
to receive snow in
Feb 2016.
SuperGSMinfo.com
45. 1. No net warming over 20 years
2. Sharp cooling trend
3. Deliberate actions to conceal facts
Begin Part 3:
Process of a GSM and
what to expect
SuperGSMinfo.com
46. SOLAR STORM OF 1859
CARRINGTON EVENT
Occurred just after the Dalton
Minimum.
Telegraph lines caught fire.Telegraph
operators were shocked.The sky lit up
causing workers to start making
breakfast.
Life was mostly unaffected because
they didn’t rely on electronics for
survival.
Minor changes in the sun have drastic
effects on our planet.
“Just in time delivery” of our food
SuperGSMinfo.com
47. SIGNS, SYMPTOMS,AND THE PROCESS
OF A GRAND SOLAR MINIMUM – ELECTRIC UNIVERSE
Once you view the world and universe from the perspective that our sun is
a “Constant Oscillator” (Zharkova), then the variable climate makes sense.
The universe is electric. (Thunderbolts Project)
Everything is made of electricity or uses electricity in some capacity.
Electricity is everywhere and nowhere. Our planet is not unique in this
regard. The sun controls every planet in the solar system.There’s strong
evidence that the surface of Mars is scarred by massive plasma burns that
have been caused by electrical discharges millions of years ago.
Our North pole / South pole are like the positive / negative connections on
a battery.We’re connected to the sun magnetically, through gravity, and also
through streams of electricity called “Birkeland Currents”.
The sun is connected to every planet in the solar system through streams
of energy (Total Solar IrradianceTSI).
“Bullseye Craters” on Mars. Formed
by massive plasma discharges.
DavidTalbott Thunderbolts Project
SuperGSMinfo.com
48. SIGNS, SYMPTOMS,AND THE PROCESS
OF A GRAND SOLAR MINIMUM –VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
A minor change in the sun’s solar activity will cause a ripple effect like plucking a
string on a guitar.The ripple (or tug) of energy causes seismic events on the
Earth.As the sun cools and the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) diminishes, Earth
loses heat and power. Minor changes in the sun have drastic effects on our little
planet. (i.e. Goldilocks Zone)
Solar flairs, coronal holes, and coronal mass ejections (CME) all push energy
towards the Earth in the form of solar wind / cosmic rays. Just a slight tug on
gravity or a pulse in the magnetic connection will cause plates to shift and then
earthquakes to occur. Earthquakes are not random events.They are, in fact,
predictable.
New research is coming out by independent researchers suggesting that the sun
causes earthquakes by disrupting magnetic connections (Blot Echo). The
earthquakes send energy and pressure through the tectonic plates like a wave in
a swimming pool.
The force and pressure is released and at volcanoes. During a GSM, we see
increased seismic and volcanic activity.We’re currently seeing an increase in
volcanic activity around the planet. Minor changes on the sun, cause drastic
effects on our little planet.
91 volcanoes
were discovered
under Antarctica
in 2017.
How many are
active?
SuperGSMinfo.com
49. SIGNS, SYMPTOMS,AND THE PROCESS
OF A GRAND SOLAR MINIMUM – CLOUD NUCLEATION
• The volcanic eruptions release millions of tons of aerosols
into the atmosphere. If an eruption is strong enough to
reach the stratosphere (50,000ft), the aerosols will remain
in the upper atmosphere for years or decades and circle
the planet.
• The volcanic particulates in the atmosphere are the host
for water vapor. Rapid cloud formation. (Cloud Nucleation).
It’s nearly impossible for a single water molecule to attach
itself to another single water molecule without a binding
agent (aerosols).
• In this case, the millions of tons of volcanic ash in the
atmosphere act as the binding agent. Rapid formation of
clouds occur.Volcano Fuego in Guatemala 2018.
SuperGSMinfo.com
50. SIGNS, SYMPTOMS,AND THE
PROCESS OF A
GRAND SOLAR MINIMUM
CLOUD NUCLEATION
Cosmic rays are highly charged
particles.They add energy and
electricity to water vapor in the
sky (clouds) causing a rapid
formation of clouds.
Sudden increase in hurricane
strengths during 2018 hurricane
season.
Clouds further block the sun’s
dimming energy.
Art showing Mt.Tambora. Note
the cloud filled skies.
