Glycolysis
By
Asar Khan
M.Sc (zoology)
AWKUM
Definition
Derived from Greek word
Glykys = Sweet
Lysis = splitting
The process in cell metabolism by which
carbohydrates and sugars, especially
glucose, are broken down, producing Glucose = (C6H12O6)
ATP and pyruvic acid and two "high
energy" electron carrying molecules
of NADH.
10 Steps involves in Glycolysis
Step 1
The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group to) glucose in the cell's cytoplasm.
Step 2
The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose 6-phosphate into its isomer fructose 6-phosphate.
Step 3
The enzyme phosphofructokinase uses another ATP molecule to transfer a phosphate group to fructose 6-phosphate to form fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate.
Step 4
The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate.
Step 5
The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase rapidly inter-converts the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate.
Glyceraldehyde phosphate is removed / used in next step of Glycolysis.
Net result for steps 4 and 5:
Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate↔ 2 molecules of Glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1)
Step 6
enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase
enzyme transfers a hydrogen (H-) from glyceraldehyde phosphate to (NAD+) to form NADH.
Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 H- + 2 NAD+ → 2 NADH + 2 H+
Next triose phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate (P) from the cytosol to the oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate to form
1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate.
TPD+ 2P + 2 glyceraldehyde phosphate → 2 molecules of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Step 7
The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfers a P from
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to a molecule of ADP to form ATP
This happen for each molecule of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
Result in step 6: 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1) + 2 ATP
Step 8
The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the P from 3-phosphoglycerate from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd carbon to form
2-phosphoglycerate.
2 molecules of 2-Phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1)
Step 9
The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP).
Result: 2 molecules of C3H3O3P1
Step 10
The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from PEP to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP
Result in step 10: 2 molecules of 2 ATP + 2NADH
Net energyATP utilizedATP produced2 ATP2ATP
From glucose to glucose -6-p.
From fructose -6-p to fructose 1,6 p.4 ATP
(Substrate level phosphorylation) 2ATP from 1,3 DPG.
2ATP from phosphoenol pyruvateIn absence of oxygen (anaerobic glycolysis)6 A ...
Role Of Transgenic Animal In Target Validation-1.pptx
GlycolysisBy Asar KhanM.Sc (zoology)AWKUMDefin.docx
1. Glycolysis
By
Asar Khan
M.Sc (zoology)
AWKUM
Definition
Derived from Greek word
Glykys = Sweet
Lysis = splitting
The process in cell metabolism by which
carbohydrates and sugars, especially
glucose, are broken down, producing
Glucose = (C6H12O6)
ATP and pyruvic acid and two "high
energy" electron carrying molecules
of NADH.
10 Steps involves in Glycolysis
Step 1
The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group
to) glucose in the cell's cytoplasm.
2. Step 2
The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose 6-
phosphate into its isomer fructose 6-phosphate.
Step 3
The enzyme phosphofructokinase uses another ATP molecule to
transfer a phosphate group to fructose 6-phosphate to form
fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate.
Step 4
The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two
sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are
dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate.
Step 5
The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase rapidly inter-converts
the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde
phosphate.
Glyceraldehyde phosphate is removed / used in next step of
Glycolysis.
3. Net result for steps 4 and 5:
Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate↔ 2 molecules of Glyceraldehyde
phosphate (C3H5O3P1)
Step 6
enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase
enzyme transfers a hydrogen (H-) from glyceraldehyde
phosphate to (NAD+) to form NADH.
Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 H- + 2 NAD+ → 2
NADH + 2 H+
Next triose phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate (P)
from the cytosol to the oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate to
form
1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate.
TPD+ 2P + 2 glyceraldehyde phosphate → 2 molecules of
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Step 7
The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfers a P from
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to a molecule of ADP to form ATP
This happen for each molecule of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
4. Result in step 6: 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate
(C3H5O4P1) + 2 ATP
Step 8
The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the P from 3-
phosphoglycerate from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd carbon to form
2-phosphoglycerate.
2 molecules of 2-Phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1)
Step 9
5. The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-
phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP).
Result: 2 molecules of
C3H3O3P1
Step 10
The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from PEP to ADP to
form pyruvic acid and ATP
Result in step 10: 2 molecules of 2 ATP +
2NADH
Net energyATP utilizedATP produced2 ATP2ATP
6. From glucose to glucose -6-p.
From fructose -6-p to fructose 1,6 p.4 ATP
(Substrate level phosphorylation) 2ATP from 1,3 DPG.
2ATP from phosphoenol pyruvateIn absence of oxygen
(anaerobic glycolysis)6 ATP
Or
8 ATP2ATP
-From glucose to glucose -6-p.
From fructose -6-p to fructose 1,6 p.4 ATP
(substrate level phosphorylation)
2ATP from 1,3 BPG.
2ATP from phosphoenol pyruvate.In presence of oxygen
(aerobic glycolysis)+ 4ATP or 6ATP
(from oxidation of 2 NADH + H in mitochondria).
