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- 1. Indian Art Until 13th century Sandrine Le Bail AP Art History
- 2. India
- 3. Many Religions • Place of birth of Buddhism (but only 2% of the population today) • Hindus (80%) • Muslims • Christians • Jains • Sikhs …
- 4. Many of these religions have in common: • The material world (yoga) is an illusion • The spiritual world (Brahman) is real and everlasting • Achievement through meditation – Reach the Nirvana • Images = aids for meditation • Images = products of meditation
- 5. Buddha
- 7. 1st sermon in the Deer Park in Sarnath
- 9. Bodhisattvas Helpers of Buddha High level of enlightment
- 11. Wheel – Buddha’s law
- 12. Lotus – Buddha’s pure nature
- 13. Columns surrounded by wheel Buddha's teaching
- 16. Standing Buddha, from Gandhara, Afganistan or Pakistan, 2nd-3rd century 1st anthropomorphic representation of Buddha
- 22. Buddha Preaching the First Sermon, Archeological Museum, Sarnath, India, 5th century CE Epicene
- 23. Preaching Mudra
- 25. Characteristics of Buddha statues • Uniformity for centuries • Compact pose • Little negative space • Usually seated in the lotus position (sometimes standing or lying down) • Frontal and symmetrical • Usually detached, in meditation
- 26. Art Works
- 27. Lion Capital from Sarnath, India, c.250 BCE
- 28. Pilar of Ashoka Ashoka was an important king -united almost all India -renounced to violence to follow Buddhism - Erected many pillars
- 30. Stupa Mount shaped shrine with no interior Reliquary
- 31. Great Stupa, Sanchi, India, 3rd century BCE
- 32. Mount Meru
- 34. Vedica imitates a wooden fence 3 Umbrellas = 3 jewels of Buddhism: - Buddha - Buddha’s law - Monastic Orders Torana
- 40. Yakshi – Female deity (Yaksha – Male deity)
- 41. Chaitya Hall Rock-cut in basilican form with a stupa at the end point
- 42. Chaitya Hall
- 43. Chaitya Hall, Karli, India, c.50-70 CE
- 47. Santa Sabina, Rome, 423-432 Chaitya Hall, Karli, 50- 70 CE
- 48. Ajanta Caves, 5th century AD 30 caves carved in the mountain: Chaitya and Vihara (monasteries))
- 57. Different way to spirituality
- 58. Hindu Art
- 59. Hinduism • Only major religion without a founder • Universe is cyclical • Cosmic struggles between Gods, Humans and Demons • Vast pantheon (millions of God) • Personal bond with the deities • Reincarnation • Nirvana
- 60. Hinduism • Infinite variety of the divine • Reincarnation • Nirvana (ultimate release from the cycle of rebirth) • Importance of Karma (quality of behavior in a previous life) • World ruled by Dharma (the law) • Each caste has its own code of conduct
- 61. 3 main gods Brahma – the creator Vishnu- the preserver (10 avatars – most famous Krishna) Shiva- the destructor (3 eyes and one trident)
- 62. Kali Ganesh Devi
- 63. Hindu temples
- 64. Hindu Temple: Rich symbolism • Long preparation to prepare the construction of a temple • Axis: East/west (like sun) • Symbol of the Mount Meru • Abode of the god • “Womb of the World” • Only accessible to priests / not congregational • Cult image in inner sanctuary (garbha griha)
- 65. Temple of Vishnu, Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, early 6th century CE Shikhara = tower
- 66. Garbha Griha = womb where the god is invoked Shrines
- 68. Vishnu sleeping on Ananta,early 6th century 1) Vishnu ( 4 arms) 2) Brahma (4 heads) 3) Shiva and Parvati on a bull 4) Lakshmi
- 73. Temple of Vishnu, Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, early 6th century • Complete integration of architecture and sculpture • Pairs of divine couple (mithuna) appear upon the exterior and the doorways • Sinuous curves and lines of the body • Dance posed
- 74. Orissan Temples (8th-13th century) • Orissa – region in the North East of India • Center of architectural development • By the 8th century, Temples became extremely complex • Temple cities
- 76. Mukteshvar Temple of Shiva, Bhubaneshvar, Orissa, India, c.950
- 77. Mukteshvar Temple of Shiva, Bhubaneshvar, Orissa, India, c.950 Torana
- 79. Angkor Wat, Cambodia, c-113-1150
- 80. Angkor Wat, Cambodia, c-113-1150 Capital city Khmers Built by Suryavarman II Central spire – 200 feet / 61 m Architecture tie to cosmos
