2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
This presentation was designed to provide strategic recommendations for a brand in decline. The deck also incorporates a situational assessment, including a brand identity, positioning, architecture, and portfolio strategy for the Brand.
Presentation originally created for NYU Stern's Brand Strategy course. Design by Erica Santiago & Chris Alexander.
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them wellSaba Software
According to the latest State of the American Manager report from Gallup, employees who have regular meetings with their managers are almost three times as likely to be engaged as those who don’t. These regular check-ins keep managers and employees in sync and aligned. Want to see better manager/employee relationships in your organisation? Then make an all-in commitment to 1:1 meetings. Not sure how? You’ve come to the right place.
In this webinar with Jamie Resker, Founder and Practice Leader for Employee Performance Solutions (EPS), and Teala Wilson, Talent Management Consultant at Saba Software, you’ll get the inside track on how to hold effective 1:1 meetings, including tips for getting managers on board.
• Go beyond discussing the status of everyday work to higher level topics, including recognition, performance, development, and career aspirations
• Learn how to decide meeting frequency, what to cover, as well as roles and responsibilities of the manager and employee
• Understand how managers can build trust and make it comfortable for employees to provide upward feedback
• Unite your organisation with a unified approach to 1:1 meetings
Join us for this 1-hour webinar to get practical tips for building better manager-employee relationships with intention and purpose.
About the Speakers
Jamie Resker - Founder and Practice Leader for Employee Performance Solutions (EPS)
Jamie Resker, Practice Leader and Founder of Employee Performance Solutions, is a recognized innovator in performance management. She is the originator of the-the Performance Continuum Feedback Method® and Conversations to Optimize Employee Performance training program; tools and training that reshape communications between managers and employees to drive and align performance. Jamie is on the faculty for the Northeast Human Resources Association, is a contributor to Halogen Software's Talent Space Blog, and is an editorial advisory board member for HR Examiner.
Teala Wilson - Senior Consultant, Strategic Services, Saba Software
Teala is a Talent Management Consultant at Halogen Software, now a part of Saba Software. She has worked with teams on a national and global level supporting human resources in areas such as performance management, recruitment, employee benefit programs, training and talent development, workforce planning and internal communications. Teala also has a personal passion for visual arts and design.
Want to learn more? Join us for an upcoming Product Tour!
http://bit.ly/2yitfqu
7. Lecture Preview
• The First Americans
• Indian Freedom, European Freedom
• The Expansion of Europe
• Contact
• The Spanish Empire
• The French and Dutch Empires
8. The First Americans
Focus Question:
What were the major patterns of Native
American life in North America
before Europeans arrived?
12. The First Americans
• Indian Societies of the Americas
• Mound Builders of the Mississippi River
Valley
• Western Indians
• Indians of Eastern North America
64. The French and Dutch
Empires
• Freedom in New Netherland
• The Dutch and Religious Toleration
• Settling New Netherland
• New Netherland and the Indians
67. The First Americans
Focus Question: What were the major patterns of Native American
life in North America before Europeans arrived?
Indian Freedom, European Freedom
Focus Question: How did Indian and European ideas of freedom
differ on the eve of contact?
The Expansion of Europe
Focus Question: What impelled European explorers to look west
across the Atlantic?
Review
68. Review
Contact
Focus Question: What happened when the peoples of the Americas
came in contact with Europeans?
The Spanish Empire
Focus Question: What were the chief features of the Spanish empire
in America?
The French and Dutch Empires
Focus Question: What were the chief features of the French and
Dutch empires in North America?
69. MEDIA LINKS
—— Chapter 1 ——
Order Title Filename Media link
1
Eric Foner on freedom, pt
1: how English settlers
were inspired by freedom
ideas_of_freedom
http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/&f=ideas_of_freedom
2
Eric Foner on freedom, pt
2: differing views of
freedom among the
American colonies
question012
http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question012
3
Eric Foner on freedom, pt
3: settlers and the Indians question013
http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question013
4
Eric Foner on freedom, pt
3: settlers and the Indians question014
http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question014
5
Eric Foner on freedom, pt
5: freedom in the 15th
and 16th centuries
question015
http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question015
6
Eric Foner on freedom, pt
6: new ideas of freedom
after the English Civil
War
question016
http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question016
70. Next Lecture PREVIEW:
—— Chapter 1 ——
Beginnings of English
America, 1607–1660
• England and the New World
• The Coming of the English
• Settling the Chesapeake
• The New England Way
• New Englanders Divided
• Religion, Politics, and Freedom
71. Norton Lecture Slides
Independent and Employee-Owned
http://wwnorton.com/college/history/give-me-liberty4/
by
Eric Foner
This concludes the Norton Lecture Slides
Slide Set for Chapter 1
Give Me Liberty!
