Dog Anatomy – A Photo Atlas

1. R
©
bluedoor,LLC

2. Dog Anatomy - A Photo Atlas was created for veterinary technicians, specifically for those students
who have a focus on canine training. This atlas is not meant to substitute as an anatomy textbook
but rather to serve as a supplement.
The main purpose is to help the student get a better understanding of canine anatomy through
visuals. This atlas contains photographs, micrographs, radiographs and schematic drawings that
will help the student appreciate dog anatomy and how the anatomical structures are arranged.
Each chapter contains a combination of histological images, diagrams, illustrations, photographs
and radiographs. Labeling, crosswords and multiple-choice exercises are included to reinforce
material covered in each chapter.
Preface
iii
©
bluedoor,LLC

3. Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Cells, Tissue and the Integument.........................................................................1
Chapter 2 Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton...................................................13
Chapter 3 Muscle Tissues and Skeletal Muscle..............................................................63
Chapter 4 Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs.....................................79
Chapter 5 Blood and the Cardiovascular System....................................................... 107
Chapter 6 Airways, Lungs and the Respiratory System...................................... 133
Chapter 7 GI Tract and the Digestive System................................................................ 151
Chapter 8 Kidney, Bladder and the Urinary System............................................... 175
Chapter 9 Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs..................................... 187
v
©
bluedoor,LLC

4. Chapter 2
Bones, Osseous Tissue, and the Skeleton
Compact Bone Showing Osteons in Shaft of Bone (Brightfield, x430)
13
©DavidG.Ward
©
bluedoor,LLC

5. 14 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Bone
Epiphysis
Epiphysis
(Ossification Center)
Diaphysis
(Shaft) Compact
Bone
Compact
Bone
Epiphyseal
Line
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Marrow
Cavity
Marrow
Cavity
Metaphysis
(Area of growth)
a. b.
c.
Endosteum
on Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Central Canal
Concentric Lamellae of Osteon
Central Canal
Osteocytes
Periosteum
Artery in
Perforating Canal
Artery in Central Canal
Osteon
Interstitial Lamellae
Circumferential
Lamellae
Marrow
Cavity
Osteon
Figure 2.1: Long Bone. a. Femur. b. Interior, proximal view. c. Interior, distal view.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.2: Compact bone model.
© David G. Ward.
©
bluedoor,LLC

6. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 15
Compact and Spongy Bone
Figure 2.3: Compact bone.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.4: Compact and cancellous
(spongy) bone.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.5: Compact bone.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.6: Cancellous (spongy) bone.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.7: Compact bone.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.8: Developing bone.
© David G. Ward.
Osteocytes
Endosteum
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Central Canal
Interstitial Lamellae
Concentric
Lamellae of
Osteon with
Canaliculi
Bone
Marrow
Central Canal
with Blood
Vessels
and Nerves
Lacunae
Cartilage with
Chondrocytes
Marrow Spaces
Endosteum of
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Canaliculi
Osteocytes
Central Canal
Compact
Bone
Periosteum
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Osteon Osteon
Lacunae
Osteon
Osteocyte
Canaliculi
Osteon
Osteocytes
Endosteum
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Central Canal
Interstitial Lamellae
Concentric
Lamellae of
Osteon with
Canaliculi
Bone
Marrow
Central Canal
with Blood
Vessels
and Nerves
Lacunae
Cartilage with
Chondrocytes
Marrow Spaces
Endosteum of
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Canaliculi
Osteocytes
Central Canal
Compact
Bone
Periosteum
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Osteon Osteon
Lacunae
Osteon
Osteocyte
Canaliculi
Osteon
Osteocytes
Endosteum
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Central Canal
Interstitial Lamellae
Concentric
Lamellae of
Osteon with
Canaliculi
Bone
Marrow
Central Canal
with Blood
Vessels
and Nerves
Lacunae
Cartilage with
Chondrocytes
Marrow Spaces
Endosteum of
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Canaliculi
Osteocytes
Central Canal
Compact
Bone
Periosteum
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Cancellous
(Spongy) Bone
Osteon Osteon
Lacunae
Osteon
Osteocyte
Canaliculi
Osteon
©
bluedoor,LLC