Krakatoa 2018
SuperGSMinfo.com
51. KRAKATOA
Edvard Munch's The Scream - 1893
The blood-red sky depicted in the famous
painting can be attributed to Krakatoa’sVEI
6 ruption in 1883. (10 years after the eruption)
Through Munch's journals, topographic
analysis, and a connection to the eruption of
Krakatoa, proof now exists that the
spectacular twilight seen in one of today's
most recognizable paintings was inspired by
Krakatoa.
Sky and Telescope 2004
SuperGSMinfo.com
52. SIGNS, SYMPTOMS,AND
THE PROCESS OF
A GRAND SOLAR MINIMUM
The Cosmic Rays (CRs) that form
in our universe are produced by
our star and amplified through
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
Cosmic Rays are highly charged
particles of protons and atomic
nuclei traveling at near light
speed.
When a cosmic ray hits the upper
atmosphere, the particles cascade
into a shower of gamma-rays, x-
rays, protons, neutrons, positrons,
and electrons.They’re produced
in cascading showers of energy.
SuperGSMinfo.com
53. SIGNS, SYMPTOMS,AND
THE PROCESS
OF A GRAND SOLAR
MINIMUM
Heinrich Svensmark’s research in “The
Cloud Mystery” proves that clouds
are not the result of climate. Rather,
the climate is the result of the
clouds.
This theory was not welcomed by the
GW community. So, he proved it using
the Large Hardron Collider (LHC).
The link between low cloud formation
and cosmic rays is apparent.
An increase in cosmic rays cause an
increase in cloud formation.
SuperGSMinfo.com
54. SIGNS, SYMPTOMS,AND THE PROCESS
OF A GRAND SOLAR MINIMUM
Highly charged particles excite magma chambers and
cause volcanic eruptions.
Cosmic Rays can alter or destroy DNA.
In July 2018, we detected the most amount of cosmic
rays to ever hit the Earth (in recorded history).We’re
living in a cosmic ray maximum. This is another sign
of an incoming Grand Solar Minimum.
There’s an inverse relationship between cosmic rays
and the sun’s sunspot cycle.An active sun has a strong
heliosphere and is able to block GCRs.An inactive sun
has a weaker heliosphere and cannot block as many
GCRs from hitting the Earth.
Cosmic Rays
SuperGSMinfo.com
55. SIGNS, SYMPTOMS,
AND THE PROCESS
OF A GRAND SOLAR
MINIMUM
MAGNETOSPHERE
The Magnetosphere is our only protection from the sun’s solar wind
and cosmic rays.
The Magnetosphere is weakening at an exponential rate.
Exiting the “Geomagnetic Maximum.” That timeframe spans thousands
of years. Since the ‘maximum’, estimated magnetosphere was weakening
at a rate of .25% per couple of decades or century.
Then in 2000, readjusted the rate of decline as compared to the 1800s.
Lost 10% of the field. Losing at a rate of 5% per century.
In 2010, new data showed we’re losing 5% per decade.
In 2015, no data was released.
SuperGSMinfo.com
Magnetosphere Pressure
56. MAGNETOSPHERE DENSITY
The Magnetosphere’s strength is not a constant. It fluctuates as it
blocks solar wind.The stronger the solar wind, the more tight and
compact and strong the magnetosphere becomes.
When the sun cools, the sun doesn’t produce as much solar wind
and the magnetosphere ‘puffs’ out.There’s nothing to keep it
compact.
Example. Let’s say you have advanced windows in your house.
They turn into hurricane-impact windows when there’s hurricane
force wind.Then they return to single pane windows when it’s a
slight breeze. However, they turn into a screen mesh if there’s
no wind. The amount of wind received determines their strength.
SuperGSMinfo.com
57. POLARVORTEX
JAN 2019
• The Magnetosphere locks the
Jet Stream in place. As the
Magnetosphere continues to
weaken, it’s unable to hold the
Jet Stream in its ‘usual’ location.
• When the Jet Stream dips south,
like it did in Jan 2019, it pulls
Arctic Air with it.
• The news and our Govt said
there was too much moisture
off the East Coast and Global
Warming caused the record
cold. (Cold air has less moisture
and cannot cause warmth)
SuperGSMinfo.com
58. POLES ARE MIGRATING
The planet is a system of components working together.You can’t change one thing without disrupting everything in the entire
system. Just like a car engine…you can’t take one thing out and expect everything to function normally.
