TÜV Rheinland "Solar Investment Risk Mitigation Workshop"

Solar Projects
MENA PV Market -
Overview on: Legal and
Business Development
Projects' Requirements

OUR OBJECTIVES
MESIA aims:
- Create a solar community in the Middle East
- Provide networking opportunities for Middle East solar professionals through
- briefings
- conferences
- national and international tradeshows.
MESIA produces research reports on solar technology, standards, and
product certifications to:
- Create awareness
- Educate
- Enhance knowledge of industry actors to improve their business and
enhance their contacts
MESIA offers advice and input to policy-makers on policies, standards, and
product certifications.
MESIA’s vision:
- Become one of the key players in the Middle East
- Be the source of information where Governments turn to when investigating
or assessing new solar ideas or initiatives in the Middle East, in order to get
an opinion from the ‘industry’ sector.
MESIA is seen as
a neutral but
knowledgeable
organisation
representing the
interests of solar
energy in the
Middle East.

OUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Karel De Winter (Alsa Solar)
International Dvp Director
Ahmed Nada (First
Solar)
President
Abdulaziz Al Midfa
Chairman
Gurmeet Kaur (Pinsent Masons)
Marketing Director
Wim Alen (ENGIE)
Secretary General
James Stewart (ALEC Energy)
Vice-President
Derek Kirton (Covington)
Legal Director

WHO IS PART OF MESIA
• 11 Founding members
• 10 Partner members
• 130 industry members
• 10,500 regional subscribers
FOUNDING MEMBERS
PARTNER MEMBERS

GCC SOLAR MARKET
• GCC countries have become more serious about growing
their use of solar energy
o GCC represents 43% of current MENA power generation
capacity
o At least 60% of power needs in each GCC country is met
via oil and gas
o Compound annual growth in electricity demand within
GCC and wider MENA region is around 4% - 8%

MENA PV - OVERVIEW
Dubai
• U.A.E. has set an Energy Plan for 2050: 44 GW clean energy by 2050
• Solar energy in Dubai is the optimum energy source in Dubai – planned to account for 25% of the 2050
energy mix.
• $2.2bn investment into renewable energy in 2017.
• Dubai Solar Park: 800MW third phase of the Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park, worth an
estimated $968m.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
• Saudi Arabia’s National Renewable Energy Program (NREP) is a long term program designed to balance the
energy mix and reduce carbon emissions.
• The NREP is managed and executed by the Ministry of Energy, Industry, and Mineral Resources (MEIM),
directly supporting Saudi Arabia’s National Transformation Program and Vision 2030.
• The office responsible for the delivery of the NREP is The Renewable Energy Project Development Office
(REPDO), an office within the MEIM.
• The first round of solar projects was launched in 2017 – Sakaka 300MW solar PV and first round of wind
projects launched early 2018 – Dumat Al Jandal 400MW wind project.
• The NREP aims to substantially increase the mix of renewable energy in the total energy mix, targeting the
generation of 3.45 GW of renewable energy by 2020 and 9.5GW by 2023.

SAKAKA
• The Sakaka PV project, the country’s first utility scale (300MW) PV project
under the REPDO program was awarded in February 2018 setting a world
record low tariff of 2.34 US cents/KWh.
• The lowest bid received was 1.79 US cents/KWh but the bidder was not
successful based on the overall evaluation of technical compliance.

MENA PV - OVERVIEW
Abu Dhabi
• 44% of the nation's energy from clean sources by 2050
• Project pipeline: The Sweihan power project is a 1,177MW solar photovoltaic (PV) independent
power project (IPP) being constructed in Abu Dhabi, UAE. It is expected to become the world's
biggest solar PV plant upon completion.
Egypt
• Egypt currently generates more than 90 percent of its electricity from coal and natural gas, but the
nation’s electricity generation remains spotty and its grid outdated.
• The Egyptian government has set an ambitious goal of producing 42 percent of its electricity using
renewable sources by 2025.
• Rounds 1 and 2 of FIT schemes.
Qatar
• Target of 500 MW solar power by 2020 and to produce 20% of electricity using solar energy by
2030.
• Between 2006 – 2016 power and water consumption recorded average growth rates of 10.4% and
7.7% a year, respectively, according to data released by Qatar Electricity and Water Company
(Kahramaa), the country’s main utilities regulator.
• 500MW solar IPP to be launched by Kahramaa

Regulatory Requirements – UAE
Dubai
•Historically limited to Dubai Law No. 1 of 1992 (the DEWA Law), as amended by
Decree No. 13 of 1999 and Decree No. 9 of 2011, establishing the Dubai Electricity
and Water Authority (DEWA).
•Law No (6) of 2011 Concerning the Regulation of the Private Sector Participation in
Water and Power Production in the Emirate of Dubai. DEWA solar projects were
procured under this law.
•Net Metering Regulations 2014
•Public Private Partnership Law No 22. of 2015.
•Role of RSB as licensing authority and regulator

Regulatory Requirements – UAE
Abu Dhabi:
• IPP Law No (2) of 1998 Concerning the Regulation of the Water and Electricity
Sector (separate entities for generation, distribution and transmission)
• Role of RSB as licensing authority and regulator.
• Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Energy Netting Regulations 2017

Regulatory Requirements – KSA
• The Electricity and Cogeneration Authority (ECRA) has launched a net metering program to support growth
of the distributed generation segment.
• The Small Scale Solar PV Systems Regulation (the Regulations) have recently been issued enabling self
generation and connecting to the grid to export excess generation into the grid in return for offset against
future electricity bills.
• The Regulations do not provide for a feed in tariff. This is consistent with the approach taken in other
jurisdictions such as UAE and Jordan.
o However, while rising, current electricity prices are still subsidized, so rooftop solar PV is not as competitive
as it can be.
o Draft PPP law in circulation
.

Regualtory Requirements – Oman & Kuwait
Oman:
• Oman’s Privatisation Law, Royal Decree 77/2004 allows public utilities to be
privatised or restricted under the law.
• Energy Sector Law Royal Decree 78/2004 amended by 59/2009.
• Tenders Law: Royal Decree 36/2008The Tenders Law: is the key legislation that
regulates government procurement in Oman. It establishes a Tender Board and
sets out requirements relating to advertising of tenders, forms of bid submission,
bid timetable and evaluation etc.
• Draft PPP Law in circulation
Kuwait:
• I(W)PP Law (Law No. 39/2010) Promulgating the Incorporation of Kuwaiti Joint
Stock Companies to Undertake the Building and Execution of Electricity Power
and Water Desalination Stations in Kuwait.
• Any project company undertaking a project that falls within the scope of the I(W)
PP law will be subject to its provisions. In case of any conflict with another law,
including PPP law, IWPP law will take precedence.
• PPP Law

Regulatory Requirements – Qatar and Egypt
Qatar:
• Draft PPP Law in circulation.
Egypt
• Renewable Energy Law 203/2014
• Provides a robust regulatory framework for energy projects in Egypt.
• Introduces a feed-in tariff system under which private sector investors are able to
build, own and operate renewables.
• PPP Law

Regulatory Requirements – Jordan
Jordan:
•Law No. 13 Of 2012 concerning Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law.
- Provides that the Ministry of Energy is responsible for the identification of
Renewable Energy Development Zones to increase the productivity of future
renewable energy projects.
- Provides for domestic and international companies to bypass a previously
complex bidding process and negotiate directly with the Ministry of Energy.
- Establishes the Jordan Renewable Energy and Efficiency Fund: financed by
national and international institutions. Both national and international companies
are able to apply for funding.
- PPP Law

TYPICAL PROJECT STRUCTURE
16
EPC/D&B Contractor
EPC/D&B
Contract
O&M
Agreement
LoanEquity
Project Agreement
Land Owner
Musataha / Land Lease
Agreement
[Guarantee]
Direct
Agreements
End Users
Lenders / Funders
Sponsors / Investors
Repayments
[Government]
Dividends
Operator
Project
Company
(e.g. Joint-Stock Company)
Revenue
[Option 2]
Payments
[Option 2]
Contracting Authority
Direct
Agreements
Direct
Agreements
Revenue and Payments [Option 1]

KEY DOCUMENTS
• Power Purchase Agreement
• EPC Contract or Engineering and Procurement Contract,
Construction Contract and Coordination Agreement
• O&M Contract
• Direct Agreements
• Shareholders’ Agreement (bid phase – consortium or JV
agreement)
• Facility Agreement
• Government Guarantee
• Bonds/Letter of Credit
• Parent Company Guarantees
17