Energy Production of Glycolysis
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MegaStat charts.Boxplot 1/28/2010
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83988Boxplot 1/28/2010
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851.5180628061669.53669.51737.753737.751919.753919.75198
83988Dotplot 1/28/2010
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52815381618162817181728173818181918192821182218231826
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9. 1. Chapter 8 – Problem 44
2. Chapter 8 – Problem 48
3. Chapter 9 – Problem 56
4. Chapter 9 – Problem 66
5. Chapter 9 – Problem 71
6. Chapter 9 Case A – Century National Bank
For problems requiring computations, please ensure that your
Excel file includes the associated cell computations and/or
statistics output. This information is needed in order to receive
full credit on these problems.
Submit output in one Excel file.
44. An economist uses the price of a gallon of milk as a
measure of inflation. She finds that the average price is $3.82
per gallon and the population standard deviation is $0.33. You
decide to sample 40 convenience stores, collect their prices for
a gallon of milk, and compute the mean price for the sample.
a. What is the standard error of the mean in this experiment?
b. What is the probability that the sample mean is between
$3.78 and $3.86?
c. What is the probability that the difference between the
sample mean and the population mean is less than $0.01?
d. What is the likelihood the sample mean is greater than $3.92?
48. Refer to the Lincolnville School District bus data.
Information provided by manufacturers of school buses suggests
the mean maintenance cost per year is $4,400 per bus with a
standard deviation of $1,000. Compute the mean maintenance
cost for the Lincolnville buses. Does the Lincolnville data seem
to be in line with that reported by the manufacturer?
Specifically, what is the probability of Lincolnville’s mean
annual maintenance cost, or greater, given the manufacturer’s
data?
56. Families USA, a monthly magazine that discusses issues
related to health and health costs, surveyed 20 of its
subscribers. It found that the annual health insurance premiums
for a family with coverage through an employer averaged
10. $10,979. The standard deviation of the sample was $1,000.
a. Based on this sample information, develop a 90% confidence
interval for the population mean yearly premium.
b. How large a sample is needed to find the population mean
within $250 at 99% confidence?
66. Near the time of an election, a cable news service performs
an opinion poll of 1,000 prob-able voters. It shows that the
Republican contender has an advantage of 52% to 48%.
a. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the proportion
favoring the Republican candidate.
b. Estimate the probability that the Democratic candidate is
actually leading.
c. Repeat the above analysis based on a sample of 3,000
probable voters.
71. Refer to the Lincolnville School District bus data.
a. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the mean bus
maintenance cost.
b. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the mean bus
odometer miles.
c. Write a business memo to the state transportation official to
report your results.
Century National Bank: Refer to the description of Century
National Bank (below marked reference) When Mr. Selig took
over as president of Century several years ago, the use of debit
cards was just beginning. He would like an update on the use of
these cards. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the
proportion of customers using these cards. On the basis of the
confidence interval, is it reason-able to conclude that more than
half of the customers use a debit card? Write a brief report
interpreting the results.
REFERENCE:
This information listed below is to help guide the Century
National Bank information listed above. You do not need to
complete the questions below **Just a reference** also use the
excel sheet for the data**
A(Century National Bank Review page 129 use this information
11. to answer the question above) The following case will appear in
subsequent review sections. Assume that you work in the
Planning Department of the Century National Bank and report
to Ms. Lamberg. You will need to do some data analysis and
prepare a short written report. Remember, Mr. Selig is the
president of the bank, so you will want to ensure that your
report is complete and accurate. A copy of the data appears in
Appendix A.6 (Attachedin excel). Century National Bank has
offices in several cities in the Midwest and the southeastern part
of the United States. Mr. Dan Selig, president and CEO, would
like to know the characteristics of his checking account
customers. What is the balance of a typical customer? How
many other bank services do the checking ac-count customers
use? Do the customers use the ATM ser-vice and, if so, how
often? What about debit cards? Who uses them, and how often
are they used? To better understand the customers, Mr. Selig
asked Ms. Wendy Lamberg, director of planning, to select a
sample of customers and prepare a report. To begin, she has
appointed a team from her staff. You are the head of the team
and responsible for preparing the report. You select a random
sample of 60 customers. In addition to the balance in each
account at the end of last month, you determine (1) the number
of ATM (automatic teller machine) transactions in the last
month; (2) the number of other bank ser-vices (a savings
account, a certificate of deposit, etc.) the customer uses; (3)
whether the customer has a debit card (this is a bank service in
which charges are made directly to the customer’s account); and
(4) whether or not interest is paid on the checking account. The
sample includes customers from the branches in Cincinnati,
Ohio; Atlanta, Georgia; Louisville, Kentucky; and Erie,
Pennsylvania. 1. Develop a graph or table that portrays the
checking balances. What is the balance of a typical customer?
Do many customers have more than $2,000 in their accounts?
Does it appear that there is a difference in the distribution of
the accounts among the four branches? Around what value do
the account balances tend to cluster? 2. Determine the mean and
12. median of the checking ac-count balances. Compare the mean
and the median balances for the four branches. Is there a
difference among the branches? Be sure to explain the
difference between the mean and the median in your report. 3.
Determine the range and the standard deviation of the checking
account balances. What do the first and third quartiles show?
Determine the coefficient of skewness and indicate what it
shows. Because Mr. Selig does not deal with statistics daily,
include a brief description and interpretation of the standard
deviation and other measures.
