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1. Cover Page. Write the title of the U.S and the international
projects and the names
of the team members. (1 page-Cover Page format will be
provided by the instructor)
2. Table of contents. (1 page)
3. The main body of the paper should include the following (8 -
12 pages):
I. Introduction
i. Purpose of the projects. Why were they built? Identify who
designed
them, who constructed them, when was the construction started
and
completed, how much did it cost.
II. Technical discussion
i. Describe the main functions of the projects.
ii. Design.

1. Describe the engineering design solutions for the projects
a. Structural design. What are the unique aspects of the
structures? Include design drawings, if available
b. Foundation design. What type of foundation was used
and why? Include design details, if available
c. Others. Include important design features.
2. Compare the projects and analyze the impact of local
cultural, societal and environmental issues on the
specific design solutions adopted for the project in
both countries(i.e. availability of materials, different
design and environmental impact standards,
population issues etc.)
iii. Construction.
1. Describe the construction work for each project and compare
the construction processes in the two countries.
2. Highlight the features of each project that made it unique.
III. Conclusion
i. Provide a brief summary of the projects. What are the major
issues
that engineers faced with the projects?
ii. How were they solved and what is the unique aspect of the
solution?
iii. What did you learn from this project?
IV. References. Use at least five references to describe the
engineering design
aspect of the identified projects. References from journals and
technical

reports are required.
You may include relevant tables and figures.
NOTE: 40 points will be deducted from the grade if the
component highlighted in
bold is missing.
6
Project References:
1. Burj Khalifa
a. Aldred, J. (2010). Burj Khalifa - A new high for high-
Performance concretej. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers.,163(2), 66-73.
b. Abdelrazaq, A. (2010). Structures Congress 2010. American
Society of Civil Engineers.
c. https://www.som.com/projects/burj_khalifa
d. https://csengineermag.com/article/design-and-construction-
of-the-world-s-tallest-building-the-burj-dubai/
Burj Khalifa construction and unique design articles, discussing
those unique methods to build the world’s tallest tower.
2. WTC Twin Towers
a. Usmani, A. (2003). How did the WTC towers collapse: A new
theory. Fire Safety Journal., 38(6), 501-533.
b. Chapman, E. (2006). Thoughts on the twin towers collapse.
Fire Engineering., 159(1), 204-206.
c. De Luca, A. (2005). Improvement of Buildings' Structural
Quality by New Technologies - Proceedings of the Final
Conference of COST Action C12.
The WTC Twin Towers’ Collapse raised many questions about
the way it collapsed and how it happened the way it did
Running head: PHYSICAL SMILE AND ANXIOUS MOOD

1
PHYSICAL SMILE AND ANXIOUS MOOD
13
Physical Smile And Anxious Mood
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Physical Smile And Anxious Mood
ABSTRACT
People who experience mood disorders often go to hospitals for
treatment and use a lot of medicine to improve the situation.
Sometimes, their condition persists whereas at other times even

when medicine is working it causes detrimental side effects. We
conceptually engaged 67 participants in a study where small
smile for 20, big smile for 22, and no smile was 25. Using the
25 questionnaire, one-way ANOVA process analysis, and
between-subjects design, it was possible to test the hypothesis if
participants are made to physically smile as widely as they can,
they will feel less anxious than the small smile and no smile
group. The findings in this study suggest that forced smile and
laughter positively impacts on people with mood disorders.
INTRODUCTION
The King James Bible “A merry heart does good like a
medicine, but a broken spirit dries the bones.” (Proverbs 17:22).
Such a statement ignites the need to establish the reality of the
religious assertion.
Statement of research problem:Depression, anxiety, bipolar
disorder, irritability, affective liability and other mood
disorders are serious problems that result in a lot of challenges
in the life of a human being. According to DeRubeis, Lorenzo-
Luaces & Strunk (2016) mood disorders are among the most
unadmirable conditions that affect human beings. These