• Governing Law
• Interest Rate
• Indirect and Consequential Losses
• Limitations on Liability
• Dispute Resolution
• Employment and visa requirements
• Incorporation
KEY LEGAL ISSUES

• Incorporation
• Security
• Government Guarantees
• Force Majeure
• Restrictions on Share Transfers
• Events of Default
• Termination Payments
KEY LEGAL ISSUES

KEY LEGAL ISSUES
.
EPC and O&M Contracts
• Bonding and security package
• Performance and Liquidated Damages
• Equivalent Relief Provisions
• Rejection Rights

Gurmeet Kaur
19 years legal experience and has worked in the Middle East since 2007 advising on the procurement of major projects across
the transport, energy and infrastructure sectors.
Gurmeet's relevant experience includes:
• The sponsors in relation to the 300MW Sakaka solar PV IPP in Saudi Arabia.
• the lenders in relation to the construction of a 100MW solar PV project in the northern region of Saudi Arabia.
• Sponsors in relation to the Dammam and Jeddah ISTP projects in KSA
• Lenders in relation to the Shuqaiq IWP project in KSA
• a bidder in relation to a 3GW solar PV project in Saudi Arabia.
• Voltalia in relation to a private PPA project in KSA
• A bidder in relation to 500MW solar PV project in Oman
• Sponsors in relation to 200MIGD Taweelah IWP in Abu Dhabi
• Investors in relation to a proposed solar PV ground mounted, rooftop and street lighting projects in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
• OPWP in relation to the 800MW Misfah IPP in Oman.
• the EPC and O&M contractor in relation to the Barka IWP in Oman.
• the Investment and Development Authority of Ras Al Khaimah in relation to the 40MW RAK rooftop solar project. This is the
first project in the Northern Emirates and is to be procured on an IPP basis.
• Voltalia in relation to 4 solar PV projects in Round 1 in Jordan (totalling 50MW), a solar project in Pakistan and Kenya, two
solar projects of 100MW each in Nigeria.
• Voltalia in relation to their Round 2 FIT Tariff Project in Egypt.
• Voltalia in relation to their bid in the Round 3 Jordan solar program.
• Izzat Marji group in relation to a rooftop solar proejct with Aramex.
• an international developer in relation to their bid for the 200MW solar IPP procured by DEWA.
• Enel in relation to a legal due diligence report on renewable energy projects in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. The report covered
corporate, real estate, environmental, licensing typical issues in the PPA in Dubai and Abu Dhabi.
Marketing & Communications Director,
Middle East Solar Industry Association
(MESIA)
Partner, Pinsent Masons
Finance & Projects
T: +971 4 373 9667
M: +971 52 985 9775
E: gurmeet.kaur@pinsentmasons.com

Global PV Project
Developments:
Costs and Module
Bankability
TÜV Rheinland Workshop
Pietro Radoia
October 23, 2018

1 October 23, 2018
Source: Bloomberg NEF. Note: 1H 2018 figures for onshore wind are based on a conservative estimate; the true figure will be higher. BNEF typically does not publish mid-year
installation numbers.
Wind and solar reached 1,000GW
(one terawatt) in June 2018
523
19
307
164
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1H
2018
GW
Small-scale PV
Utility-scale PV
Offshore wind
Onshore wind
Total:
1,013GW
Global wind and solar installations, cumulative to June 30, 2018
Renewable energy

2 October 23, 2018
Source: Bloomberg NEF, grid operators, industry associations, incentive program managers. Note: a conservative and optimistic forecast has been developed for each country. It is
unlikely that all countries will come in at the conservative or optimistic end, so for the global forecast, conservative is sum of conservative country forecasts + 25%*(sum of optimistic
minus conservative forecasts). Global optimistic forecast is sum of conservative country forecasts + 75%*(sum of optimistic minus conservative forecasts). Granular data here.
Global PV new build, 2009-2017
7.7
18.1
28.330.1
41.645.0
56.0
75.0
98.0101.2
131.0
154.7
104.3
136.6
163.1
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2018
2019
2020
Conservative Optimistic
Rest of World
SE Asia
Latam
MENA +
Turkey
India
China
USA
Japan
Europe
GW
2Q 2018 Tier 1 module
capacity: 94GW
China was 54%
of the global
market in 2017
7.7
18.1
28.3 30.1
41.6 45.0
56.0
75.0
99.0 96.8
123.0
146.4
107.2
138.3
165.4
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2018 2019 2020
Total for labels
Rest of World
SE Asia
Latam
MENA + Turkey
India
China
USA
Japan
Europe
GW
capacity: 92GW
Tweak from 'WorldSummary' quartile
skew cell (set to 0.25)
Remember to check
skew (set to 0.75)
Solar energy

3 October 23, 2018
Source: Bloomberg NEF, grid operators, industry associations, incentive program managers. Note: a conservative and optimistic forecast has been developed for each country. It is
unlikely that all countries will come in at the conservative or optimistic end, so for the global forecast, conservative is sum of conservative country forecasts + 25%*(sum of optimistic
minus conservative forecasts). Global optimistic forecast is sum of conservative country forecasts + 75%*(sum of optimistic minus conservative forecasts). Granular data here.
Global PV new build, 2009-2017 and
conservative forecast to 2020
7.7
18.1
28.330.1
41.645.0
56.0
75.0
98.0101.2
131.0
154.7
104.3
136.6
163.1
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2018
2019
2020
Rest of World
SE Asia
Latam
MENA +
Turkey
India
China
USA
Japan
Europe
GW
capacity: 94GW
China to
shrink ~40%
in 2018
7.7
18.1
28.3 30.1
41.6 45.0
56.0
75.0
99.0 96.8
123.0
146.4
107.2
138.3
165.4
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2018 2019 2020
Total for labels
Rest of World
SE Asia
Latam
MENA + Turkey
India
China
USA
Japan
Europe
GW
capacity: 92GW
Tweak from 'WorldSummary' quartile
skew cell (set to 0.25)
Remember to check
skew (set to 0.75)
Solar energy

4 October 23, 2018
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance
…despite flat investment
Global new investment in PV
Solar energy
16
22
39
62 64
103
158
140
120
145
179
137
161
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
$ billion

5 October 23, 2018
Source: Bloomberg NEF. Note: Based on disclosed data from medium-capex geographies. Forecast based on experience curve, expectations of module efficiency that has an
effect on other costs, process improvements.
Benchmark price for utility scale
fixed-axis PV system
1.89
1.38
0.95
0.72 0.70 0.59 0.49 0.38 0.30 0.25 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
3.28
2.68
1.82
1.59 1.51
1.32
1.14
1.01
0.89
0.82 0.77 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
2018 $/W(DC) Title
Module Inverter Balance of plant Engineering, procurement & construction Other
Solar energy

6 October 23, 2018
Source: BloombergNEF, Maycock
0.1
1
10
100
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
historic prices (Maycock) Chinese c-Si module prices (BNEF) Experience curve at 28.5%
2003
1976
1985
2008
MW
2015
2018e
$/W (2018 real)
PV module prices have fallen 83% since
2010
Solar energy

7 October 23, 2018
Source: Bloomberg NEF. Note: Plant level data used for Latin American auctions where support is awarded for generation, excludes renewables subsidy auctions in the
Netherlands.
5.2 9.8 9.9 13.6
35.9
57.7
21.6
41.4
7.9 5.7 9.6
0.2 0.9 1.3 2.4 3.9 7.7 10.0 14.3 19.5 22.3 32.1 42.0 55.6 91.5 149 171
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 No
date
GW
Announced / To be awarded
Awarded
Awarded (cumulative)
Global auctioned and announced
renewables capacity
Solar energy

8 October 23, 2018
I
II
I
II
II
IV
UK CfD
CRE2
CRE 3
CRE4 (I)
CRE4 (II)
CRE4 (III)
CRE4 (III)
I
II
III
IV V VI
VII
VIII
IX
Wind-PV X
UAE 2015
2016 - Phase 1 2016 - Phase 2 2016 - Phase 3
Saudi Arabia
Germany-Denmark
Greece 2016
Greece 2018
Israel
Turkey
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
EMEA LCOE range Jordan South Africa Series12
Germany UAE Zambia
$2017/MWh
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Note: Country data in charts show the levelized average winning bid in the auction: we adjusted average winning bids for
factors like inflation, tariff lengths and merchant tail, and this explains the difference with the official disclosed results. Data reflective of expected commissioning date.
2H 2018 LCOE – EMEA auction
analysis
Levelized solar auction bids vs. BNEF LCOE
Solar energy