7. 16 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Epiphysis and Spongy Bone
Epiphyseal Plate
Epiphyseal Plate
Central Spongy Bone
Epiphyseal
Spongy Bone
Epiphyseal spongy bone
Epiphyseal Plate Articular CartilageSpongy Bone
Spongy Bone
Osteocytes
Epiphyseal plate
Articular
Cartilage
Articular
Cartilage
Chondrocytes
Spongy Bone
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes
Trabeculae
Osteocytes
Bone Marrow
Chondrocytes
Epiphyseal Plate
Epiphyseal Plate
Central Spongy Bone
Epiphyseal
Spongy Bone
Epiphyseal spongy bone
Epiphyseal Plate Articular CartilageSpongy Bone
Spongy Bone
Osteocytes
Epiphyseal plate
Articular
Cartilage
Articular
Cartilage
Chondrocytes
Spongy Bone
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes
Trabeculae
Osteocytes
Bone Marrow
Chondrocytes
Epiphyseal Plate
Epiphyseal Plate
Central Spongy Bone
Epiphyseal
Spongy Bone
Epiphyseal spongy bone
Epiphyseal Plate Articular CartilageSpongy Bone
Spongy Bone
Osteocytes
Epiphyseal plate
Articular
Cartilage
Articular
Cartilage
Chondrocytes
Spongy Bone
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes
Trabeculae
Osteocytes
Bone Marrow
Chondrocytes
Figure 2.9: Epiphysis and spongy bone.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.10: Epiphysis and spongy bone.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.11: Epiphyseal plate.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.12: Epiphyseal plate.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.13: Epiphyseal spongy bone.
© David G. Ward.
©
bluedoor,LLC

8. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 17
Spongy Bone
Figure 2.14: Central spongy bone.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.15: Epiphyseal spongy bone.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.17: Epiphyseal spongy bone.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.19: Epiphyseal spongy bone.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.16: Central spongy bone.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 2.18: Central spongy bone.
© David G. Ward.
Osteocytes
Trabeculae
Calcifying Cartilage
Osteoclast
Osteoblasts
Chondrocytes
Osteoblast
Nucleus of
Osteocyte
Calcium
Phosphate
Squamous-like
Epithelium
Osteocytes
Trabeculae
Osteoclast
Osteoblasts
Marrow
Osteoclast
Osteocytes
Trabeculae
Calcifying Cartilage
Osteoclast
Osteoblasts
Chondrocytes
Osteoblast
Nucleus of
Osteocyte
Calcium
Phosphate
Squamous-like
Epithelium
Osteocytes
Trabeculae
Osteoclast
Osteoblasts
Marrow
Osteoclast
Osteocytes
Trabeculae
Calcifying Cartilage
Osteoclast
Osteoblasts
Chondrocytes
Osteoblast
Nucleus of
Osteocyte
Calcium
Phosphate
Squamous-like
Epithelium
Osteocytes
Trabeculae
Osteoclast
Osteoblasts
Marrow
Osteoclast
©
bluedoor,LLC

9. 18 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Skeleton: Overview
Hip Bone
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
PhalangesMetatarsal
bones
Tarsal
bones
Ulna
Radius
Phalanges
Metacarpal bones
Carpal bones
Humerus
Scapula
Mandible
SkullVertebral
Column
Ribs
Figure 2.20: Skeleton, overview.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

10. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 19
Axial Skeleton
Figure 2.21: Canine skeleton, axial skeleton highlighted.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

11. 20 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Maxilla Zygomatic Bone
Frontal Sinus
Cranial Cavity
Figure 2.22: Canine skeleton, skull highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.23: Mesaticephalic skull (most common).
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

12. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 21
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Figure 2.24: Skull. a. Dolichocephalic skull (Greyhound, Collie), ventral view
with mandible (lower jaw) in place. b. Brachycephalic skull (English Bulldog,
Pekingnese, Pug, Boston Terrier), dorsal view with skull removed at frontal bone.
© NCSU.
a.
b.
©
bluedoor,LLC

