2. What chemical can be added to a hygroscopic
substance to prevent it from absorbing any water?
There's no way to modify most hygroscopic substances to be not hygroscopic
without fundamentally changing their character. In industry we add desiccants as a
sort of sacrificial hygroscopic substance, we seal against water impingement, and
we will heat to drive off water.
The one limited case I can think of is for a hydrophilic polymeric substance with an
expandable matrix (obviously not black powder), where we could reach a point
where no further water could be absorbed by crosslinking the polymer to a
greater degree. However, this is something that occurs during synthesis, not after,
it isn't a matter of a single chemical, and for that matter greater amounts of
crosslinks modify the physical and chemical properties of the polymer.
3. Magnesium bromide (MgBr2) is a chemical compound of magnesium and bromine
that is white and deliquescent.
Synthesis
Magnesium bromide can be synthesized by reacting hydro bromic acid with
magnesium oxide and crystallizing the product. It can also be made by reacting
magnesium carbonate and hydro bromic acid, and collecting the solid left after
evaporation.
4. Properties
Chemical formula MgBr2 (anhydrous)
MgBr2·6H2O (hexahydrate)
Molar mass 184.113 g/mol (anhydrous)
292.204 g/mol (hexahydrate)
Appearance white hygroscopic hexagonalcrystals (anhydrous) colorless monoclinic crystals
(hexahydrate)
Density 3.72 g/cm
3
(anhydrous)
2.07 g/cm
3
(hexahydrate)
Melting point 711 °C (1,312 °F; 984 K) 172.4 °C, decomposes (hexahydrate)
Boiling point 1,250 °C (2,280 °F; 1,520 K)
Solubility in water 102 g/100 mL (anhydrous)
316 g/100 mL (0 °C, hexahydrate)
Solubility ethanol: 6.9 g/100 mL
methanol: 21.8 g/100 mL
5. if you dissolve the salt magnesium bromide (MgBr2) in water, the magnesium
atoms and the bromine atoms dissociate from each other as positively-charged
magnesium ions (Mg2+) and negatively charged bromide ions (Br1-).
When water molecules surround the magnesium ions, what side of each water
molecule will be directed towards them, the hydrogen or oxygen side? The oxygen
side will be directed towards the magnesium ions because the magnesium ions
have a positive charge that will attract the negatively charged side of the water
molecule.
6. Anhydrous Magnesium bromide is very hygroscopic and forms a series of
crystalline hydrate Mgbr2.nH2o.
It is water-soluble and somewhat soluble in alcohol
7. Physical Properties
Melting point : 711°C
Boiling point : 1158°C
Physical state at room temperature: crystalline
solid
Colour : white
Density : 3.72g/cm³
Solubility in water : 102g/100mL
Electrical conductivity : poor in solid , good in
liquid
[ ]Br
x
X
[ ]Mg Br[ ]
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ionic
Compound
8. Interesting or special characteristics of MgBr2
☻ Magnesium bromide (MgBr2) is water soluble and somewhat
soluble in alcohol.
☻ It can be found naturally in small amounts in some minerals such
as: bischofite and carnallite, and in sea water, such as that of the
Dead Sea.
☻ Magnesium bromide can be synthesized by reacting hydrobromic
acid with magnesium oxide and crystallizing the product. It can
also be made by reacting magnesium carbonate and hydrobromic
acid, and collecting the solid left after evaporation.
☻ An alternative route is adding magnesium to a solution of liquid
ammonia and sodium bromide, then evaporating the solvent off
and collecting the precipitate.
Chemical Properties
Potential Hazard : Irritant
9. Magnesium Bromide Hexahydrate
Compound Formula Br2H12MgO6
Molecular Weight 292.204 g/mol
Appearance Colorless Monoclinic Crystals
Melting Point 165 °C (329 °F)
Boiling Point N/A
Density 2 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O Very Soluble in H2O; Soluble in EtOH
Exact Mass N/A
Monoisotopic Mass 289.885101
Charge N/A
10. Magnesium Bromide
Compound Formula Br2Mg
Molecular Weight 184.11
Appearance White light brown solid
Melting Point 711° C (1,312° F)
Boiling Point N/A
Density 3.72 g/cm3
Exact Mass 183.819671
Monoisotopic Mass 181.821717
11. • Magnesium Bromide is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Ultra high purity, high purity, submicron and nano powder forms may be
considered. Hydrate or anhydrous forms may be purchased. Most metal
bromide compounds are water soluble for uses in water treatment, chemical
analysis and in ultra high purity for certain crystal growth applications.
Bromide in an aqueous solution can be detected by adding carbon disulfide
(CS2) and chlorine
• MgBr2 A deliquescent salt in the form of colorless hexagonal crystals that are
soluble in water and absolute alcohol.
12. Rheological and calorimetric study of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide-sodium salicylate
wormlike micelles in aqueous binary systems.
• It is known that additives like glycerol and sucrose lead to the swelling of aqueous bilayer Lα
phases. The swelling of the Lα phases can be explained by the increase of the refractive
index of the mixed solvent, which lowers the van der Waals attraction between the bilayers.
Afterwards, the undulation forces between the bilayers can push them apart. This hypothesis
was previously extended to wormlike micelles (WLM) of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
(CTAB) and sodium salicylate (NaSal). These types of self-assembly structures have
viscoelastic properties, and the zero shear viscosity of these solutions is dependent on the
molar ratio NaSal/CTAB,
• XPERIMENTS: Herein, we present the zero-shear viscosity diagrams of NaSal and CTAB with
glycerol, sucrose, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-butanediol and urea combined with water. Additionally,
isothermal titration calorimetry was used to obtain the variations of enthalpy for formation of
WLM of TTAB and NaSal in mixtures of water and such additives.