9 October 23, 2018
Source: Bloomberg Terminal, Bloomberg New Energy Finance Note: Average yearly prices by the hour. The PPA range is a result of conversation with solar developers opting
for a 10-15 year hedge product. The PV LCOE range is for a 1-axis tracking project in Southern Europe. Capex assumed: 700-850k Euros/MW, opex at 10-15k/MW/Year,
capacity factor: 23.5-25% (DC), unlevered IRR 7-8%. PPA range is a result of interviews and information disclosed on public press releases. The Iberian market is well
integrated: Spain and Portugal had same spot prices for most of the time in 2017.
Average wholesale electricity prices by
hour of day, PPA price range and PV LCOEs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
10-15 Year PV PPA PV Tracking LCOE Iberia UK Italy
Euros per MWh
Hours
Solar energy

10 October 23, 2018
Source: Bloomberg NEFSource: Bloomberg NEF
Realized power prices by technology
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
GBP/MWh, nominal Gas
Nuclear
Coal
Solar
2H 2018
Onshore
wind
Offshore
wind
BNEF power price projection and
capacity additions
U.K. renewable capacity, BNEF forecast
12 12
3311
26
22
9
9
17
5
10
16
13
32 4211
29
28
9
25
72
5
9
15
1H 2018
2H 2018
2020 2030 2040
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
GW
Small-scale
PV
Utility-scale
PV
Wind
offshore
Wind
onshore

11 October 23, 2018
Source: Bloomberg NEF. Note: stars indicate the top performers within DNV GL’s 2018 PV Module Reliability Scorecard report. DNV GL did not test all of the manufacturers
listed above, so a missing star is not indicative of poor quality.
BNEF’s PV module bankability
survey results, top 15
67%
67%
71%
71%
71%
76%
76%
76%
76%
86%
86%
100%
100%
100%
100%
19%
10%
14%
14%
14%
19%
14%
14%
14%
10%
10%
14%
24%
14%
14%
14%
5%
10%
10%
10%
5%
5%
GCL System
Longi
Kyocera
REC Group
Sharp
BYD
LG Electronics
Panasonic
SunPower
First Solar
Hanwha Q CELLS
Canadian Solar
JA Solar
Jinko Solar
Trina Solar
Bankable Not Bankable Never heard of

12 October 23, 2018
Source: Bloomberg Terminal, Bloomberg NEF. Note: GCL System has a reporting gap between 2Q 2014 and 3Q 2015. Their Altman-Z Score before 2Q 2014 is not showed in
the figure, as it made a deep dip in 2014 due to the acquisition of Chaori Solar in this period (web | terminal).
-4
0
4
8
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1Q 2018
Longi
Risen
GCL System
JA Solar
Canadian Solar
Jinko Solar
Hanwha Q CELLS
Yingli
Altman-Z Benchmark
Altman-Z scores of largest public
module manufacturers

13 October 23, 2018
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Solar PV Power Plants
- Risk Mitigation through Supply
Chain and System Qualification
WETEX
TÜV Rheinland Workshop 23th October 2018,
Solar Investment Risk Mitigation

Content
10/28/20182 WETEX TÜV Rheinland Seminar 23th October 2018
Introduction
Failure Systematics, Results of a TÜV Rheinland Study
Risk Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Mitigation in all Stages of PV Power Plant Investment
Conclusion

Case Studies: Marocco 55 MWp, South Africa 66 MWp

Failure systematics in PV Systems
• Quality assurance (QA) is crucial in order to reduce levelized cost of energy, since it contributes to ensure
stability for the investors and other stakeholders.
• A development of a individual risk management strategy along the lifecycle of a PV project should contain
the following steps: Risk identification; Risk assessment; Risk management; Risk controlling.

55%
25%
9%
5%
5%
1%Miscellaneous
Environmental
influence
Installation faults
Product defects
Documentation
& planning faults
Maintenance
Basis of the study:
> 100 plants (100 kWp - 30 MWp)
(Main regions: Germany, Europe, RoW)
Main findings:
 30 % of power plants show serious and particularly serious
defects (incl. safety issues) or large number of issues
 > 50 % of defects are caused by installation errors
• Systematic quality assurance is required
• Plant inspections and maintenance are important!
2014/ Q1.2015
TÜV Rheinland internal Study (Data 2014/ Q1. 2015)
Cause of Defects in PV Power Plants

TÜV Rheinland internal Study
Failure Examples (Planning, Installation, Foundation, O&M)

TÜV Rheinland internal Study: Particularly serious Defects in PV Power Plants
19%
33%
9%
11%
13%
8%
7%
Cabling
Connection &
distribution boxes
Inverter
Mounting structure
2012 / 2013
Potential equalization &
grounding
Infrastructure &
environmental
Modules
48%
28%
16%
4%
4%
Modules
Cabling
Connection &
distribution boxes
Inverter
Mounting structure
2014 / Q1. 2015
”Immediate Action to prevent Plant breakdown is needed”

PV Module Product Quality
WETEX TÜV Rheinland Seminar 23th October 2018
Examples for PV module failures
Solder joint failure Browning
“Snail trails”
Cable corrosion
Hot-Spots Connectors
Backsheet brittleness
Backsheet “chalking”
10/28/20188

PV Module Product Quality
Examples for PV module failures
Cell cracks Delamination
Junction box failure
Glass breakage
Potential induced degradation Bypass diode failure
Frame breakage
Safety issues
10/28/20189

Risk Identification – Technical Risk Matrix
10
Modules …. …. …. …. ….
Inverter …. …. …. …. ….
Mounting structure …. …. …. …. ….
Connection & distribution
boxes
…. …. …. …. ….
Cabling …. …. …. …. ….
Potential equalization &
grounding, LPS
…. …. …. …. ….
Weather station,
communication, monitoring
…. …. …. …. ….
Infrastructure & environmental
influence
…. …. …. …. ….
Storage system …. …. …. …. ….
Miscellaneous …. …. …. …. ….
Project Development Assessment of PV Plants
List of failures
Product testingProduct testing PlanningPlanning
Transportation /
installation
Transportation /
installation
O&MO&M DecommissioningDecommissioning
• Improper Insulation
• Incorrect cell soldering
• Undersized bypass diode
• Junction box adhesion
• Delamination
• Arcing spots on the module
• Visually detectable hot
spots
• Unclear initial degradation
• Uncertified components or
production line
• Unsuitable/ uncertified Bill
of Materials (BOM)
• Incorrect power rating (flash
test issue)
• Soiling
• Shadow diagram
• Modules mismatch
• Modules not certified
• Flash report not available or
incorrect
• Special climatic conditions
not considered (salt
corrosion, ammonia, ...)
• Incorrect assumptions of
module degradation, light
induced degradation unclear
• Module quality unclear
(lamination, soldering)
• Simulation parameters (low
irradiance, temperature….)
unclear, missing PAN files
• Module mishandling (glass
breakage)
• Module mishandling (cell
breakage)
• Module mishandling
(defective backsheet)
• Incorrect connection of
modules
• Bad wiring without
fasteners
• Hotspot
• Glass breakage
• Soiling
• Shading
• Snail tracks
• Cell cracks
• PID
• Failure bypass diode
and junction box
• Corrosion in the
junction box
• Theft of modules
• Delamination
• Module degradation
• Slow reaction time for
warranty claims, vague
or inappropriate
definition of procedure
for warranty claims
• Spare modules no
longer available, costly
string reconfiguration
• Undefined
product
recycling
procedure
10/28/201810
Source: Solar Bankability

Risk Identification: Initial degradation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0,2 - 0,4 0,6 - 0,8 1,0 - 1,2 1,4 - 1,6 1,8 - 2,0 2,2 - 2,4
Occurrance[%]
LID [%]
Light- induced degradation of c-Si Modules
( Initial Degradation )
73 Modules
28 Module types, c-Si
Through 'light induced degradation' (LID) initial power changes by a few percent in
the course of hours.
New and partially unknown light and elevated temperature induced degradation
(LeTID) of new cell technology (PERC)
!