conditions create discomfort in the life of the person affected
hence resulting in both short-term and long-term effects. Unless
they are controlled mood disorders could result in suicide,
loneliness, self-injury, sleep disorders among other issues.
People with anxiety and major depression problems undergo a
lot of medication, they take a lot of pills some of which have
side-effects.
Besides, after exposure to DBT book has driven me to like and
have an interest in issues of facial expressions and mood. My
psychology councilor told me to act like I am smiling so that it
can make me feel happier and I been practicing this. So far, I
find it does help me feel happier. If my facial expression is sad
or mad, it will make me sad or mad. If smiling can decline
depressed anxiety and mood, then it would be essential to
research into to it so that a cheap, simple, and healthy
prescription saves people with mood conditions as well as those
who have the potential of developing such.
The research Question:
1. Do facial expressions change people’s mood?
2. Can the physical act of smiling as widely as you can decrease
anxious mood more than a smaller smile and no smile?
Literature review
Borod (2006) opines that the brain of a human being is set to
have a positive response to a smile or laughter hence generate
‘feel-good’ chemicals that can serve in people with depression.
The wiring is sturdy hence the brain responds when one smiles
to self in the mirror or stimulates laughing enthusiastically.
Smiling and feeling triggers a reciprocal good feeling for the
body mimics what the mind holds (Takanagi, 2007). A smile or
laughter ignites the release of a neurotransmitter, dopamine
which generates a happiness
Lin, Hu, & Gong (2015) conducted a study on eleven
undergraduate student that had minor depression in which there
that then generates compassion, joy, bonding, tolerance,
unconditional love, and generosity, a therapy to bad moods, are
three groups of samples within the Duchenne, Standard and no

smile group. As such, the study illustrated that Duchenne smile
declines the event-related potentials (ERP) amplitude. In the
long run a smile helps an individual with depressed mood feel
better.
Another study conducted by Neuhoff & Scharfer (2002)
researches into the impact of forced laughter on mood in
comparison to laughter with smiling and howling as mood-
improving activities. Among the twenty-two adults of ages 21 to
43 who took part, it was noted that howling never greatly
improved mood but laughing and smiling enhanced substantial
impact on mood. Thus, if forced to laugh or smile, an individual
can have a positive influence on depression.
Kleinke, Peterson, & Rutledge (1998) on the other hand, used
129 participants who looked at photos of individuals involved in
negative or positive facial expressions. The samples fall into
three groups that included a control group (maintaining neutral
facial expressions), those looking at themselves in a mirror
while engaging a positive facial expression and those who are
not viewing themselves in a mirror while engaged positive
facial expression. The communication of facial expression was
video recorded after which the researcher found out that when
partakers involved positive facial manifestation, they will have
a positive mood.
Padberg, Juckel, et al (2001) uses a repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation to experiment on prefrontal cortex
modulation of emotions. In the test, the focus was on checking
is self-rated mood and emotionally induced facial expressions
using nine participants aged 24 to 38.Through computerized
evaluation of self-rating on mood, it was realized that there are
lateralized changed in the facial expressions following the
stimulation while such changes of subjective mood ratings never
exposed a hemispheric lateralization. Thus, an integration of the
rTMS and facial expressions need to be studied on cortical
modulation of human emotions.
In another research by Gehricke & Shapiro (2000) eleven
female patients aged 21 to 37 with major depressed and eleven

patients aged 20 to 38 with nondepressed were used in
examining social contextual differences in activities of facial
muscle and self-reported emotion. The participants had to
imagine sad and happy situations without and with visualizing
others. There was reduction of brow and cheek region in
depresses as compared to nondepressed patients during sad and
happy imagery while self-reported emotion exhibited no group
variations. For both groups, happy imagery brought about
smiling and self-reported happiness while sad imagery
presented a lot frowns and self-reported sadness. There was an
increase in smiles and self-reported happiness when one is
happy in comparison to happy-solitary imagery in the two
groups. There was no social context variation in frowning
despite the fact that there was an increase in self-rated sadness
in the sad-social versus sad-solitary imagery.
The rationale and purpose of the investigation: A study into
feelings or emotions and how they enhance healthiness is
essential as it aims at acquiring a better solution towards mood
disorders.
Statement of hypotheses: The study is built on the hypothesis: If
participants are made to physically smile as widely as they can,
they will feel less anxious than the small smile and no smile
group. IV: Size of smile: The study makes use of three levels:
no smile, big smile, and small smile. DV: The difference
between the pre-test and post-test results for the Clinical
Anxiety Scale. Scale of measurement: interval scale
METHOD
Participants:We had 110 participants participated in our
Research, After we delete the ones who didn’t finish the study
and failed attention check question, only 67 of them left. And
they are unevenly distribute in each group, 25 in control group,
22 in big smile group, 20 in small smile group.
The participants were 67 with 23 male, 44 female. In terms of
age, 60 participants were aged 18-30, 5 were aged 31-45, while
2 were aged 45 above. Consider the distribution below:

Procedures: It is Single Factor Three-Level Design, The study
will utilize one-way ANOVA process of analysis because there
is an analysis between-subjects, and there are three levels of the
independent variable. it is Computer Qualtrics random
assignment, the material We use Clinical Anxiety Scale and we
Only used the instruction of Physically control smile muscle,
but no other stimulus like picture, sound or video. There will be
usage of an interval scale of measurement for the dependent
variable.
The study uses between-Subjects designsince within-Subjects
design situations have an effect dependent variable. When a
participant physically makes a big smile on the face, they will
experience improved mood, and it affects the other small smile
responses.
The study will have control group who will not smile at all. The
process will ensure there is internal validity since in case there
is a change in anxious mood amongst the big/small smiling
condition, confirmation that this was due to the smile and
nothing else will be possible.
After we got all the data we need, we use 3 groups pre-test
score subtract 3 groups post-test score. After we got the data,
we input all the data to SPSS.
Operational definitions include: In the study there will be
manipulation of the independent variable since every participant
will be made to have a distinct smile or not to smile at all. So
For the Independent Variables—The control group was
instructed to do nothing only countdown from ten seconds;The
small smile group was instructed to slightly smile with no teeth
showing for 10 seconds;The big smile group was instructed to
smile as widely as they can to the point their cheeks rise up to
the ear for 10 seconds; The dependent variable will be
operationalized through the difference anxious scores between

the pre-test and post-test results for the Clinical Anxiety Scale.
The study will rely on Clinical Anxiety Scale, it has 25
questions to measure currently anxiety feeling. each questions
have 5 levels with having “None or a little of the time,” “Some
of the time,” “A good part of the time,” and “Most or ALL of
the time.” See Appendix for the questionnaire.
Order of Procedure: In the study process, First we informed
participants what they need to know about this research, and
instruct them how to do it. They been informed there will be
utilization of a survey in form of a questionnaire before and
after the 10-second task. Each participant will fill it out as
accurately and candid as possible. The responses to the
questionnaire will have to be as reflective of the current state.
When the next is clicked, it will offer direction to the first
questionnaire.
Then Qualtrics Random assign to three groups, between our pre-
test and post test, there is a 10 second task Random assign to
three groups. Pre-test and Post-test were a Clinical Anxiety
Scale with 25 questions. In the end, we have geographic
questions and debrief.
RESULTS
Descriptive Statistics
The Inferential Statistics show that there is a difference of
situations based on the smile size. In the statistical analysis, the
median is the control group is 6.00, whereas that of big smile is
8.00 and that is small smile is 9.00. On the other hand the mean
of the three are 4.68, 7.73 and 15.80 respectively. The variance
are 30.477, 43.827, and 428.589 whereas the standard
deviations are 5.521, 43.827 and 20.702 in that order. This
means that hierarchically, smiling more and greatly enhances
less depression. The 95% Confidence Interval for Mean is…..
Control Group:
Mean: 4.68;
Medium: 6.00;

SD: 5.521;
SE: 1.104
95% Confidence Interval for Mean (Lower Bound: 2.40 Upper
Bound: 6.96)
Big smile Group:
Mean: 7.73;
Medium: 8.00;
SD: 6.620;
SE: 1.411
Bound: 10.66)
small smile Group:
Mean: 15.80;
Medium: 9.00;
SD: 20.702;
SE: 4.629
Bound: 25.49)
Inferential statistics
P-value from the one-way ANOVA came out to be 0.013, which
is less than p=0.05. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis,
which states that there is no difference between the three levels
Post Hoc Test: p-value for the comparison between the small
smile and control group came out to be 0.011, which is less than
p=0.05. Hence, we reject the null hypothesis, which stated that
there is no statistically significant difference between the small
smile and control group
Post Hoc Test: p-values for the comparison between the big
smile group versus the control group came out to be 0.678,
which is greater than p=0.05, so we failed to reject the null