13. 22 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Skull
c.
Palantine Bone
Incisive bone
Incisive bone
Incisive
bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Maxilla
Maxilla
Frontal bone
Frontal bone
Frontal bone
Zygomatic bone
Zygomatic bone
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Occipital bone
Nasal bone
a.
b.
Figure 2.25: Skull. a. Small breed (Terrier), dorsal view. b. Large breed (Golden
Retriever), dorsal view. c. Large breed (Golden Retriever), ventral view.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

14. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 23
Axial Skeleton
Skull: Exploded
Incisive bone
Incisive
bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Frontal bone
Frontal bone
Zygomatic bone
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Occipital bone
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Maxilla
Nasal bone
a.
b.
c.
Figure 2.26: Skull: exploded.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

15. 24 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Vertebrae
3 Sacral
7 Lumbar
13 Thoracic 7 Cervical
Coccygeal
(Number Varies)
Figure 2.27: Canine skeleton, vertebrae highlighted.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

16. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 25
Axial Skeleton
Vertebrae: Cervical
C2 (Axis)
C2 (Axis)
Dens
C1 (Atlas)
Vertebral Foramen
Wing of the Atlas
Wing of the Atlas
C1 (Atlas)
Dorsal Spinal Process
a.
b.
c.
d.
Figure 2.28: Canine skeleton, cervical highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.29: Vertebrae: cervical. a. Vertebrae, ventral view.
b. Cervical, dorsal view, c. Atlas, cutaway view, d. Axis, lateral view.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

17. 26 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Vertebrae: Thoracic
Body
Vertebral
Foramen
Spinous
Process
(Front)
a.
b.
Figure 2.31: Vertebrae: thoracic.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.30: Canine skeleton, thoracic highlighted.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

18. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 27
Axial Skeleton
Vertebrae: Lumbar
Transverse
Process
Transverse
Process
Spinous
Process
Body
(Front)
a.
b.
Figure 2.33: Vertebrae: lumbar.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.32: Canine skeleton, lumbar highlighted.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

19. 28 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Vertebrae: Coccygeal
Figure 2.34: Canine skeleton, coccygeal highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.35: Coccygeal vertebra #8.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

20. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 29
Axial Skeleton
Sternum
Facet
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process
Figure 2.36: Canine skeleton, sternum highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.37: Sternum.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

21. 30 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Ribs
Head
Tubercle
True Ribs
— attach to sternum by
costal cartilage
Floating Ribs
— do not attach to sternum
Figure 2.38: Canine skeleton, ribs highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.39: Ribs.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

22. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 31
Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 2.40: Canine skeleton, appendicular skeleton highlighted.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

23. 32 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Thoracic Limb: Scapula
Supraspinous Fossa
Spine
Infraspinous Fossa
Scapula
a.
b.
AcromionGlenoid Fossa
(Glenoid Cavity)
Figure 2.41: Canine skeleton, scapula highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.42: Scapula. a. Medial view. b. Lateral view.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

24. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 33
Appendicular Skeleton
Thoracic Limb: Humerus
Greater
Tubercle
Greater
Tubercle
Lesser Tubercle
Head
Medial
Epicondyle
Lateral Epicondyle
Olecranon
Fossa
Deltoid Tuberosity
Radial Fossa
Coronoid Fossa
a. b.
Figure 2.43: Canine skeleton, humerus highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.44: Humerus. a. Anterior view (cranial). a. Posterior view (caudal).
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

25. 34 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Thoracic Limb: Ulna
Trochlear Notch
Radial Notch
Styloid Process
Olecranon
Process
Coronoid
Process
Olecranon
a. b.
Figure 2.45: Canine skeleton, ulna highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.46: Ulna. a. Medial view. b. Lateral view.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

26. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 35
Appendicular Skeleton
Thoracic Limb: Radius
Styloid Process
Head
Radial
Tuberosity
a. b.
Figure 2.47: Canine skeleton, radius highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.48: Radius. A. Posterior view. B. Anterior view.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