AN AMERICAN HISTORY
FOURTH EDITION
Editor's Notes
In each lecture this semester, we will work through a number of themes. The are a number of major subtopics in each lecture, which together tell the chronological and thematic development of many of the events connected to each lecture’s and book chapter’s content.
When studying both the textbook and lecture notes, it will be helpful to connect each of these larger topics’ meanings to construct an understanding of Reconstruction as a whole. Additionally, connecting the people, events, dates, and overall anecdotes (historical stories/examples) within each subtopic will also give you a better understanding of each individual stage of the history we discuss.
Chapter 1A New World
The subtopics for this lecture are listed on the screen above.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
The first Americans to settle what eventually became the United States were culturally diverse. They migrated by land over the Bering Strait or by sea anywhere from 15,000 to 60,000 years ago, some reaching the southern tip of South America perhaps 11,000 years ago. Facing a warming climate, and hunting animals such as the woolly mammoth and giant bison into extinction, these first settlers later developed agriculture, including the cultivation of maize (corn), squash, and beans, that enabled large, settled civilizations to emerge.
The diverse Indian societies of the Americas first encountered by the Europeans included civilizations with populations of several millions of people, large cities, road and irrigation systems, trade networks, and impressive architectural achievements. But even the most developed Indian civilizations, located in South America, lacked the technologies, such as metal tools and machines, gunpowder, and scientific knowledge needed for long-distance navigation, which allowed Europeans to conquer them and justify that conquest.
In North America about 3,500 years ago, one native culture, the “mound builders,” centered their community in the lower Mississippi River valley around a series of semicircular mounds and established extensive trade networks throughout the continent. For over 3,000 years, in what is now northeastern Arizona, the Hopi and Zuni and their ancestors lived in settled villages with irrigation, dam, and canal systems and engaged in long-distance trade, becoming, after a period of decline, what the Spanish called the Pueblo Indians. The Pacific Coast was also densely populated by hundreds of independent groups of natives who lived primarily by fishing and gathering food, and on the Great Plains many Indians hunted the buffalo herds, while others lived in agricultural villages. In eastern North America, hundreds of tribes, from the Choctaw, Cherokee, and Chickasaw in the southeast to the Iroquois peoples of the northeast, lived by hunting, fishing, gathering, and agriculture, and engaged each other in trade, diplomacy, and occasionally war. When Europeans arrived, native peoples were tremendously diverse and differentiated by language, custom, political system, and religious belief, and they did not consider themselves a single unified people with a common cultural or racial identity.
Despite their diversity, North American Indian societies did have some common characteristics. Their religions and religious practices were often directly related to farming and hunting, invested living things like plants and animals and nonliving things like the water and wind with spiritual power, and defined membership in their communities. Each Indian society respected and gave authority to those who seemed to have spiritual or supernatural powers. While most of their religions, like those of Europe, held that a single creator was at the top of the spiritual order, they did not distinguish sharply between the natural and supernatural or the secular and religious.
Unlike the Europeans, North American Indian societies did not treat land as a commodity to be owned privately by individuals, but instead had family and communal-based notions of property. Although Indian tribes and groups had systems of social status, Indians did not devote themselves to accumulating wealth and material goods, and Indian trading was as much a social and cultural practice, emphasizing generosity and gift-giving, as an economic exchange.
Relations between men and women were also markedly different from those of Europeans. Most but not all North American Indian societies were matrilineal, and in some groups it was possible for women to own property, engage in premarital sex, divorce their husbands, take part in religious ceremonies, and help select male tribal leaders. Men assumed political leadership, and proved their masculinity by engaging in hunting, agriculture, or warfare.