Risk Identification: Incorrect Power Rating
Left: Module Manufacturer were not aware of independent measurement
Right: Module Manufacturer has been informed about independent
measurement
!
Investors: Measurements secure module
performance
Investors: (Court-) admissible controls
necessary
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
relativenumberofmodulesin%
deviation from the nominal value in %
Deviation from the nominal value
(large-scale projects new; 16 module types)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
relativenumberofmodulesin%
deviation from the nominal value in %
Deviation from the nominal value
(smal-scale projects; 51 module types)

Risk Identification: Soiling, Sand and Dust
Field Testing and Soiling Simulation, Thuwal/Saudi-Arabia
 High ambient dust concentration  Average daily percent decrease of - 0.5 %
 Dust storm  Max. soiling loss factor (SLF)  change per day = - 7.7 %
• Yield losses
> 5 % within
1 week are
possible
!
• Site specific
cleaning
concept is
required

Risk Identification: Potential induced Degradation
-15%
-75% -95%
Test results of PID tests of PV modules from a large-scale PV system
Knowledge of PID sensitivity of used PV modules is necessary.
All material combinations of a module type must be considered to declare it PID-free!
• Performance killer number one: potential induced degradation (PID)
(occurs in cases of high voltage, sensitive module/material combinations and damp environments – e.g. caused by
condensation, high humidity)
• Reversible process through grounding or counter-potential (investments required)
!

Risk Identification: Degradation, Delamination
Degradation of Backsheet
Delamination,
Browning
Significant amount of arrays (Gigawatt level) show early degradation!

Risk Assessment
a) Economic impact due to downtime and/or power loss (kWh to Euros)
- Failures might cause downtime or % in power loss
- Time is from failure to repair/substitution and should include: time to detection,
response time, repair/substitution time
- Failures at component level might affect other components (e.g. module failure
might bring down the whole string)
b) Economic impact due to repair/substitution costs (Euros)
- Cost of detection (field inspection, indoor measurements, etc)
- Cost of transportation of component
- Cost of labour (linked to downtime)
- Cost of repair/substitution
Income reduction
Savings reduction
Increase in
maintenance costs
Reduction of
reserves
Introduction of Cost Priority Number (CPN in €/kWp/year)
Source: Solar Bankability
10/28/201816
Cost priority
number, CPN
=

Risk Assessment
Quantification of the Economic Impact of Technical Risks – PID. Example: 40 MWp- Plant
Source: Solar Bankability1.5 Mio € loss after 2 years incl. repair costs versus
10 k € mitigation costs (during procurement process)!
10/28/201817
Description
Potential induced degradation is a performance loss in PV modules, caused
by so called stray currents
Performance losses
8 % (failure rate 40 %, 20 % power loss of affected modules)
160 kWh/kWp/a (spec. yield 2,000 kWh/kWp)
700,000 €/a for 40 MWp plant (0.1 €/kWh) 16 €/kWp/a
Repair method Installation of PV grounding kits
Cost to fix and
repair
100,000 € (2,200 € per inverter x 40; incl.
installation cost) 0.12 €/kWp/a
Mitigation measure Testing of the PV modules to avoid use of PID sensitive modules
Cost of mitigation
measure
10,000 € for sample testing for PID resistivity
0.25 €/kWp
CPN =
16.12
€/kWp/a

Risk Mitigation in all Stages of PV Power Plant Investment
Development: Feasibility study, energy yield prediction, site assessment
Engineering: Design review, Potential supplier qualification, pre-tests of products, assessment of production
Procurement: Product testing during production, factory inspection, FAT, Pre- and post shipment inspection
Construction: Check of civil, mechanical, electrical engineering, technical execution and performance
Commissioning: Safety, quality and power control
Acceptance: Mechanical Completion, provisional and final acceptance and asset certification
Operation: Regular monitoring, securing of a stable cash flow, 0ptimizing performance and internal rate of return (IRR)
WETEX TÜV Rheinland Seminar 23th October 201810/28/201818

Risk Mitigation: Fast random verification tests at third party laboratory
In TÜV Rheinland’s laboratory
Visual Inspection Power Measurement Electroluminescence Safety tests
10/28/201819

Risk Mitigation: Random verification tests at third party laboratory
In TÜV Rheinland’s laboratory
EVA Gel Content & Peel-Off
Thermographic InspectionLight Induced Degradation
Mechanical Load Test
Hail Test
Highly Accurate STC
Measurement
Thermal Cycling / Damp Heat
Potential induced degradation
UV Test
10/28/201820

Conclusion
• Technical risks can have a major impact on the total project risk rating scheme. A professional
risk management strategy should become integral part of each PV investment.
• Currently main risk on module level are: Installation failures, PID, degradation of back sheet,
module underperformance, class breakage, delamination, arcing of BIPV, unexpected soiling
• There is a strong need of risk mitigation measures in all stages of PV power plant investment.
Mitigation measures, which are allow early detection are most effective.
21 10/28/2018 WETEX TÜV Rheinland Seminar 23th October 2018

Thank you for your attention
TÜV Rheinland
Dipl.-Ing. Willi Vaaßen
Business Field Manager Solar
+49 (0)221 806 2910
willi.vaassen@de.tuv.com
Solarenergy@de.tuv.com
www.tuv.com/solar

PV Power Plants
Field Failures of Components and
Qualification / Mitigation Measures

Content
28.10.2018 TÜV Rheinland Workshop Solar Investment Risk Mitigation WETEX
Solarpark Inden, Germany
Standardization1
Standards and Test Marks2
Do these requirements improve quality?3
Summary4
Conclusion5

Standardization committees
CLC/TC82 - Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems
WG1: Wafers, cells and modules; WG2: BOS components and systems; WG3: Building integrated (BIPV)
TC82 - Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems
WG1: Glossary; WG2: Modules non-concentrating; WG3: Systems; WG4: PV energy storage systems; WG6: BOS
components; WG7 Concentrator modules
K 373 - Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems
AK 373.0.2 Building Integrated PV Modules; AK 373.0.3 PV System Components; AK 373.0.9 Bi-directional grid connection;
AK 373.0.10 Solar cells, Wafers and Modules; AK 373.0.11 Simulation data packages; AK 373.0.20 International;
AK 373.0.90 Connectors for PV systems
2PfG xxxx – TÜV Rheinland Prüfgrundlage für Geräte
Global PV Network
Competence Center: PV Modules; PV Components; PV Plants; PV Factory Services; BIPV; PV Materials; PV Inverters;
CPV; PV Mechanical Components; R&D; Solar Thermal
Others…

PV junction box
PV backsheet foil
PV cable
PV connectors (DC)
PV Components

IEC/EN 62790:2014
Junction boxes for photovoltaic (PV) modules –
Safety requirements and tests
IEC/EN 62852:2014
Connectors for photovoltaic systems –
Safety requirements and tests
EN 50618:2013
Electric cables for photovoltaic systems
TUV 2 PfG 1793/11.17
Requirements for flexible Front and Backsheets for
photovoltaic modules
IEC 62930
Electric cables for photovoltaic systems with
a voltage rating of 1,5 kV DC
Current existing standards and requirements for PV components

~
_
PCE
~
+
-
PV combiner boxes:
IEC 61439-2 (under discussion)
TUV 2 PfG 2532
Inline fuses:
TUV 2 PfG 2380
PV cables with aluminum
conductor:
TUV 2 PfG 2642
PV array interconnection systems:
TUV 2 PfG 1913
Other PV Components

~
_
~
_
~
_
PVCombinerbox
~
~
~
PV Micro-Inverter:
IEC 62109-3 (under discussion)
TUV 2 PfG 2305
PV cables for AC systems:
TUV 2 PfG 1940
PV connectors for AC
systems:
TUV 2 PfG 1915
Other PV Components

• A lot of standards are existing for Photovoltaic components
• Many of existing IEC standards in Photovoltaics are based on former TUV Rheinland standards.
• Many countries take over the content of IEC standards and create harmonized National standards.
What about certification?
Summary

Certification and Test Marks
 “Type Approval” means, a tested product complies
with safety regulations.
 A product with “Type approval” at TÜV Rheinland
includes regular factory auditing.
 A recognizable test mark signals the end user safety
and quality.
 Quality and safety certification shall hence be a
holistic approach.
 This may mean, that a product needs to be tested to
more than the obvious requirements or standards.