27. 36 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Distal Limbs
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Figure 2.49: Canine skeleton, distal limbs highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.50: Distal limbs. a. Rear paw (Pes). b. Front paw (Manus).
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

28. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 37
Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvis
Sacrum
1. Ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubis
4. Acetabulum
5. Obturator Foramen
Pubis
Pubis
Ilium
Ilium
Ilium
Ilium
Ischium
Ischium
Ischium
Acetabulum
Acetabulum
Acetabulum
Obturator Foramen
Obturator
Foramen
Obturator
Foramen
a.
b.
c.
Figure 2.51: Canine skeleton, pelvis highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.52: Pelvis, a. Ventral view, b. Pelvis (cutaway), lateral view,
c. Pelvis (cutaway), medial view.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

29. 38 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Limb: Femur
Trochlea
Patellar Grove
Medial
Condyle
Lateral Condyle
Greater
Trochanter
Greater
Trochanter
Femoral
Head
Lesser Trochanter
a. b.
Figure 2.53: Canine skeleton, femur highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.54: Femur. a. Posterior view. b. Anterior view.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

30. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 39
Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Limb: Patella
Figure 2.55: Canine skeleton, patella highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.56: Patella.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

31. 40 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Limb: Tibia
Fibula
Tibia
Tibial Crest
(Tibial Tubersoity)
Lateral
Condyle
Medial
Condyle
Lateral Malleolus
of Fibula
Medial
Malleolus
a. b. c.
Figure 2.57: Canine skeleton, tibia highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.58: Tibia. a. Tibia with fibula, anterior view b. Tibia (fibula removed),
anterior view. c. Tibia (fibula removed), posterior view.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

32. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 41
Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Limb: Fibula
Fibula
Tibia
a. b. c.
Figure 2.59: Canine skeleton, fibula highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.60: Fibula and Tibia.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

33. 42 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Os Penis
proximal
distal
distal
proximal
Figure 2.61: Canine skeleton, os penis highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 2.62: Os Penis. a. Ventral view. b. Lateral view.
© NCSU.
a.
b.
b.
©
bluedoor,LLC

34. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 43
Joints
Figure 2.63: Radiograph, pelvis and hip joints.
©
bluedoor,LLC

35. 44 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Joints: Shoulder (Normal)
5
6
4
3
2
1
8
7
9
12
13
14
11
10
1. Spine of scapula
2. Acromion of scapula
3. Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
4. Head of humerus
5. Glenoid cavity of scapula
6. Proximal physis of humerus
7. Greater tubercle of humerus
8. Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
9. Spine of scapula
10. Acromion of scapula
11. Greater tubercle of humerus
12. Humeral (scapulohumeral) joint
13. Lesser tubercle of humerus
14. Clavicle
Figure 2.64: Medial lateral (ML) view.
Figure 2.65: Caudocranial (Cd-Cr) view.
©
bluedoor,LLC

36. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 45
Joints: Shoulder with OCD (Osteochondritis Dissecans)
Trachea
Spine of scapula
Acromion
of scapula
Head of humerus
Glenoid cavity of scapula
Greater tubercle
of humerus
C5
C6
C7 T1
R1
Spine of scapula
Acromion of scapula
Glenoid cavity of scapula
Greater tubercle
of humerus
Lesser tubercle of
humerus
R1
T1
Figure 2.66: Medial lateral (ML) view.
Figure 2.67: Caudocranial (Cd-Cr) view.
©
bluedoor,LLC

37. 46 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Joints: Elbow and Carpus (Antebrachium)
HUMERUS
condyle
olecranon
tuberosity
(unfused)
head of
radius
RADIUS
ULNA
HUMERUS
head of
radius
condyle
olecranon
tuberosity
(unfused)
ULNA
RADIUS
HUMERUS
condyle
olecranon
tuberosity
(fused)
head of
radius
RADIUS
ULNA
a. b. c.
Figure 2.68: Various stages of development, mediolateral view. Epiphyseal (cartilage) plates
unfused. a. Immature approximately three months. b. Immature less than six months. c. Adult.
©
bluedoor,LLC

38. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 47
Joints: Elbow and Carpus (Antebrachium)
HUMERUS
supratrochlear
foramen
olecranon
lateral
epicondyle
medial
epicondyle
head
of radius
RADIUS
ULNA
epiphyseal
plate
(physis)
epiphysis
(unfused)
dewclaw
V IV III
II
I
V IVIII II I V IVIII II
I
HUMERUS
lateral
epicondyle
olecranon
supratrochlear
foramen
medial
epicondyle
head
of radius
RADIUS
ULNA
epiphyseal plate
(physis)
epiphysis
(unfused)
dewclaw
dewclaw
(removed)
styloid
process
of radius
styloid
process
of ulna
epiphysis
(fused)
epiphyseal
plate (physis)
ULNA
RADIUS
head
of radius
medial
epicondyle
supratrochlear
foramen
HUMERUS olecranon
Immature ≈ 3 months
Epiphyseal (cartilage) plates unfused
Immature > 6 months
Epiphyseal (cartilage) plates
unfused
Adult
Epiphyseal (cartilage) plates
fused
a. b. c.
Figure 2.69: Various stages of development, craniocaudal view. Epiphyseal (cartilage) plates
unfused. a. Immature approximately three months. b. Immature less than six months. c. Adult.
©
bluedoor,LLC

39. 48 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Joints: Elbow
HUMERUS
radial fossa
head of radius
trochlea
olecranon
tuberosityRADIUS
ULNA
olecranon
HUMERUS
radial fossa
supratrochlear foramen
head of radius
trochlea
olecranon
tubrosity
RADIUS
ULNA olecranon
Figure 2.70: Immature appoximately three months, mediolateral view.
Figure 2.71: Adult, mediolateral view.
Figure 2.72: Adult, flexed elbow,
mediolateral view.
©
bluedoor,LLC

40. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 49
Joints: Elbow
HUMERUS
supratrochlear
foramen
olecranon
capitulum
trochlea
RADIUS
ULNA
HUMERUS
olecranon
supratrochlear
foramen
lateral
epicondyle
medial
epicondyle
capitulum trochlea
RADIUS ULNA
a. b.
Figure 2.73: Elbow, caudocraninal view. a. Immature approximately three months. b. Adult.
©
bluedoor,LLC

41. 50 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Joints: Carpus and Manus
ULNA RADIUS
V
RADIUS
ULNA
carpal
bones
base
metacarpal
bones body IV III II I (dewclaw
removed)
sesamoid
bones
head
phalanges
proximal
middle
distal
radial carpal
accessory carpal
carpal
bones
carpal pad
metacarpal
bones (dewclaw)I
sesamoid
bones
phalanges
metacarpal pad
Dorsopalmar View Medial Lateral ViewFigure 2.74: Dorsopalmar view. Figure 2.75: Mediolateral view.
©
bluedoor,LLC

42. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 51
Joints: Carpus and Manus
Pads Down, Splayed Rotated 180º from Previous, Pads Up
RADIUS
ULNA
carpal pad
carpal
bones
(dewclaw cut)I
metacarpal
bones
II
III
IV
V
sesamoid
bones
metacarpal pads
digital pad
proximal
middle
distal
claw
phalanges
RADIUS
carpal
bones
ULNA
carpal pad
base
body sesamoid
bones
metacarpal
bones
head
proximal
middle
distal
claw
phalanges
V
IV
III
II
Figure 2.76: Pads down (splayed), dorsomedial-
palmarolateral oblique (DPMLO) view.
Figure 2.77: Rotated 180˚ from previous figure, pads up,
dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique (DPMLO) view.
©
bluedoor,LLC

43. 52 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Joints: Carpus
ULNA RADIUS
CARPALS
ulnar carpal
radial carpal
(dewclaw)
III
III
IV
V
IV III
II
I
METACARPALS
Figure 2.78: Carpus, dorsopalmar view.
©
bluedoor,LLC

44. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 53
Joints: Hip
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
8
10
15
16
11
12
13
14
17
18
19
20
1. Crest of left ilium
2. Wing of left ilium
3. Body of left ilium
4. Body of left pubis
5. Head of left femur
6. Greater trochanter of left femur
7. Body of left ischium
8. Caudal vertebra 4
9. Table of left ischium
10. Ischial arch
11. Body of right femur
12. Right tuber ischiadicum (ischiatic tuberosity)
13. Right obturator foramen
14. Caudodorsal aspect of lunate surface of right acetabulum
15. Acetabular fossa
16. Fovea capitis of right femur
17. Cranioventral aspect of lunate surface of right acetabulum
18. Sacral vertebra 3
19. Right sacroiliac joint
20. Right tuber coxae (cranioventral iliac spine)
Figure 2.79: Hip, pelvis overview, ventrodorsal view.
©
bluedoor,LLC

45. 54 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Joints: Hip Dysplasia
Figure 2.80: Hip dysplasia, vertrodorsal view.
©
bluedoor,LLC

46. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 55
Joints: Hip and Stifle
ilium
head of femur
iscium
greater
trochanter
acetabulu
m
FEMUR
PATELLA
FIBULA
supracondylar
tuberosity
sesamoid bone
condyles
TIBIA
tibial tuberosity
acetabulu
m
greater
trochanter
head of
femur
obturator
foramen
iscium
FEMUR
PATELLA
lateral
condyles
TIBIAFIBULA
sesamoid
bones
medial
condyles
Figure 2.81: Femur, mediolateral view. Figure 2.82: Femur, ventral view.
©
bluedoor,LLC

47. 56 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Limb, Stifle Joint
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patellar Groove
Patella
(Reflected back from
normal position)
a.
b.
c.
Figure 2.83: Stifle Joint with lower leg.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

48. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 57
Joints: Stifle
A. Craniocaudal (CrCd) View
1. Base of patella (anatomic)
2. Apex of patella
3. Medial sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle
(shorter than lateral sesamoid bone)
4. Medial epicondyle of femur
5. Medial condyle of femur
6. Intercondylar fossa of femur
7. Medial condyle of tibia
8. Medial tubercle of intercondylar eminence of tibia
9. Lateral tubercle of intercondylar eminence of tibia
10. Cranial border of tibia
11. Body of fibula
12. Sesamoid bone of popliteus muscle
13. Head of fibula
14. Lateral condyle of tibia
15. Extensor fossa of femur (origin of long digital
extensor muscle)
16. Lateral sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle (taller
than medial sesamoid bone)
17. Lateral sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle (taller
than medial sesamoid bone)
18. Medial sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle (shorter
than lateral sesamoid bone)
19. Superimposed medial and lateral condyles of femur
20. Extensor fossa of femur (origin of long digital
extensor muscle)
21. Sesamoid bone of popliteus muscle (embedded in
tendon of muscle)
22. Head of fibula
23. Body of fibula
24. Cranial border of tibia
25. Hyaline cartilage between tibial tuberosity and body
of tibia (incomplete fusion)
26. Tibial tuberosity (termination of patellar ligament;
quadriceps femoris muscle)
27. Cranial intercondylar area of tibia (attachment of
cranial meniscal ligaments
28. Infrapatellar fat body (between fibrous and synovial
layers of joint capsule)
29. Patellar ligament (functional continuation of
quadriceps femoris muscle)
30. Superimposed ridges of femoral trochlea
31. Patella (functions as sesamoid bone for quadriceps
femoris muscle)
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
6
16 31
30
29
28
27
26
24
25
23
22
21
20
19
17
18
Figure 2.84: Stifle, craniocaudal view.
Figure 2.85: Stifle, mediolateral view.
©
bluedoor,LLC

49. 58 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Joints: Tarsus and Pes
FIBULA TIBIA
tarsal bones
base
sesamoid bone
metatarsal
bones
body
metatarsal pad
head
proximalphalanges
middle
distal
digital pad
claw
V IV III II
calcaneus
trochlea
talus
central
tarsal bone
metatarsal
bones
phalanges
digital pads
metatarsal pad
sesamoid bone
tarsal bones
Figure 2.86: Tarsus/Pes, dorsopalmer view. Figure 2.87: Tarsus/Pes, mediolateral view.
©
bluedoor,LLC

50. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 59
Joints: Tarsus
TIBIA
FIBULA calcaneus
medial
malleolus
trochlea
talus
central
tarsal bone
TARSALS
IV
III II I
calcaneus
META-
TARSALS
V IV III II
Figure 2.88: Tarsus, dorsopalmar view.
©
bluedoor,LLC

51. 60 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Review: Coloring Activity
Articular cartilage
Compact bone of diaphysis
Distal epiphysis
Endosteum
Epiphyseal line
Medullary cavity
Periosteum
Red bone marrow
Spongy bone of diaphysis
Spongy bone of
proximal epiphysis
Yellow bone marrow
Figure 2.89: Bone coloring activity.
© bluedoor, LLC.
©
bluedoor,LLC

52. Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton 61
Review: Key Term Matching
____ 1. Epiphysis A. first cervical vertebrae
____ 2. Diaphysis B. lower jaw bone
____ 3. Periosteum C. outer membrane of compact bone
____ 4. Cancellous D. Boston Terrier skull
____ 5. Central canal E. region where growth occurs in long bones
____ 6. Epiphyseal plate F. the end of a long bone
____ 7. Mesaticephalic skull G. most posteriorly located cranial bone
____ 8. Axis H. ilium, ischium, pubis
____ 9. Appendicular I. the ribs are part of this skeletal region
____ 10. Thoracic J. the shaft of a long bone
____ 11. Metacarpals K. most common canine skull
____ 12. Mandible L. bones found in the front foot
____ 13. Ulna M. opening in vertebrae where spinal cord is located
____ 14. Axial N. this bone contains a tubercle and head
____ 15. Dolichocephalic skull O. another name for spongy bone
____ 16. Atlas P. Greyhound skull
____ 17. Body Q. center region of the spine
____ 18. Caudal R. located in the center of the osteon
____ 19. Scapula S. this bone contains the supraspinous fossa
____ 20. Ribs T. most caudal region of the spine
____ 21. Hip bone U. tailbone
____ 22. Brachycephalic skull V. second cervical vertebrae
____ 23. Lumbar W. this bone contains a trochlear notch
____ 24. Vertebral foramen X. center area of the sternum
____ 25. Occipital bone Y. the humerus and tibia are parts of this skeletal region
©
bluedoor,LLC

53. 62 Chapter 2: Bones, Osseous Tissue and the Skeleton
Review: Labeling Activity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
19
18
14
13
10
1112
15
16
17
1. 11.
2. 12.
3. 13.
4. 14.
5. 15.
6. 16.
7. 17.
8. 18.
9. 19.
10. 20.
Figure 2.90: Skeleton labeling actvity.
©
bluedoor,LLC

54. Chapter 5
Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Erythrocytes in Blood Vessel in Spongy Bone (Brightfield, H&E; x1880)
107
©DavidG.Ward
©
bluedoor,LLC

55. 108 Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Blood
Plasma
Cells
Hematocrit
35-55%
Hemoglobin
14-20 g/dL
Platelets 150,000-400,000/mm3
Leukocytes 4.0-12.0 x 103/mm3
Neutrophils 51-72%
Lymphocytes 8-35%
Monocytes 1-9%
Eosinophils 0-9%
Basophils 0-2%
Erythrocytes 5.7-10.5 x 106/mm3
Buffy
Coat
Granular Leukocytes Agranular Leukocytes
White Blood Cells
Neutrophil Basophil Eosinophil Monocyte Lymphocytes
Lg Sm
Erythrocyte Thrombocytes
PlateletsRed Blood Cell
Figure 5.1: Blood composition.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.2: White blood cells.
© David G. Ward.
©
bluedoor,LLC

56. Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System 109
Blood
Figure 5.3: Erythrocytes and platelets.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.4: Erythrocytes and platelets.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.5: Small lymphocyte.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.6: Large lymphocyte.
© David G. Ward.
©
bluedoor,LLC