Europeans first tended to see Indians as either “noble savages” or uncivilized and brutal inferior barbarians. Over time, negative images of the Indians came to dominate Europeans’ views of indigenous peoples, with Europeans focusing on natives apparent lack of religion, land use practices, and gender relations as the basis of their relative inferiority. Indians were seen as devilish heathens, as people who didn’t use the land properly (which in the eyes of the English, French, and Dutch, justified their expropriation of the land), and as people who subverted European gender roles by allowing weak men to engage in “leisure” activities like hunting and fishing, leaving agricultural work to native women, whom Europeans believed belonged in the home.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
Some Europeans saw Native Americans as embodying freedom and liberty as Europeans understood the terms, but most soon thought that such notions of “freedom” were foreign to native societies. Europeans believed Indians were savages in part because they did not seem to have governments or legal systems, lacking the respect for authority, discipline, and order that Europeans believed marked their civilizations. The modern idea of freedom as personal independence, often based on the ownership of private property, meant little in most Indian societies. But Indians had their own ideas of freedom, as is evident in the practice of small-scale slavery in some Indian groups (although buying and selling slaves was unknown), and in their resistance to enslavement by Europeans.
Although Indians respected individual thought and judgment that conflicted with group decisions, Indians generally emphasized commitment to family and community, group autonomy and self-determination, and mutual obligations accompanied by belonging and connectedness over individual freedom.
When Europeans colonized the New World, they had multiple ideas of freedom as a collection of rights and privileges, many of which were reserved for a small portion of the population. One important idea of freedom was religious or moral, based on an individual’s decision to subordinate himself to the Christian God. This was not the same as modern notions of religious freedom or tolerance. Each European country had an established church, and their governments often suppressed or heavily regulated other Christian and non-Christian groups.
Secular ideas of freedom located liberty in individual obedience to law and acceptance of one’s rank and its duties within a rigid and extensive social hierarchy, ranging from urban poor and rural peasants at the bottom, to church officials, hereditary aristocrats and nobles, and kings and other members of monarchies at the top. Inequality was built into all social relations; the king ruled by divine right, and superiors demanded deference from their social inferiors. In families, men had authority over their “dependent” women and children, whose legal identities were subsumed in that of the male. Women could not own property, control their wages, write separate wills, or even in most cases divorce, and husbands had rights to their wives’ labor and bodies.
Few men enjoyed the freedom derived from economic independence, usually land ownership, and property qualifications for voting meant that few men could vote. Modern civil liberties such as freedom of religion and speech did not exist. Workers who defied employers and labor contracts suffered harsh criminal penalties. Yet, each European country that colonized the New World claimed to be spreading freedom for themselves and the Indians.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
Europeans “discovered” the Americas only because they were interested in finding a sea route to India, China, and the islands of the East Indies, which had long been the basis of a lucrative land-based trade in silk, tea, spices, porcelain, and other luxury goods. In the early fifteenth century, a large Chinese naval expedition intended to show China’s power went all the way to East Africa and could have gone further west to the Americas, but the Chinese were uninterested in establishing a maritime empire.
The Portuguese, benefiting from new techniques in sailing and navigation, first explored the Atlantic, making their way down the western coast of Africa, encountering powerful African kingdoms there, and also establishing small colonies on islands in the Atlantic off the African coast—the first sugar plantations based on slavery in the Atlantic world. Portuguese explorers by 1498 had explored the Indian coast, and soon the Portuguese established a maritime empire with trading outposts throughout Africa, India, southern China, and Indonesia.
Although slavery existed in Africa before the Europeans came, Africans enslaved other Africans who were criminals, debtors, or captives in war. They worked in households and families, had some rights, and could become free. African slavery was only one of several forms of labor and was not the basis of African economies. With the Portuguese and other Europeans in Africa by the end of the fifteenth century, slavery became purely economic, and a large slave trade within and beyond Africa developed.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
Christopher Columbus, an experienced mariner and explorer from Genoa in northern Italy, also sought sea routes to China and India and believed he could find them by sailing across the Atlantic. But most European monarchs knew that Columbus underestimated the size of Earth, and refused to support his expedition, except for King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. In 1492, they completed the “reconquista” (reconquest) of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors, African Muslims who had ruled there for centuries, and then endorsed and helped finance Columbus’s voyage.
After only 33 days at sea, Columbus, on October 12, 1492, arrived at the Bahamas, and soon went to Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and Cuba. He brought back ten natives, whom he called “Indians,” to Spain for conversion to Christianity. The next year saw Columbus’s return with more ships and men and the beginnings of Spanish colonization of the New World.