More than 50% of detected defects at plant-inspections and more
than 50% of fire damages are caused by installation-failures
Disregard the general installation instructions and incorrect installations
Use Materials that are not suitable for use in PV
Source: TUV Rheinland
Additional influences on the quality of PV Components Installation

Disregard the general installation instructions and incorrect
installations
Interoperability of Connectors (Connectors sets with not the same
type family made by the same manufacturer.
Deformation connector entrance

Interoperability of Connectors (Connectors sets with not the same type family made by the same manufacture)
Entered dust

Cable damages
In PV Installations
with Central Inverter in in hot
and humid environments
Source: LEONI
Only PV plants >1MW (central Inverters)
affected
• Many cable manufacturers are affected
• No effects on module-wires (UL/TÜV)
=> Wall Thickness > 2.2mm
• Common-Mode effect => minus wires of
grounded systems
are also affected.
• Inhomogenities in the insulation can intensify
the effects
Possible countermeasures:
Source: LEONI

Cable damages in PV Installations
with Central Inverter in in hot and humid
environments
Small bubbles are showing that very high temperatures have
been taking effect
100% of damages are close to grounded sharp metal structures:
highly inhomogenious electrical field strength
Source: LEONI
Source: LEONI
Source: LEONI

Problems with the quality and non conformity with the Product Standards
Connectors after 1.5 years in the
field
Reason for defect: Drop in
performance, defects at the
inverter
Checking of the failure pattern:
Contact resistance according to
IEC60352-2:
Result: 12.158mΩ
At 30A the power loss is 10.8W

 Compliance with the requirements of safety standards
 Continued high quality in production
 Product will reach the construction site with assured properties as left from factory
 High efficiency
 Long-living, low maintenance, low cost
Requirements for quality, Requirements from the market

 To ensure a high quality of PV components tests according to the relevant
standards should be considered as mandatory.
 The consistence of quality in the production process should also be considered
as mandatory.
 Only qualified installers shall be contracted to mount the modules.
 Frequently maintenance of big, but also of small PV-systems/-plants should be
prescribed.
 Sensitization of public: Passing higher attention to quality by end user,
investors, banks, insurance companies, operators.
 Investors risk-minimization through certified quality on component and system
level.
Conclusion

Thank you for your attention!
Roman Brück
TÜV Rheinland
Am Grauen Stein 29
51105 Köln
Phone: +49 221 806 1503
Email: brueckr@de.tuv.com
Any questions?

Gürkan Ünlü
Senior Vice President
TÜV Rheinland Consulting
NextGen Data and Value
Driven Digital Infrastructure
Management

AGENDA
2
TÜV Rheinland1
Digital Infrastructure/Asset Management2
IoT Driven Solar Predictive Maintenance3
USE CASES
INTRODUCTION

GENERAL SERVICES
OUR BUSINESS FIELDS
TÜV RHEINLAND DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
PUBLIC FUNDING
& PROGRAM
MANAGEMENT
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT &
QUALITY
ASSURANCE
NETWORK/
SOLUTION
PLANNING &
DEPLOYMENT
OPERATIONAL/
PRODUCTION
EXCELLENCE
DIGITAL
TRANSFORMATION
DIGITALIZATION SERVICES
INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)
 IoT End2End and network concept
 IoT Consulting & Testing
DIGITAL STRATEGY
 Data driven business models
 Digitalization of processes
INDUSTRY 4.0
 Smart Factory services
 Data analytics and connected
DATA ANALYTICS
 Exploratory Analysis and Data audit
 Advanced AI/Algorithm analytics
SMART SOLUTIONS
 Proof of concept and feasibility projects
 Concept design and requirement
engineering
INFRASTRUCTURE DIGITALIZATION
 Digital Infrastructure Management
 Technology driven management

4
€2.1bn
Broadband funding for more
than 160 cities
TÜV RHEINLAND CONSULTING
INTRODUCTION
1.7m
Elevator inspections
analyzed
(AI/MACHINE
LEARNING)
58
Case Studies294
Participants 17
Countries
ENERGISE ICT-BASED ENERGY GRID
12TB
Raw data analyzed
370
Companies
BROADBAND MAP

OIL & GAS
ENERGY &
WATER
DEVELOPER GOVERNMENT
INDUSTRY/
MANUFACTURING
KEY INDUSTRIES THAT WE SERVE AND THEIR CHALLENGES
5
INFRASTRUCTURETARGETGROUPCHALLENGE
 Complex asset management
 Leakage, pump failure,
Pressure drop
 Expert knowledge is within
the people, this is risky
 Unpredictable down-falls
 Complex infrastructure
management
 Balancing of renewables
 Workforce management
 Analogue project coordination
 Smart building management
 High maintenance costs
 Complex workforce
coordination
 Digitalization & Smart city
 Management of assets
 Development of
infrastructure
 Citizens demand
 Unpredicted failures with
machines/robots
 Unefficient processes
 Industry 4.0
COMMON PROBLEMS THAT CAN BE SOLVED BY DIGITALIZATION

6
Communication
Networks
Data Center
Traffic
Electricity
Wind, Solar
Segments Segments
Gas
Water
Critical
Infrastructure
SubcategoriesServices ServicesSubcategoriesTÜV added
value
TÜV added
value
Workforce
coordination
BROAD SCOPE OF SEGMENTS
TÜV RHEINLAND TO GUIDE CLIENTS FROM FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE TOWARDS SOLUTION!

7
DIM/ASSET MANAGEMENT KEY USE CASES
Remote support driven
by AR/VR and platform
 Fast audio and video
connectivity of local
technicians and subject
matter experts via cloud
 Optimize maintenance
and repair processes
 Use expert knowledge
specifically at the project
site
Mapping / visualization
via Drone (Drone2Map)
 Quick and convenient
capture of outdoor
terrain into 3D models /
images
 Fast, cheap and non-
destructive appraisal of
equipment
Project coordination
(Workforce)
 Interface between sales
force and office
 Real-time data
exchange
 Field team deployment
control / navigation
 Rea-time on demand
resource planning
On-site data collection
(Collector)
On-site data collection
(Collector)
On-site access to maps
and plans
Collect and synchronize
data in real time
Texts, Videos Photos
GPS position and more
3D City Engine AR -
Infrastructure Planning
 Visualization of subsoils
and construction
projects in 3D
 Virtual inspection of the
planning areas
 Fast conception and
adaptation of various
scenarios
Visualization of infra-
structure in real world
 Support, appraisal,
construction planning
 Documentation
 Additional information
from digital source
available
INFRASTRUCTURE
VISUALIZAITON
REMOTE SUPPORT
BY AR/VR
INFRASTRUCTURE
MAPPING
REMOTE
COORDINATION
REMOTE DATA
COLLECTION
DIGITAL TWIN
END2END DIGITALIZATION OF KEY ASSETS

Condition
Monitoring
Flow measurement
and control
Error detection
and security alert
Knowledge
capturing and
sharingRemote
support
Risk based and
Asset management
Integrity and
inspection
management
Early Warning
& Security aler
Predictive
Maintenance
Efficiency
optimization
End2End
Dashboard
Workforce
coordination/
management
8
DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT (DIM) PLATFORM
DIM
PLATFORM

9
TECHNOLOGIES THAT ENABLE ASSET DIGITALIZATION
EXEMPLARY TECHNOLOGIES THAT ENABLE DIGITALIZATION OF INFRA/ASSETS
IOT MONITORING
DIM
PLATFORM
 IoT/Sensors with LORA network for full condition
monitoring and predictive maintenance
FROM ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL DATA
 E.g. Autonomous
directed drones with
thermal camera and
scanner
DIM
PLATFORM
REMOTE SUPPORT
DIM
PLATFORM
 Augmented reality/VR remote support
enabled by DIM platform
IOT FOR REALTIME CONDITION MONITORING,
SECURITY AND PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
DRONES TO MONITOR INFRASTRUCTURE
TO DETECT FAILURES AND CONDITION
REMOTE WORKFORCE SUPPORT FOR
EFFICIENT COORDINATION

HOW TO ACHIEVE DIGITAL ASSET MANAGEMENT?
FROM DATA GENERATION TO DATA ANALYTICS, VISUALIZATION AND ACTION!
10
COLLECT DATA
CONNECTIVITY
Narrow band
or local network
e.g. LORA
Data stream
to Cloud
DATA ANALYTICS
EXPLORATIVE ANALYSIS
AI DEEP DATA SCIENCE
DATA MODELLING
PROCESS DATA INTO DIGITAL ASSET
MANAGEMENT PLATFORM
INITIAL SITUATION/CHALLENGES
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT
INFRASTRUCTURE IS WITHIN
PEOPLE, WHEN THEY GO,
KNOWLEDGE IS GONE
NO CONTROL OVER DEFECTS
AND SECURITY ISSUES, NO DATA
BASED PREDICTIONS
NO REMOTE ACCESS AND
MANAGEMENT OF CRITICAL
ASSETS – THIS INCREASES RISK
CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH
AS POWER-PLANTS ARE NOT
DIGITALIZED
DIM DASHBOARD
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN DATA
IoT/Sensors Drones AR/VR
Integrity & inspection management
Error detection and security
Knowledge capturing & sharing
Workforce planning
Risk based management
Predictive Maintenance
Plant & Pipe digital visualization
DIGITALIZATION OF EXISTING
Environ-
mental
conditions
Work
procedure
and shifts
Reports (e.g.
inspection)
Operational
data