The poles are migrating towards each other. Once the process starts, it accelerates. Scientists once thought the process took
millions of years. New research shows that the poles can flip within one human lifetime.
South Atlantic Anomaly
As the poles migrate towards each
other, it weakens the Magnetosphere
on the other side.
The magnetic poles
are accelerating
towards each other
at a rate that’s
unprecedented.
SuperGSMinfo.com
59. THERMOSPHERE RAPIDLY COOLING
Earth's thermosphere is one of the least explored parts of the atmosphere, but it is
important because the thermosphere is where the sun first interacts with our atmosphere.
SuperGSMinfo.com
60. PROCESS OVERVIEW
Sun loses power / goes into hibernation > Increase of earthquakes > Increase volcanoes > Ash +50,000’ =
More clouds to block the sun = Further cooling the planet =Winter’s become longer.
Sun loses power / goes into hibernation > Magnetosphere shrinks > Increase cosmic rays > Cloud
nucleation = More clouds to block the sun = Intense weather = Increase crop failures.
Sun loses power / goes into hibernation > Grow seasons shrink > Severe weather destroys crops > Winters
become longer > Food prices increase > Food shortages > Civil unrest > “Just in Time” food delivery system fails
= Mass starvation / Mass cold weather deaths / Increase in sickness.
It’s a step-by-step process.
SuperGSMinfo.com
61. VALENTINA ZHARKOVA PHD - MAGNETIC WAVE FIELD SEPARATION
• Ukrainian scientist in applied Mathematics and
Astronomy. Professor at Northumbra University.
• Predicted SS 24 with 97% accuracy. Only 2 people
in the world were correct about SS 24. (Other
accurate prediction was from John Casey.)
• She used wave amplitude and magnetic fields
calculations (math) to predict SS24.
• Professor Zharkova was able to separate the sun’s
magnetic wavelengths into 4 separate wave fields.
• Just like light is separated into different
wavelengths, she’s able to view the sun’s magnetic
fields independently.
SuperGSMinfo.com
62. VALENTINA ZHARKOVA - WAVE AMPLITUDE
• During the Maunder Minimum, only 2 of the
sun’s magnetic fields were out of phase.
• Currently, all 4 of the sun’s magnetic fields are
going out of phase.
• Sunspots do not control the climate. Rather,
they are an indicator of what the
magnetic fields of the sun are doing.
• The frequencies are canceling each other out.
SuperGSMinfo.com
63. • In October, 2018, she gave a presentation of her Solar
Magnetic Field and Wave Amplitude hypothesis at the Global
Warming Policy Foundation.
• She’s predicting a reduction inTSI by 8 Watts per
Meter squared.
Valentina Zharkova PhD
Grand Solar
Minimum
330 – 400 year
cold era
SuperGSMinfo.com
64. HOW FAST CAN THE CHANGE HAPPEN? BERESOVKA MAMMOTH
• In 1901, hunters found a partially exposed
mammoth skull along the Berezovka River
in a remote part of Siberia.
• They reported that the meat was still
marbled with fat.They even fed it to their
dogs.
• Russian scientists were dispatched to
conduct research.When they arrived
(months later), they found that the meat
was now rotting.
• The mammoth still had buttercup clovers in its mouth.The food in its stomach had
not yet begun to putrefy.This suggests the mammoth was standing in a warm field
enjoying lunch when it was instantly flash frozen.
• There is no doubt that this event occurred.The mechanism is still up for debate. No
one knows exactly how this happened as scientists claim this is ‘impossible’. One
theory states that a micro-nova event occurred – causing a rapid reduction of
temperature. Other theories state it was a sudden reduction in solar output.
However, one thing is for certain, the sun controls the temperature. SuperGSMinfo.com
65. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
OF A GRAND SOLAR
MINIMUM
A period of extreme weather in all
categories.
Record cold / hot.
Record droughts.
Record rain.
A year’s worth of rain in 24 hours.
Multiple “500” year floods.
Record hail (size and severity).
Extreme cold winters.
Grow seasons will become shorter
and shorter.
Grow zones will shift.