While a host of explorers and fishermen from other European nations, including England, France, and Portugal, soon came to the Americas, Spanish conquistadores such as Hernán Cortes and Francisco Pizarro took the lead in conquering the Americas, including large native civilizations in South America, for national glory, wealth, and Catholicism, devastating these cultures through warfare and disease, and laying the basis for the gold and silver mines that would enrich the Spanish crown.
The transatlantic flow of goods and people mixed millions of years of separate evolution, throwing together plants, animals, and cultures. This “Columbian exchange” transformed both Europe and the Americas. But the impact of war, enslavement, and especially diseases introduced by the Europeans was a demographic disaster for native peoples of the New World, whose population fell dramatically. In the 150 years since European contact, perhaps 80 million Indians—nearly one-fifth of humankind at that time—died.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
By the mid-1500s, the Spanish had established an enormous global colonial empire, spanning from Europe to the Americas and Asia. The Atlantic and Pacific oceans were now highways moving people and goods, including gold and silver shipped from Mexico and Peru to Spain and on to the Philippines and China. The Spanish empire encompassed the most populous and mineral-rich areas of the New World and included large cities, such as Mexico City.
The Spanish system of colonial government was an elaborate hierarchy of appointed lawyers and bureaucrats under the authority of the Spanish monarchy, with a significant role for the Catholic Church, especially in administering Indians. Elected assemblies were absent.
The Spanish did not import African slaves in large numbers because they relied on the dwindling but still substantial Indian population to do hard agricultural and mining labor. Although Spaniards born in Spain ruled the colonies, they, unlike the English colonists, granted Indians some limited rights and aspired to assimilate them into Spanish society. The Spanish empire also became increasingly dominated by mestizos, people of mixed native and European origin.
Most Europeans believed in the inherent superiority of their cultures and societies over those of the Indians, and they did not question their right to conquer them. Before colonizing the New World, Europeans had fought each other in religious wars and conflicts, establishing a precedent for conquering other peoples and cultures based on religious and cultural notions of superiority and inferiority.
The Spanish particularly embraced the mission to convert natives to Christianity. With the Protestant Reformation dividing the Catholic Church beginning in 1517, the Spanish believed they had to convert natives to Catholicism to save them from heathenism and Protestantism, part of their hope to assimilate the Indians and raise them to European levels of civilization.
But Spanish colonizers also saw Indians as a workforce to use to extract gold and silver and enrich Spain, and in the process worked many of the Indians to death. The Spanish believed they were giving the Indians “freedom” through Christian conversion, while they also exploited them to make Spaniards and the Spanish crown immensely rich.
In response to the Indians’ conditions, Pope Paul III, hoping to make them devout subjects of Europe’s Catholic monarchs, outlawed Indian enslavement; in 1542, Spain’s “New Laws” officially outlawed Indian slavery. The Dominican priest Bartolemé de Las Casas criticized his fellow Spaniards for their shocking atrocities and cruelties against native peoples, opposed their enslavement, and insisted that Indians were rational beings, not savages, who could not be denied their freedom and lands—even while he suggested that the importation of African slaves might protect Indians from exploitation. Las Casas’s criticisms helped spread throughout Europe the “Black Legend” of Spain as an exceptionally brutal and exploitative colonial power.
Las Casas and other Spaniards believed that colonists’ cruel treatment of the natives undermined their empire’s mission to convert and assimilate them. But some Spanish colonists resisted imperial reforms, such as the outlawing of Indian slavery, by rebelling against the crown. In 1550, the Spanish abolished the encomienda system, in which Spanish colonists had the right to rule over conquered Indian lands and force Indians to work, and replaced it with the repartimiento system, in which Indians were legally free and entitled to wages, but still required to annually perform a fixed amount of labor. No longer slaves, Indians were still exploited by landlords and priests.
Spanish explorers seeking new kingdoms of gold first came to the areas that would become the United States in the early sixteenth century, exploring the Pacific and Gulf coasts and parts of the American southeast and southwest. These expeditions spread disease and devastation among Indian communities in North America; Hernando de Soto’s journey through the Gulf Coast and southwest was especially brutal. Raping, torturing, and enslaving native peoples they encountered, de Soto’s men also spread fatal diseases, all of which led to the virtual disappearance of once-vibrant native communities.
The first area to be colonized by the Spanish in what became today’s United States was Florida, where the Spanish wiped out French settlers in their hopes of preventing further French colonization and ending piracy in nearby waters. Despite considerable Spanish efforts to build towns and forts and convert Indians, the Spanish presence in Florida remained small.