11
MAIN CHALLENGES FOR SOLAR OPERATORS
CHALLENGES WITH LOW MARGINS, UNDERPERFORMANCE AND DOWN TIMES!
CHALLENGES
*Operations and Maintenance
DOWN-TIMES SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACTING THE PROFITABILITY OF A POWER PLANT
FALLING COMPONENT AND INSTALL COSTS HAVE DRIVEN DOWN LIFETIME
COSTS AND RAISED PRESSURE TO DECREASE O&M* EXPENSES
INCREASED COMPETITION DRIVES O&M MARGINS TO DECREASING
IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY WHICH FACTOR IS CAUSING UNDER-
PERFORMANCE OF A SOLAR SYSTEM AS MULTIPLE FACTORS EFFECT IT
OPERATORS HAVE DIFFICULTIES AND HIGH COSTS IN MANAGING AND MAINTAINING
LARGE SOLAR FIELDS ON DIFFERENT LOCATIONS (E.G. DUST, PERFORMANCE ETC)
OPERATORS NEED TO HANDLE DATA FROM A WIDE RANGE OF SOURCES,
THEY DON’T HAVE THE REQUIRED SKILLS FOR MAKING COMPLEX ANALYSIS
WITH SOLAR ASSETS SPREAD OVER LARGE GEO-AREAS, AGGREGATING
DATA ON PERFORMANCE CAN BE COSTLY AND TIME-CONSUMING

12
SOLUTION: PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS FOR SOLAR OPERATORS
DATA DRIVEN SOLUTION FOR TO REDUCE COSTS AND IMPROVE PV PRODUCTION!
Geo
data
Weather
conditions
Work
Procedure
Historical
data
Inspection
reports
Employee
Shifts
IoT/Sensor
data
PLATFORM
DATA GATHERING AND AGGREGATION
Benchmark
data
Solar
Performance
Performance
data
PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS OUTCOME
IOT SENSORS AND
NETWORK
DATA ANALYTICS
AI/MACHINE LEARNING
ALGORITHM MODELLING
DRONE MAPPING
VR/AR WORKFORCE
COORDINATION
REDUCE OPERATING & MAINTENANCE COSTS
REDUCE DOWN TIME
FORECAST OF SOLAR PV PRODUCTION
EFFICIENT WORKFORCE MANAGEMENT
INCREASED ENERGY PRODUCTION
INCREASED PLANT REVENUES/PROFITABILITY
PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
AND PLANT MANAGEMENT
PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE AND CLEANING
Temperature
Infra-red
Humidity

13
USE CASE: POWER EDGE CACHING!
SOLAR DATA BUILDING DATA 3RD PARTY DATA
 Dust
 Humidity
 Temperature
 Performance
 Energy generation
DIM
PLATFORM
 Improve
performance
 Maintenance
 Heating
 Cooling
 Weather
 Reports
 Hotel data
 Flight data
 Events
MORE DATA SOURCES MAKES THE PREDICTION MORE PRECISE
DECENTRAL CENTRAL

CONTACT
14
Gürkan Ünlü
Senior Vice President
BD & Strategic Projects
Digital Transformation and Cyber Security
TÜV Rheinland Consulting GmbH
Am Grauen Stein
51105 Cologne, Germany
Phone +49 221 806-1721
Mobile +49 172 2113145
gurkan.unlu@de.tuv.com
www.tuv.com/consulting
Filip Lukić
Business Development Manager
BD & Strategic Projects
Center of Excellence Smart Data
Digital Transformation and Cyber Security
TÜV Rheinland Consulting GmbH
Am Grauen Stein
51105 Cologne, Germany
Phone: (+49) 0221 806 30 66
Mobile: (+49) 0172 264 06 17
filip.lukic@de.tuv.com
www.tuv.com/consulting

Dr.-Ing. Markus Schweiger, Dr.-Ing. Werner
Herrmann, Johanna Bonilla, Jork Saal, Florian
Reil
Energy Ratings and Efficiency
of PV Modules in Different
Climate Zones

2
 Means to rate PV modules according to predictive output energy (yield) in €/Wh rather than to
deficient power in €/WP measured at STC only
 The aim is to find the best performing technology for a certain location
 Normative basis is the standard IEC 61853 part 1 to 4 which are not technically mature nor all
published yet
 An advanced energy rating is able to tell you exactly the prospective energy yield and the
reasons for differences in energy yield performance of emerging PV module technologies
It means lower risks, better bankability, more revenue on PV investments, higher
net profit for ultimate owner of power plant
Energy rating – what does it mean:
Background: Energy rating of PV modules
28/10/2018

Background: Energy rating of PV modules
3
 100 MW solar park project in UAE
 Specific energy yield of 1800 kWh/kWp
 Levelised cost of electricity LCOE at $100/MWh
 +1% more yield means +$4.5 million revenue after 25
years of operation
(emerging interest earnings not considered)
 We measured up to 25% difference in Wh/WP
referencing PSTC as stated by the manufacturers
Why is energy rating beneficial for PV industry – a quick example:
State-of-the-art energy rating and energy yield measurements
are an opportunity for investors to increase their revenues!
28/10/2018

Test Sites: Global Energy Yield Rating of PV Modules.
4
Analysis of PV module performance behaviour under real operating conditions since 2013.
Tempe,
USA
Tempe,
USA
Bwh
(Dry, sub-
tropical desert)
Bwh
(Dry, sub-
tropical desert)
Cologne,
Germany
Cologne,
Germany
Cfb
(Mild mid
latitude, marine
west coast)
Cfb
(Mild mid
latitude, marine
west coast)
Thuwal,
Saudi Arabia
Thuwal,
Saudi Arabia
Bwh
(Dry, sub-
tropical desert),
sandstorm
impact
Bwh
(Dry, sub-
tropical desert),
sandstorm
impact
Chennai,
India
Chennai,
India
Aw
(Tropical humid,
tropical
savanna)
Aw
(Tropical humid,
tropical
savanna)
Inner Mongolia,
China
Inner Mongolia,
China
Dsa
(Dry,
continental),
significant
temperature
difference
Dsa
(Dry,
continental),
significant
temperature
difference
28/10/2018

5
Impact factors and underlying data base
Location Country Operation
since
Köppen-Geiger
climate
classification
Inclin
ation
angle
Annual in-plane
global solar
irradiation
Average
annual
rainfall
Annual
transmission loss
due to soiling
Ancona Italy 01 Nov
2013
Cfa (mediterranean) 35° 1556 kWh/m² 757 mm negligible
Cologne Germany 01 Mar
2014
Cfb (temperate) 35° 1195 kWh/m² 774 mm negligible
Chennai India 01 Feb
2014
Aw (tropical
savanna, hot-
humid/dry)
15° 1860 kWh/m² 1597
mm
Year 1: -2.1%
Year 2: -7.5%
Tempe Arizona/U
SA
15 Dec
2013
Bwh (hot desert) 33.5° 2360 kWh/m² 219 mm Year 1: -3.7%
Year 2: -1.4%
Thuwal Saudi-
Arabia
11 Mar
2015
Bwh (hot desert,
sandstorm impact)
25° 2386 kWh/m² 70 mm -0.55%/day
(periodical cleaning)
HOT!
28/10/2018

6
Test Sites: Energy Yield Testing
28/10/20186
Meteorological measurements
Parameter Instrument type
Global horizontal irradiance Pyranometer
Diffuse horizontal irradiance Pyranometer
Direct normal irradiance Pyrheliometer
Inplane solar irradiance Ventilated pyranometer
Inplane solar irradiance Pyranometer
Inplane solar irradiance
c-Si reference cell
minimodule
Spectral irradiance
(300 nm – 1600 nm)
CCD spectroradiometer
Wind speed /
wind direction
2D ultrasonic sensor
Ambient temperature/
relative humidity
Ventilated Pt100 /
capacitive sensor
Rain fall Photo sensor