- 82. 5 towers = 5 peaks of Mount Meru Moat = ocean The outer wall = Mountain around the world
- 86. Anghor Wat’s Sculpture 13.00 square feet /1.208 m2 Repetitive details Apsaras: Courtesans and dancers S-shaped Voluptuous breath
- 88. Hindu Temple Characteristics • Thick walls • Small interior rooms for the statue • Post and Lintel • Corbelled vaulting • Riche outside decoration : to teach People
- 89. Shiva Nataraja, ca. 11th century Dancing Shiva
- 90. Shiva Nataraja, ca. 11th century Demon of Ignorance Flaming nimbus = world Cobras Drum Flame
- 91. Characteristic of Indian Art • Interconnectiveness of all arts: architecture, painting and sculpture • Monuments = combination of arts • Uniformity of style • Respect of proportions and iconography
Editor's Notes
- Main River Indus and Ganges Lot of Invasion and assimilations 18 languages Hindi spoken by only 20% of the population
- Before 1st century CE – 1st Human (Kushan Period) representation of Buddha (before symbols) Aniconic
- Siddharta Gautama Spiritual force that teaches individual how to cope with a life full of misery Buddha (not a god) – renounce to the royal court Fulfillment through meditation / ascetism Endless cycle of Birth and rebirth – until you reach the supreme spirit Accumulation of spiritual merits: good work, charity, love of beings and religious fervor
- Enlightment under a tress 1st sermon in the Deer Park in Sarnath Set in motion the wheel (Chakra) of the Law (Dharma)
- Helper of buddha Person with a high level of enlightment wheel
- Dharma
- Mud slides off its surface
- Buddha was aniconic until 1st century BCE – Contact with western world
- Kushan empire (Afghanistan / Pakistan and Nothern India) 1st representation anthropomorphic of Buddha Large halo Robe deeply carved rhytmically curving folds Spiritual Ruler Earlobes / ushnisha (topknot) Urna -
- Silk Road Lot of trade with West and influence
- Treatment of the hair different than traditional Buddhist representation No frontality nor symetry
- Gupta Empire - encouraged art and architecture Creation of the stereotyped image of Buddha
- Incredible uniformity of its representation – for Thousand year and across continent Frontal / symmetry Compact pose with little negative space Usually seated (but standing or lying as well) Lotus position Draperies are different from one part to another Tight fitting / one shoulder (diagonal) Mudra – hand gesture codified Ushinisha – top knot Urna – spiral or dot on the frehead – 3rd eye Asana - position
- Chakra on feet Halo or nimbus Mandala – complex support for meditation
- Lotus Pose Preaching mudra ( Compact pose, epicene (both sex) quality Tight-fitting garb Severe /Still Eyeslids lowered
- Setting in motion the dharna
- Predella: 2 groups of monks facing a wheel (symbol of preaching) Important narrative moment: Sakyamuni’s followers returned to Buddha at the sermon in Deer Park Curls (snail shell) Shoulder like elephant trunk
- Archeological Museum Sarnath (north of India) Place where Buddha preached for the 1st time – one of the 4th holiest place of India Column erected along a pilgrimage route to see the holy sites connected with the life of Buddha Inverted lotus blossom – Bell 4 wheels and 4 symbolic animals (lion, horse, elephant and bull) Lions are stylized faces, noses and whiskers Repetitive pattern of the manes Influence from Persepolis, Persia Power of the emperor
- // Trajan Legislative document on stone Emperor // God
- National emblem of India Thruth alone triumph
- Shunga period What is a stupa: mound.-shaped shrine without interior For relics (monks) Originaly – tumulus for the ashes of Buddha Pray walking around clockwise or Eastern direction- Sun’s course Cosmic symbolism
- Center of the world Axis connecting Heaven and Earth
- Stairs to the base of the drum Walkway for circumambulation 4 Toranas / 4 points of the compass
- Dome - heaven On the top : 3 umbrellas – Buddha, Buddha’s law and Monastic Orders (3 Jewels of Buddhism) Originally painted in white Vedica // Wooden fence
- From wooden prototype