In the southwest in 1598, the first major Spanish expedition in the area, led by Juan de Onate, searched for fabled minerals, but when attacked by natives of Acoma in present-day New Mexico, they retaliated by killing and enslaving thousands of native inhabitants. Onate was recalled by Spanish authorities and a period of more stable colonial rule was initiated with the establishment of New Mexico and its capital, Santa Fe.
By 1680, a small number of mostly mestizo Spanish colonists ruled over the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. Tensions arose over the colonists’ exploitation of the Indians’ labor and their increasingly harsh efforts to convert Indians and eliminate indigenous religious practices and beliefs. Among other factors, this led to a revolt that year to drive the Spanish from New Mexico and restore native autonomy.
Led by Popé, a religious leader who had earlier been arrested by the Spanish for “sorcery,” the Pueblos attacked and nearly wiped out the entire population of Spanish colonists, destroying in the process all the symbols and icons of Spanish culture and Catholicism they could find. A dozen years later, the Spanish reconquered New Mexico for good.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
Even as other European powers disdained Spain’s treatment of the Indians, they aspired to match the Spanish empire’s incredible mineral wealth. During the seventeenth century, rival French, Dutch, and English colonists established colonies in North America.
The French were first, hoping to find gold and locate a Northwest Passage to the Pacific. Failed initial settlements were followed by permanent settlements in the Mississippi River valley and along the St. Lawrence River in what became Canada, then called New France. The French crown limited migration, however, keeping the French colonists’ numbers small.
Few in number and embracing the fur trade rather than agriculture, however, French colonists depended on friendly relations with local Indians. Not interested in land as were English colonists, or in exploiting Indian labor as had the Spanish, the French created elaborate military, commercial, and diplomatic connections with natives, creating alliances with Indians unparalleled in North America in their durability. Although French Jesuits sought to convert the Indians, the French generally were more tolerant of Indian religions and spiritual practices than rival European colonists, and in the “middle ground” of the upper Great Lakes region, French and Indians mixed in relative equality.
But French colonialism all the same brought disease and warfare to native populations, especially as the fur trade and the introduction of European commodities intensified conflicts between native groups and as wars between European colonists on the continent embroiled natives allied to different European powers.
The Dutch first came to the New World with Henry Hudson’s exploration of New York Harbor and the river that would come to bear his name in 1609, setting the stage for the establishment in 1624 of New Amsterdam, the Dutch outpost on Manhattan that became the basis for New York. Although small in size and population, the Netherlands was the center of a global maritime empire of trade, culture, and enlightenment, and the Dutch invented practices, like the joint stock company, that were critical to the birth of modern capitalism.
Though the Netherlands was exceptional in its commitment to freedom of the press and religious toleration, New Netherland was hardly governed democratically. New Amsterdam was ruled by the West India Company and lacked an elected assembly or town council common in the Netherlands at the time. But Dutch slaves here had some rights, women enjoyed more freedoms than elsewhere on the continent, and religious toleration was exceptionally broad, leading to the most religious and ethnic diversity in the North American colonies.
New Netherland attracted a diverse array of settlers from different areas of the world, and of course that included the practice of a variety of religions. The Dutch were more tolerant of other religions than other colonial communities in other areas of the Americas, but it is important to note that the official religion of both Holland and New Netherland was the Dutch Reform Church. Thus, while more tolerant of religious diversity, New Netherland was not completely devoid of conflict over religion. Restrictions on openly practicing other religions besides that of the Dutch Reform Church were denied by government officials, and in some instances those who protested the restrictions were arrested for defiance.
The West India Company gradually loosened its control over New Netherland and offered incentives for settlement, including large estates for patroons, shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor. Several patroons established large estates where they ruled autocratically over their tenants, leading to rebellions in the eighteenth century as freehold tenure became common. Despite the best efforts of its rulers to attract settlers, however, New Netherland remained a tiny outpost in a global Dutch empire.
The Protestant Dutch, interested in trade rather than conquest and having recently liberated themselves from Spanish rule over the Netherlands, generally identified with the Indians as fellow victims of Spanish and Catholic oppression. They recognized Indian sovereignty over the land, and forbade Dutch settlement until legal title to the land had been purchased from the Indians. But the Dutch also required tribes to pay them, and Dutch settlers provoked conflict with local Indians.