7
What affects the energy rating of PV modules:
The MPR of a PV module depends on the module technology, its mounting
situation, and the location. The location implies climatic conditions with
characteristic variations of irradiance, temperature and spectral distribution
of sun light, all occurring on seasonal and daily basis.
Technology driven factors are:
1. Temperature coefficients
2. Operating temperature
3. Spectral response
4. Low irradiance behavior
5. Angular response
6. Nominal power and its stability
7. Soiling
Impact Factors
28/10/2018

Test Sites: Analysis of climatic conditions
8
Irradiance and Module Temperatures
30%
STC
28/10/2018

Findings: Climatic Conditions and their Influence on Photovoltaic Modules
9
Influence of Temperature: Ambient Temperature
28/10/2018

10
Influence of Temperature: Module Temperature
28/10/2018

Findings: Global Energy Yield Rating of PV Modules.
11
Module Performance Ratio (MPR)  Annual MPRLABEL
13 %
12 %
21 %
23 %
25 %
25% more (or less) energy
in Thuwal per stated WP
Cleaning interval
Thuwal: 2 months
28/10/2018

12
Influence of Temperature; Weighted average module temperature













C
dtG
dtGT
MPR
T
PoA
PoABoM
T
TEMP 25
28/10/2018

13
Soiling losses
 depend on average local soling
rates (-0,55%/d in Thuwal),
cleaning concept and one-off
events like sand storms or rain
 From the energy rating
perspective differences due to
front glass technologies can be
significant
 ARC coatings with anti-soiling
technologies can improve
average light transmission
 Higher dust settlement for
structured glass detected
StandardglassARcoatedDeeptextured
28/10/2018

14
Further energetic relevant aspects which can be quantified for
different module types and locations:
Example 1: Offset of stated nominal power
Example 2: Rising nominal power and low irradiance losses in
winter
Example 3: Metastable nominal power, lower temperature
losses and spectral gains in summer
Example 4: Degradation of nominal power, spectral gains
compensate temperature losses in summer
Emerging technologies:
Bifacial PV modules show higher performance ratio. Advantage
in energy yield depends on ground albedo and bifaciality factor.
Performance of commercial PV modules and emerging technologies
1.
2.
3.
4.
28/10/2018

 Dust accumulation causes a continuous increase of
 Cleaning events cause a reset SR = 1
 Sandstorms can cause up to -8% decrease of
 The slope of data points (accumulated dust) is the soiling rate, given in % per day
Experimental findings
Time evolution of soiling
28.10.201815
Variability of soiling rate at Thuwal,
Saudi Arabia:
Maximum: -0,65% per day
Minimum: -0.22% per day
MAX
MIN

16
Conclusions
 Varying climatic conditions across markets and the individual characteristics of PV
technologies undermine accurate predictions of module energy yield using
conventional methods.
 Real world working conditions of PV modules differ significantly from STC.
 Most dominant for harsh desert climates are temperature related losses: besides the
temperature coefficients the average operating temperature is crucial.
 Emerging technologies as bifacial, thin-film and high-efficiency provide chances to
increase the earnings of a power plant.
 Sophisticated energy rating can be done based on laboratory measurements and
reference climate data sets. Operating temperatures and PSTC stability must be
measured in the field.
 The competitiveness of solar projects can be enhanced by PV modules with reliable
long-term performance and optimal energy yield performance suited to the climate of
the installation location.
28/10/2018

The world’s leading forum for PV module technologies and applications from
12 to 13 February 2019, TÜV Rheinland headquarter, Cologne/Germany
www.tuv.com/pv-module-forum
PV Module Forum 2019 #PVFORUM

International standards
and market requirements
for photovoltaic modules
TÜV Rheinland Workshop
"Solar Investment Risk Mitigation“
WETEX 2018 Dubai
TÜV Rheinland Energy GmbH
Dr. rer. nat. Eckart Janknecht
Project Manager PV Module Qualification
www.tuv.com/solarenergy
Solarenergy@de.tuv.com

Overview
 Worldwide valid standards for PV modules: IEC 61215:2016 / IEC 61730:2016
 National market requirements
 Concluding remarks
23/10/2018 International standards and market requirements for PV modules2

PV modules and components: Overview of latest standards
IEC 61215:2016 - Type approval
Part 1 - General requirements
Part 1-x for c-Si, CdTe, a-Si, µ-Si, CIGS and new technologies
Part 2 - Test methods
IEC 61730:2016 - Safety qualification
Part 1 - Requirements for construction
Part 2 - Requirements for testing
IEC 62108:2017 - Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules and assemblies - Design qualification and type approval
IEC 62688:2017 - Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules and assemblies - Safety qualification
IEC 62790:2014 - Junction boxes for photovoltaic modules - Safety requirements and tests
IEC 62930:2017 or EN 50618:2014 - Electric cables for photovoltaic systems
IEC 62852:2014 - Connectors for DC-application in photovoltaic systems – Safety requirements and tests
IEC TS 62915:2018 - Photovoltaic (PV) modules - Type approval, design and safety qualification - Retesting

New IEC type approval and safety standards
Part 2 – Test methods
Part 1-1 c-Si
IEC 61215 Ed. 2 Requirements
IEC 61215 Ed. 2 Test methods
IEC 61646 Ed. 2 Requirements
IEC 61646 Ed. 2 Test methods
New status since 2016Previous status
IEC 61215
Part 1 – General requirements
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for construction
IEC 61730-2
Requirements for testing
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for construction
IEC 61730-2
Part 1-2 CdTe
Part 1-3 a-Si & µ-Si
Part 1-4 CIGS
Part 1-x new technologies

Scope and objective of IEC 61215 type approval
Part 1-1 c-Si
Part 1-2 CdTe
Part 1-4 CIGS
Part 1-x new techn.
.........
 IEC 61215
 Part 1 – General
requirements
IEC 61215 lays down IEC requirements for the design qualification and type
approval of terrestrial photovoltaic modules suitable for long-term operation in general
open-air climates.
The norm
 applies to all terrestrial flat plate modules (crystalline silicon modules; thin-film
modules; organic modules)
 does not apply to modules used with concentrated sunlight (only low concentrator
modules, 1 to 3 suns)
 does not address particularities of PV modules with integrated electronics
 determines electrical and thermal characteristics of the module and shows that the
module is capable of withstanding prolonged exposure in climates
The actual lifetime expectancy of modules depends on their design, their
environment and the conditions under which they are operated.

Assessment of various influences on PV modules in IEC 61215
 Damp heat test
 Thermal cycling test
 Humidity freeze test
 Static mechanical load test for customized load severities
 Impulse voltage test adjusted for different altitude
 Hail test with customized ice ball diameters
 Bypass diode thermal test
 Hot-spot endurance test
 Outdoor exposure test
 UV preconditioning test 15 / 60 kWh/m²
Irradiance:
sun, sky,
cloud…
Air humidity
Damp / wet
conditions:
rain, dew,
frost...
Installation
situation
(shading)
Mechanical
load (wind,
snow, hail
impact)
Temperature:
heat, freeze,
day-night cycle

Major aspects of IEC 61215 type approval
Part 1-1 c-Si
Part 1-2 CdTe
Part 1-4 CIGS
Part 1-x new techn.
.........
 IEC 61215
requirements
Part 1 – General requirements:
 Power classes need to be approved individually
 Type label: tolerance for Pmax, Isc, Voc require
 Type label verification: For each module type label values (Pmax, Isc, Voc) to be
confirmed by measurements
 Testing: Intermediate measurements of output power and insulation resistance
optional
 Pass criteria: Max. 5% output power degradation allowed per whole test sequence
 Test failures: If test failure for one module, two additional modules to be subjected to
the entire test sequence
 Design modifications: For new material combinations principally retests required 
IEC TS 62915

Part 1-1 c-Si
Part 1-2 CdTe
Part 1-4 CIGS
Part 1-x new techn.
.........
 IEC 61215
requirements
Part 1 – General requirements:
Major visual defects:
 Broken, cracked, torn, bent or misaligned external surfaces including superstrates,
substrates, frames and junction boxes
 Bubbles or delamination forming a continuous path between electric circuit and edge of
module
 If the mechanical integrity depends on lamination or other means of adhesion, the sum of the
area of all bubbles shall not exceed 1 % of the total module area (new)
 Evidence of any molten or burned encapsulant, backsheet, frontsheet, diode or active PV
component (new)
 Loss of mechanical integrity to the extent that module installation and operation would be
impaired (new)
 Cracked/broken cells which can remove more than 10 % of the cell’s photovoltaic active area
from the electrical circuit of the PV module (new)
 Voids in or visible corrosion of any of the layers of the active (live) circuitry of the module
extending over more than 10 % of any cell (new)
 Module markings (label) no longer attached / information no longer readable (new)

Part 1-1 c-Si
Part 1-2 CdTe
Part 1-4 CIGS
Part 1-x new techn.
.........
 IEC 61215
requirements
Part 2 – Test methods:
Major test requirement: Performance at STC
 Gate #1: Type label power (pass criteria at the begin of a sequence):
Each nominal power class (+current +voltage) verified; lab measurement uncertainties +
manufacturer production tolerances taken into account
 Gate #2: Maximum degradation per test sequence (pass criteria at the end of a sequence):
Max. allowed degradation in output power 5%, reproducibility of measurements taken into
account
Pass: Measured power incl.
measurement uncertainty (MU) lays
within the given tolerances.
Fail: One or more modules have a
power outside the given
tolerances after consideration of
the measurement uncertainty.

