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2.  Stratification describes the way in which different
groups of people are placed within society. The status
of people is often determined by how society is
stratified - the basis of which can include:
Wealth & Income Social Class

3. Religion Political Status
Gender

4. a) Power – The degree to which a person can
control other people. More power more
respect in society.
b) Economic resources – The level of income
from all resources is an important indicator
of one’s place in society. – Economic
resources in rural and urban areas.
c) Prestige – The degree of respect,
favourable regard or importance accorded
to an individual by members of society.

5. d. Occupation – High class professionals
include big businessmen, industrialists,
landlords and high class government and
semi-government officials.
e. Caste – It is permanent, having its status
ascribed as birth. Some castes are believed to
be higher in status while others as low.
f) Education – The standard of education also
determines a social class.

6.  Social structures hold certain groups in
ranked order and where it is difficult, if not
impossible, to change that order.
 • Where people rank in stratification system
influences every part of their lives in
profound ways.

7. Three basic types of systems of social
stratification.
• Slavery—Ownership of certain people.
• Caste—Characterized by hereditary status.
• Class—Positions based on economics.

8. Social class:
 A social class is a homogeneous group of
people in a society formed on the combined
basis of:
1.Education
2. Occupation
3. Income
4. Place of residence Class system allow for
social mobility.

9. 1. Upper social class
a) Upper Upper Class
b) Upper Middle Class
c) Upper Lower Class
2. Middle social class
a)Middle Upper Class
b) Middle Middle Class
c) Middle Lower Class
3. Working social class
a) Lower Upper Class
b) Lower Middle Class
c) Lower Lower Class

11. i. They have high level of income and belong to
be most high paying profession.
ii. They live in most cleanest place of the
country iii. Their size is 2% of the total
society. They include: a. Top management of
the company b. Big businessmen c. High
status leadership

12. i. Social mobility is found highest in this class.
ii. They live comfortably than poor class, but
are financially lower than upper class.
iii. They all are employees.
iv. Their norms are likely to be similar to that
of poor class due to recent switching to
middle class.
v. This class is the best example of DEFERRED
GRATIFICATION PATTERN. 10 vi. Their
population is 28% out of the total population.

13. i. Social mobility is the lowest in them.
ii. Rate of deviance is high in them.
iii. They are most likely to be drug/narcotics
addicted.
iv. They lack long term planning.
v. They are either unemployed, or get
employment for short term basis. vii. Their
size is 70% out total population of Pakistan.

14. Social mobility is the movement of people up
or down the stratification system.
• It can also be defined as the act of moving
from one social class to another.
• Class systems allow for more movement than
slave or caste systems.
• It is quite difficult to achieve upward social
mobility.

15. 1) Territorial Mobility – It is the change of
residence from one place to another.
2) Vertical Mobility - Refers to a major
movement up or down in social class
position.
3) Horizontal Mobility - Refers to movement
within a social class. In general, there is no
overall change in the social class status of an
individual involved.

16.  Functionalist theorists attempt to understand
what role inequality plays in keeping society
at equilibrium. • David and Moore (1945)
argued that stratification benefited society by
ensuring that the most important roles would
be filled by the most talented and worthy
people.

17.  The stratification of society is also based
upon either an open, or closed system.
Open System
• Status is achieved through merit, and effort.
• This is sometimes known as a meritocracy

18.  Status is ascribed, rather than achieved
 Ascribed status can be based upon several
factors, such as family background (e.g. the
feudal system consists of landowners and
serfs).
 Political factors may also play a role (e.g.
societies organised on the basis of
communism), as can ethnicity (e.g. the former
apartheid regime in South Africa) and
religion.

19. The power of the elite within society is based
upon:
Income
Wealth
A network of social connections-sometimes
known as the ‘old boys network’

20.  • poverty – least powerful – few opportunities
 • neither rich nor poor – people – middle-
class

21.  • In contrast the least powerful within society
have few opportunities to escape from poverty.
There are different explanations for this. For
example the New Right sociologist Charles
Murray argued that the poorest members of
society had become too reliant upon welfare
benefits. This had led to a gradual loss in the
ability of the poor to adopt values that would
take them out of poverty; such as self-reliance
and personal initiative. Most people within
society are neither rich nor poor. They form part
of the middle-class –which is the most numerical
social class within society.

22.  For example ethnic minorities often face a
glass ceiling at work due to discrimination
upon racial grounds; which can be either
overt (or obvious), or covert (in other words,
hidden). Women also face the same problem.

23.  “underclass”• term associated with the work
of John Rex and Robert Moore. Members of
the underclass form norms and values that
often differ to the rest of society. They are
caught in a poverty trap (or cycle) from which
they find very difficult to escape from. This is
despite changes to the welfare and benefits
system designed to get welfare claimants into
work.

24. Social stratification is based on four basic
principles:
1. Social stratification is a trait of society, not
simply a reflection of individual differences;
2. Social stratification carries over from
generation to generation;
3. Social stratification is universal but
variable;
4. Social stratification involves not just
inequality but beliefs as well.

25. 1. datus or chiefl class
2. maharlika or nobility class
3. Timagua or the common class
4. Alipin or the dependent classes
Social mobility was possible but
intermarriage between social
classes was discouraged.

26. Criteria for Leadership:
◦ Wealth
◦ Personal ability
Social Classes during Spanish Times
1. Upperclass
2. Freemen
3. Peninsulares
4. Creoles, mestizos, insulares

27.  Divided into 2:
1. big people (dakulang tao)
2. little people (sadit na tao)
Criteria:
1. land ownership
2. Education and occupation
3. Style of life
4. Attitudes
5. Behavior patterns
6. Participation in community affairs
7. Inconsequential things