- Horror Vacui / High relief No representation of Buddha (aniconic) Emèty throne Tree under which he taught
- North Torana 4 Elephants 2 rectangular posts with 3 architraves Vertical elements Wheel and element tripartite (3 jewels of Buddhism)
- Manguo tree Sensuous – Fertility Pre boudhist representation
- Cut in the mountain / imitation of the free standing building Usually along the main road Chaitya hall – Huge space for congregation
- Chaitya – typology of building To host many devotees cut in rock or not Carved in the mountain (typical Indian) Sexual connotation – penetrating the womb of a mountain
- Stupa at the end with an ambulatory for ritual circumambulation Basilica form with long nave defined by colonnade Capital bell-shaped Base of the column vase – originally in wood and the bases were placed in vases to prevent insects from destroying them Curved rafter – remind of wooden architecture
- Constructed to offer a shelter for large number of devotees 2 kinds if Chaita: cut rock living
- Buddhist monastery 30 caves carved in the mountain Chaitya hall and vihara
- More elaborated than Karli’s Relief and painting
- No light
- 3 layers of plaster Last painted Pigment Little blue (lapi lazuli expensive) Importance of the pictural cycle // Ravenna Political significance
- Padmapani (one who holds the lotus) // Avalokiteshvara (Bodhisattva of Compassion) Blue lotus Noble countenance Naturalism (shadow of the beck) Downcast eyes- humility Graceful curves – Dance rhythms Pointed crown – high caste Royal attribute / great spiritual attainment Sensuous // typical of pre-Bouddhist figure
- Different way to spirituality
- Shiva – creator / desctructo Many avatar Buddha is an Avatar of Vishnu
- Kali is Devi’s avatar Kali – fertility and war and destruction Ganesh is Shiva and Parvati’s son
- Many procedures to prepare a temple Fertile ground Ritual Cows have to pasture… Recitation o Sutra
- Platform One chambered structure 4 altars 4 stairs
- Statue in the Garbha Griha
- Vishnu sleeping (4 arms = power) Sleeping on the Endless snake with 1000 heads (Ananta) His wife, Lakshmi is massaging him the leg (his female side) From his navel : lotus – beginning of the new world / beginning of the time Brahma is going to build the world The demons tried to kill Brahma – they will be killed by Vishnu Shiva and Parvati his wife on a bull
- Underneath – 2 brothers and their wife are fighting against 2 demons Double rhythm: Vishnu still and movement all around
- Vishnu on enthroned on Ananta’s coil His wife stroke his foot
- Richness of the jam of the door Danse Vurve Sensuality
- More elaborated Elevation of typical Orissan temples Corbelled roof
- Only Temple city surviving (500 temples / originally 7000)
- Only Temple city surviving (500 temples / originally 7000) Behind Sacred water Tower . Series of shapes that build to become a large tower
- Capital of Medieval Cambodia Spread of the Hindu art in Cambodia – Patronage of the Khmers Khmer ruler deified during his ownlife time Royal palaces disappeared (perishable material) Bricks and stone Oriented so viewers passing throught the western gate at sunrise on June 21sr would see the sun rise directly over the central tower
- Capital of Medieval Cambodia Spread of the Hindu art in Cambodia – Patronage of the Khmers Khmer ruler deified during his ownlife time Royal palaces disappeared (perishable material) Bricks and stone Oriented so viewers passing throught the western gate at sunrise onJune 21sr would see the sun rise directly over the central tower
- Main pyramid surrouned by 4 corner towers : temple mountain (( Mountain Meru)
- Main pyramid surrouned by 4 corner towers : temple mountain (( Mountain Meru)
- Complex plan Central sanctuary surrouned by 3 enclosures Lika a mandal //
- Corbelled gallery roof
- Elegance Sprituality and erotism Jewel
- Horror Vacui Repetition of shape
- MET Vigourously dancing with one foot on a dwarf, the demon of Ignorance
- MET Periodicly destroy universe so it can be reborn again He unfolds the universe out of the drum primordial vibrating sound of creation Flame he consuming fire of dynamic destruction 3rd eye