Part 1-1 c-Si
Part 1-2 CdTe
Part 1-4 CIGS
Part 1-x new techn.
.........
 IEC 61215
requirements
Part 2 – Test methods:
Major test requirement: Electrical stabilization
 New requirement for c-Si (former preconditioning); corresponds to former light-soaking for
thin-film
 Applied irradiance:
 Calculation of stability:
(Pmax - Pmin) / Paverage < x

Scope and objective of IEC 61730 safety approval
IEC 61730-1 specifies and describes the fundamental construction requirements for
photovoltaic modules in order to provide safe electrical and mechanical operation.
IEC 61730-2 lists the tests required to fulfill safety qualification. It provides the testing
sequence to verify the safety of photovoltaic modules.
The norm
 applies to all terrestrial flat plate modules (crystalline silicon modules; thin-film modules;
organic modules)
 is designed to coordinate with the IEC 61215 test sequences, so that a single set of
samples may be used to perform both the safety and qualification of a photovoltaic
module design
The requirements are intended to minimize
 the misapplication and misuse of PV modules or
 the failure of their components
which could result in fire, electric shock and personal injury.
PV modules covered by this standard are limited to a max. DC system voltage of 1500 V.
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for
construction
IEC 61730-2

Major aspects of IEC 61730 safety approval
Part 1 – Requirements for construction
 Definition of PV modules class:
 Marking requirement:
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for
construction
IEC 61730-2

 Pollution degree:
 Material group:
(CTI = comparative tracking index acc. to IEC 60112)
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for
construction
IEC 61730-2

 Maximum system voltage / internal voltage
 PV modules class
 Pollution degree
 Material group
define the permitted minimum clearance (cl) and creepage (cr) distances in the
module design!
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for
construction
IEC 61730-2

Clearance/ creepage paths need to be measured and confirmed:
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for
construction
IEC 61730-2

Definition of operating altitude:
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for
construction
IEC 61730-2

Current valid component standards need to be fulfilled:
 Cable: IEC 62930
 Connector: IEC 62852
 Junction box: IEC 62790
Marking and documentation requirements:
 Polarity of terminals or leads
 Maximum system voltage
 Class of protection against electrical shock
 Open-circuit voltage with manufacturing tolerances (new)
 Short-circuit current with manufacturing tolerances (new)
 Maximum output power with manufacturing tolerances
 Maximum overcurrent protection rating
Installation manual requirements:
 Recommended maximum series / parallel PV module configurations;
 Overcurrent protection rating
 As above (type label); in addition temperature coefficients (for Voc, Isc and Pmpp)
 etc.
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for
construction
IEC 61730-2

Part 2 – Requirements for testing
Insulation thickness test:
 Determination of layer thicknesses in order to verify the minimum insulation thickness for
thin layers
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for
construction
IEC 61730-2

Sharp edge test:
 Accessible module surface shall be smooth and free from sharp edges, burrs, etc. which
may damage the insulation of conductors or pose a risk of injury
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for
construction
IEC 61730-2

Sequence B:
New mandatory test sequence with increased UV irradiation (60 kWh/m²); exposure from front
and from back side (background: cycling UV and HF are best to age polymers in PV modules)
Sequence B1:
New optional test sequence – required for upgrade to pollution degree 1
Materials creep test:
 Verification that module layers do not creep or lose adhesion during high operation
temperatures in the field (frontsheet-backsheet, backsheet-JB / -back rail…)
 Modules tested for 200h at 105 °C in chamber with worst-case mounting angle
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for
construction
IEC 61730-2

Ignitability test:
Evaluation of ignitability of outer module layers
based on ISO 11925-2
Fire test:
Not mandatory anymore for IEC
IEC 61730-1
Requirements for
construction
IEC 61730-2

National market requirements
LVD Directive 2014/35 EU

Rules Test mark / certificate
TÜV Rheinland
EN 61215
EN 61730
LVD Directive 2014/35/EU Certificate of conformity
International standards and market requirements for PV modules23/10/201823
Europe

TÜV Rheinland
CSTB (Centre Scientifique et Technique du
Bâtiment)
Test report as basis for Avis
Technique or pass innovation
France bonification
Factory inspection certificate for
confirmation of production steps
France

Italy
Requirement TÜV Rheinland
GSE Conto Energia 08.2012
EU manufacturing
bonus
Factory inspection
certificate
UNI 8457 (small flame)
UNI 9174 (radiant panel)
Fire test for building
added PV
Test report

MCS certification
(Microgeneration
Certification Scheme)
PV modules
 IEC 61215 certification acc. to
MCS 005
 Factory inspection acc. to
MCS 010
 No additional tests required
Mounting systems
 Certification acc. to MCS 012
BIPV
 Qualification acc. to MCS 017
 Reports
 Certification in
cooperation with
BRE Global
(Building Research
Establishment)
UK

USA
 UL
 CEC (California
Energy
Commission)
 Florida Solar
Energy Center
Canada
 CAN/CSA-C22.2
 UL 61730:2017, 2-4 factory
inspections per year
 Certificates acc. to IEC standards
 Measurements of STC, NMOT,
P(NMOT,LI) and temperature
coefficients in specific power
classes required
 Bilingual manual and label
(English and French) required
 Certificate and
test mark
 Reports are
accepted by CEC
 Reports are
accepted by FEC
 Certificate
USA / Canada

INMETRO –
National Institute of
Metrology, Quality
and Technology
 IEC 61215 plus certain
characteristics of PV
modules
 Import rules acc. annex I
of the ordinance no.
004/2011
 Test reports, bilingual
English/Portuguese
 Support with INMETRO
registration through local
office
Brasil

ADQCC - Abu Dhabi
Quality & Conformity
Council
 Certificate of Conformity
 Factory inspection
 Conformity
assessment
United Arabian Emirates

SASO –
Saudi Arabian
Standard
Organization
 Inspection
 SASO-IEC 61215
 SASO-IEC 61646
 SASO-IEC 61730-1
 SASO-IEC 61730-2
 SASO-IEC 61345 (withdrawn)
 SASO-IEC 60068-2-68
 IEC 62716
 EN 50380
 EN 50548
 SASO-IEC 61853-1
 Document review
 CoC for market
 Certificate of
Conformity
Saudi Arabia

CGC –
China General
Certification Center
 IEC 61215 and 61730
 Certification by CGC, CQC
 Testing
China

MNRE Program
(Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy)
 IEC 61215 and 61730, testing
must be performed in India
 PID testing acc. to IEC 62804
 Testing acc. to IS 14268 resp. IS
16077 as well as IS/IEC 61730-
1/-2
 Testing in India
 Certificate
India

TÜV Rheinland – Partner to access world markets
At home on all countries & continents:
LVD Directive 2014/35 EU

Concluding remarks
 IEC 61215 / 61730 provide a large number of options for manufacturers in order to expose its design on the market, but
require detailed design review in advance and pre-information to be supplied for test institute.
 CE-marking (self confirmation) along the LVD (low voltage directive) requires photovoltaic products with a maximum
system voltage up to 1500 VDC to be safety qualified.
 Certification acc. to (inter-)national standards is the minimum criteria of type approval and safety for market access;
testing acc. to standards identifies failures of the early years life cycle!
 Fulfilling these certification standards is no evidence for a 10 year product or 25 year performance guarantee.
 Reliability along the lifecycle of a PV product needs much more investigation on long term qualifications and risk
controlling.
Questioning & Answering

The world’s leading forum for PV module technologies and applications from
12 to 13 February 2019, TÜV Rheinland headquarter, Cologne/Germany
www.tuv.com/pv-module-forum
PV Module Forum 2019

TÜV Rheinland "Solar Investment Risk Mitigation Workshop"

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