Greening of the desert.
Massive electrical storms.
Wild weather.
Early / Late frost.
Those who are paying attention will have
final confirmation at the end of 2018 / early
2019.
In 2-3 years, the deaf and blind will know
something’s wrong.
Welcome to the Eddy Minimum
SuperGSMinfo.com
66. Why will this solar
minimum be far
worse than previous
solar minimums?
Heliospheric Current Sheet• By 2030, Earth will be a 1,000,000 miles further from
the sun due to the Milankovitch Cycles of rotion.
• All 4 of the sun’s magnetic fields are going out of phase.
• The Atlantic Conveyor (Gulf Stream) has slowed by
30%.
• The sun is losing power output (TSI) at an
unprecedented rate.
• We’re overdue for a large VEI eruption.
• Our Magnetosphere is weakening exponentially
(indicative of a pole reversal).
• Our poles are migrating towards each other.
(indicative of a pole reversal).
• We’re experiencing record number of cosmic rays and
galactic cosmic rays.
• Worldwide food delivery systems use the “just in
time” business model.
• We grow our food in the ground and allow no variables
in the sun’s variable output.
• We rely heavily on electronics for survival (food, water,
transportation, safety, etc)
• Family farms and homesteading are forgotten skills.
Nobody knows how to grow food anymore.
• We live in crowded population centers.
• Albeto effect will reflect the sun’s diminishing energy.
SuperGSMinfo.com
67. MARCH 2019
BREAD BASKET FLOODING
As of Dec. 1, food producers in states
with flooding (South Dakota, Nebraska,
Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri,
Wisconsin and Illinois) had 6.75 billion
bushels of corn, soybeans and
wheat stored on their farms.
38% of the total U.S. supplies
available at that time are
destroyed. (according to USDA.)
Farmers were storing food on their
farms to ride out the current trade war.
Many farms are predicting 0% crop
production for 2019.
Food price increases are the “next step”
in the Super GSM process to collapse
our civilization.
This flood arrived weeks after we
reached global “PeakWheat.” (This
means the demand for wheat is greater
than the supply.)
Food is the glue that holds our civilization together.
SuperGSMinfo.com
68. • The process has already begun.
• Earth is a system.You can’t
alter one component without
affecting others.
• It’s been in motion for millions
and millions of years.
• Civilizations rise and fall based
on the resources and energy
the have available.
• We’re just along for the ride.
• Simply stated, the sun
controls the climate.
Start Preparing Now
SuperGSMinfo.com
69. My aim is to pique your interest enough so you take a deeper look and conduct your own
research. It’ a beautiful world and we’re simply along for the ride.We’ve taken the sun for granted
and have grown too comfortable as a species. Food is the glue that keeps us civilized.Are you
prepared to be wrong?
Be safe,
Scott Chapman
SuperGSMinfo.com
70. AFFILIATES
AFFILIATES
All greenhouses are not created equal.
iGrowOrganic provides rigid solar
greenhouses that are designed to provide
the most amount of protection possible
from severe weather.
Additionally, their glazing materials
provide protection against hail damage.
As we descend into the Super GSM, four-
season rigid greenhouses are essential for
homestead food production.
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71. To find this presentation or to book a speaking event, please visit
www.SuperGSMinfo.com
Scott.C@SuperGSMinfo.com
Copyright 2019
72. STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GENIUSES
Jack Eddy PhD
John Casey
Valentina Zharkova PhD
Henrik Svensmark PhD
Willie Soon PhD
Jasper Kirkby PhD
Leif Svalgaard PhD
Rolf Witzsche
Piers Corbin
Randall Carlson
Graham Hancock
Khabibullo Abdussamatov PhD
David “Diamond” Mauriello
David Talbott - Thunderbolts Project
Roy Spencer PhD
SuperGSMinfo.com
73. PROMINENT EDUCATORS
David “Diamond” Mauriello – Oppenheimer Ranch Project
David DuByne – Adapt2030
ChristianWestbrook – Ice Age Farmer
Ben Davidson – Suspicious 0bservers
David Birch “The Star Man”
The Grand Solar Minimum Channel
Dutchsince
Steve Goddard /Tony Heller
Gene Beard. Mavrick Star. Pole Shift News
David Schlotthauer
SuperGSMinfo.com