This topic is about the westernization and leaders who were mentioned at that time.

2.  The Ottoman empire consisted of the Balkans
(nowadays : Serbia , Bosnia , Kosovo ,
Macedonia , Albania , Greece , Bulgaria and
large parts of Romania), Anatolia modern –
day is Turkey , and most of the Arab world
(with modern states of Syria, Lebanon,
Jordan , Israel , Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Saudi
Arabia , Egypt , Libya , Tunisia and Algeria).

3.  There are no reliable estimates of the
population of the empire but the number of
inhabitants is often put at about 25 million ,
a low number for so large an area about 3
million square kilometres. The population of
empire had probably been on the decrease
during the 17 and 18th c-s, but the extent of
these decrease is not known. The causes of
the low population was the war , famine and
disease.

5.  In the Asiatic provinces of the empire the
large majority of the population was
Muslim(Turks, Arabs and Kurds)with
significant Christian and Jewish minorities. In
the Balkans, the majority was Christian.
Religion division was important because
empire was an Islamic empire, ruled on the
basis of religious law.
 Theoretically, the holy law of Islam ruled
supreme in the empire but in public and
criminal ,law was based on the secular
decrees of the sultans, called örf or kanun

7.  “Dhimmi “ community ,
non Muslim citizens of an
Islamic states. Translated as
a protected person (from
arabic).The Dhimmi had
their rights fully protected
In their communities but as
citizens in the Islamic
states had certain
restrictions (special tax).

8.  The large majority belonged to the Sunn’I
version of Islam .
 Shi’i minorities lived in the Balkans ,
Anatolia, Syria and Mesopotamia.

9.  Ideology of ruling elite and
mass of population
 Ruling elite consist of 2
categories :
 “Askeri” consisted of all
servants of sultans: the
military and the clerks of
scribal institutions and the
royal household (government
workers )
 “Ulema” the religious
scholars who were belonged
to the ruling elite.

10.  Sadrazam was the highest dignitary of all, with
another word Visier.
At the end he lost power, properties and live.

11.  Considerable part of people
had the status of vakif
(plural evkaf – religious or
charitable foundations ) was
used upkeep of religious and
public buildings : hospitals,
libraries , mosques , schools ,
ets.

12.  The elite was the keeper of a classic
civilization a great tradition , based on
written Islamic sources (of which the ulema
was the keepers the system of religious
called Medrese)
 An important category among the ulema was
formed by the müftüs- was the legal
experts who gave legal opinions based on
Islamic cannon law , which called fetva

13.  The main enemy had been Habsburg Austria – 17
and 18th century .In the second half of 18th century
was Russia under the Empress Catherine .
 For the firs time The Ottomans had lost Muslim
territory in its history.
 The treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca(1774) recognized the
independence of Crimea.

15.  Territory, population, economics
,administration and international relations
all these fields was touched period between
the outbreak of the French revolution.
 Of course , changing relationship between
the Ottoman empire and Europe.
 The first ruler who came to the throne in
1789 was Selim 3 , he had corresponded with
Louis of France.
 Conformation of Kucuk Kaynarca 1774
territorial gains for Russia on the Black Sea
shores.

16.  The programme of reforms called Nizam’I
Cedid (New Order)
 Increase state organization
 Sent students to Europe and learn their
languages
 Build a new army
 Selims reforms was unpopular, some of the
ulems disliked the French influence
 Selim lose his position and was killed

17.  After Selim throne was brought by his cousin
Mustafa but Mastafa was deposed and came
another cousin called Mahmut 2, supporter
of Nizami Cedid
 Later Mahmut 2 reconstitute this reform into
the traditional name which called Segbans.
 Lost territories (Serbia, Greece and Egypt)

19. International Relations
Topic : Western Influences and Early Attempts at
Modernization
Done by : Shaira Mamajanova and Saikal Isakova
Checked by : Ibrahim Koncak