hypothesis.
Post Hoc Test: p-values for the comparison between the big
smile group versus the small smile group came out to be 0.095,
which is greater than p=0.05, so we failed to reject the null
hypothesis.
A correctly formatted table or figure
My raw SPSS output
DISCUSSION
Re-statement of your hypothesis
Null hypothesis: The level of smile does not affect the level of
anxious mood. Alternative hypothesis: The level of smile does
affect the level of anxious mood ----If participants are made to
physically smile as widely as they can, they will feel less
anxious than the small smile and no smile group. (greater
difference between the pre-test and post-test)
· IV: Size of smile
· Its levels have three levels: no smile, big smile, and small
smile.
· DV: The difference scores between the pre-test and post-test
results for the Clinical Anxiety Scale. (Scale of measurement:
interval scale)

A brief interpretation of your results and implications of those
findings
Result: P-value from the one-way ANOVA came out to be
0.013, which is less than p=0.05. Therefore, we reject the null
hypothesis, which states that there is no difference between the
three levels. In Post Hoc Test, p-value for the comparison
between the small smile and control group came out to be 0.011,
which is less than p=0.05. Hence, we reject the null hypothesis,
which stated that there is no statistically significant difference
between the small smile and control group.
Implication: Bigger smiles do not induce greater changes in
anxious mood; Even though Small Smile group induce greater
changes in anxious mood, But in small smile group there have 2
participants score is extremely high, It might because they are
try to rush finish survey, or because at that moment they feel
our task really help them decrease anxiety. But it might not or
hard to happen again at second time.
A brief critique of your methodology identifying the limitations
of your research
First, Internal Validity threat
Confounds. Different anxious level；different location (in the
office or home)；different time of the day doing survey;
Geographic factors: Uneven numbers of gender and age group;
and other unobservable confounds like socioeconomic status,
intelligence, personality traits and so on
Second,Construct Validity threat
Operationalize Define Deficiency---- smile for 10 seconds
might be too short. and Big-smile group operational defines
might cause participants feel uncomfortable to lift smile muscle
for 10 seconds.
Participant Bias --- Participants might find out what this

experiment is about, it is a Demand Characteristics.
Validity of measurementDeficiency – we did not correctly
measure participant’s current anxious mood. Some of them
confuse the questions of the survey.
Third, External Validity threat
We have Small Sample Size, andour sample selection is
Nonprobability Sampling, we used Convenience sampling and
snowball sampling, which caused the sample cannot represent
the target population. So our research cannot generalize to other
persons, places and times.
Anxiety and mood disorders are serious illnesses that have
severe effects on the patients. Seeking a solution to this
problem rather than usage of medicine, which cause side
effects, is better. The study was conducted with the aim of
determining the relationship between smiling/laughing with
depression. Based on the hypothesis: If participants are made to
physically smile as widely as they can, they will feel less
anxious than the small smile and no smile, the study has.
Out of the Sample size of 67 people there were 25 in the
Control group. Amongst them 22 displayed a big smile whereas
20 exhibited a small smile. The group that did not smile did not
see any difference in their stress and mood situations and
levels. On the other hand, those with a small smile exhibited a
certain level of relaxation in their depressive moods whereas
those with the big smile reported to see a big difference
between before and current in their stress levels when they had
smiled. The study was limited by the sampling bias and pre-
determination of what the participants would do, it is possible
that some only reacted based on the instructions. However, the
study implies that people should be encouraged to smile often
and the biggest size possible so as to have better mood
Future directions for research

The study was limited by time and utilization of one study
approach. It is suitable that in future anyone conducting a
research on smile and depression utilizes both observation and
surveys so as to acquire reliable findings. Besides, other related
facial expressions should be tested to prove whether it is a
smile or other variables that enhance low depression in
individuals.
Some potential follow-up ideas/future directions
First, we need to avoid Internal Validity Threat, control
Confounding variables, (for example, all participants doing at
the lab at the same time)
Second, avoid the Construct Validity Threat, build a better
Operationalize Definition, (for example, instead of 10 second
smile at only one time, we could ask them smile in certain time
on several consecutive days.) and avoid Participant Bias, have a
reliable and cleared Measurement. (Like use better anxiety
scale)
Third, avoid Sampling Bias, such as more participants, and try
to use probability sampling to make the samples represent the
target population.
Fourth, try to use multiple-level ANOVA or Factorial 3-
way design
References
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