13. • Bromides are chemical compounds containing bromide, the anion of bromine with a -1 charge. The
bromide form of any metal is generally soluble in water, and thus bromides are frequently used as
soluble sources of the metals they contain.
• Neodymium Bromide (NdBr)Bromides are often used when the chloride or nitrate form of a given
element is hazardous. This has become increasingly the case with the advent of new green chemistry
and hazardous materials legislation such as the REACH program in the European Union. For example,
bromides are now being used in many catalytic, electronic, coating and biomedical applications in
replacement of other soluble forms for this reason.
14. Drying agents (also called desiccants) come in various forms and have found
widespread use in the foods, pharmaceuticals, packing, electronics and many
manufacturing industries. A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or
sustains a state of dryness in its vicinity. Ideally, it is chemically stable and chemically
inert (i.e., silica). Unfortunately, this is not always the case in the chemistry lab because
the drying agent comes into direct contact with the solvent and the chemical.
Commonly used drying agents in organic laboratories are calcium chloride
(CaCl2), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) calcium sulfate (CaSO4, also known as Drierite)
and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), all in their anhydrous form. How do they
work? All four of them readily form hydrates at low temperatures according to
15. Hygroscopy and Deliquescence
Hygroscopic and deliquescent materials are both able to absorb moisture from
the air. However, hygroscopy and deliquescence don't mean precisely the same
thing. Hygroscopic materials absorb moisture, but deliquescent materials absorb
moisture to the extent the substance dissolves in water. Deliquescence may be
considered an extreme form of hygroscopy.
A hygroscopic material will become damp and may stick to itself or become
cakey, while a deliquescent material will liquefy.
16. Mixing hopper is a special equipment to prepare suitable drilling fluid by adding
chemicals and then changing the fluid density, viscosity.
Mud mixing hopper has two types, one is cyclone mixing hopper which is also
called swirl mixing hopper with features such as high mixing efficiency and fast
feeding speed. And the other is jet mixing hopper that has high mixing efficiency
and high pressure at outlet, especially working with shear pump.
17. To be hygroscopic means a substance is able to absorb or adsorb water from its
surroundings. Typically, this occurs at or near ordinary room temperature. Most
hygroscopic materials are salts,
When water vapor is absorbed the water molecules are taken into the molecules of
the substance, often resulting in physical changes, such as increased volume.
Color, boiling point, temperature, and viscosity may also change. When water
vapor is adsorbed, the water molecules remain on the surface of the material.
18. Zinc Bromide
Compound Formula Br2Zn
Molecular Weight 225.19
Appearance White Powder
Melting Point 394° C (741.2° F)
Boiling Point 697° C (1,287° F)
Density N/A
Exact Mass N/A
Monoisotopic Mass 221.765808
Charge N/A
19. Zinc/Calcium Bromide
•
• Zinc/calcium bromide is a two salt (CaBr2 ZnBr2) clear, solids free brine fluid of 19.2 lbs/gal
density used in completion fluids. It is used in completion fluids and offers the following
features and benefits:
• It is non-damaging to the formation,
• It is thermally and chemically stable, and
• It can be blended with other solutions containing bromides and chlorides.
• Zinc/calcium bromide can be used with other bromides and chlorides to prepare non-
damaging fluids with densities ranging from 15.1 to 19.2 lbs/gal
20. Zinc Bromide
• Zinc Bromide is a clear, solid-free brine fluid with minimum density of 19.2
lbs/gal. It is used in completion fluids and offers the following features and
benefits:It is non-damaging to the formation,
• It is thermally and chemically stable, and
• It can be blended with other solutions containing bromides and chlorides.
• Zinc Bromide can be used with other bromides and chlorides to prepare non-
damaging fluids with densities ranging from 15.1 lbs/gal to 19.2 lbs/gal.
21. Calcium Bromide
Compound Formula Br2Ca
Molecular Weight 199.89
Appearance -10 mesh beads
Melting Point 730° C (1,346° F)
Boiling Point 1,935° C (3,515° F)
Density 3.353 g/cm3
Exact Mass 199.79722
Monoisotopic Mass 197.799266
Calcium Bromide Properties (Theoretical)
22. Manganese Bromide
Compound Formula Br2Mn
Molecular Weight 214.75
Appearance Powder or chunks
Melting Point 698 °C (1288 °F)
Boiling Point 1027 °C (1881 °F)
Density 4.385 g/cm3
Exact Mass 214.772678
Monoisotopic Mass 212.774725
23. Calcium Bromide
•Calcium bromide (CaBr2) is a single salt clear brine fluid of 14.2 lbs/gal density. Calcium
bromide has the following features/benefits:It is non-damaging to the formation,
•It is thermally and chemically stable,
•It can be blended with other solutions containing bromides and chlorides, and
•It contains 52 percent by weight calcium bromide in solution.
Calcium bromide can be used with calcium chloride brines and dry calcium chloride to
formulate non-damaging fluids of densities from 11.7 lbs/gal to 15.1 lbs/gal.
24. Zinc Phosphate
Compound Formula O8P2Zn3
Molecular Weight 386.08
Appearance White powder and/or chunks
Melting Point 900 °C
Boiling Point °C
Density 3.998 g/cm3
Exact Mass 383.69117
Monoisotopic Mass 381.69428