57. 110 Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Blood
Figure 5.7: Neutrophil.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.9: Basophil.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.10: Monocyte.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.8: Eosinophil.
© David G. Ward.
©
bluedoor,LLC

58. Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System 111
Heart Wall, Valves and Cardiac Muscle
Intercalated Disc
Cusp of Semilunar Valve Endocardium
Endocardium
Endocardium
Epicardium
Endocardium
Myocardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Myocardium
Blood in
Ventricle
Blood
Blood
Endomysium
Intercalated Disc
Intercalated Discs
Cardiac Muscle Cell
(Note Striations)
Branching of Cell
Figure 5.11: Heart wall.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.12: Endocardium.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.13: Cusp of semilunar valve.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.14: Cardiac muscle.
© David G. Ward.
©
bluedoor,LLC

59. 112 Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Arteries, Capillaries, Veins and Lymphatic Microcirculation
Tunica Externa
Tunica Externa
Tunica Media
Tunica Media
Endothelium
Endothelium
Endothelium
Vein Capillary Artery
Lymphatic Capillary
Blood Capillary
Lymphatic Vessel
Arteriole
Lymphatic
Valve
Interstitial Space
Lymphatic
Valve
Lymphatic Vessel
Venule
Figure 5.15: Arteries, capillaries and veins.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.16: Microcirculation.
© David G. Ward.
©
bluedoor,LLC

60. Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System 113
Arteries, Veins and Smooth Muscle
Figure 5.17: Artery and vein.
© David G. Ward.
Tunica Externa
Tunica Media
Tunica Interna
(Endothelium)
(Endothelium)
Vein Lumen
Artery
Lumen
Artery Lumen
Tunica Interna
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Endothelium
Internal
Elastic
Lamina
Tunica Interna
Internal
Elastic
Lamina
External
Elastic
Lamina
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Smooth Muscle Cell
Internal Elastic Lamina Internal Elastic Lamina
Endothelium
Capillary with RBCExternal Elastic Lamina
Smooth Muscle CellsEndomysium
Tunica Externa
Tunica Media
Tunica Interna
(Endothelium)
(Endothelium)
Vein Lumen
Artery
Lumen
Artery Lumen
Tunica Interna
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Endothelium
Internal
Elastic
Lamina
Tunica Interna
Internal
Elastic
Lamina
External
Elastic
Lamina
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Smooth Muscle Cell
Internal Elastic Lamina Internal Elastic Lamina
Endothelium
Capillary with RBCExternal Elastic Lamina
Smooth Muscle CellsEndomysium
Tunica Externa
Tunica Media
Tunica Interna
(Endothelium)
(Endothelium)
Vein Lumen
Artery
Lumen
Artery Lumen
Tunica Interna
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Endothelium
Internal
Elastic
Lamina
Tunica Interna
Internal
Elastic
Lamina
External
Elastic
Lamina
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Smooth Muscle Cell
Internal Elastic Lamina Internal Elastic Lamina
Endothelium
Capillary with RBCExternal Elastic Lamina
Smooth Muscle CellsEndomysium
Figure 5.18: Artery, elastic lamina (fluorescence).
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.19: Arteriole (autofluorescence).
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.20: Smooth muscle.
© David G. Ward.
©
bluedoor,LLC

61. 114 Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels
Descending Aorta Caudal Gluteal
Saphenous
Popliteal
Femoral
External Iliac
Palmar
Radial
Brachial
Axillary
Carotid
Palmar
Cephalic
Brachial
Popliteal
Femoral
External Iliac
Saphenous
Caudal
Gluteal
Caudal
Vena CavaAzygous
Radial
Jugular
Figure 5.21: Arteries.
© NCSU.
Figure 5.22: Veins.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

62. Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System 115
Venipuncture: Overview of Commonly-Used Veins
External
Jugular Vein
Cephalic Vein
Lateral
Saphenous Vein
Figure 5.23: Commonly-used veins.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

63. 116 Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Venipuncture: Cephalic
Cephalic
Vein
Cephalic vein
Cephalic vein
Figure 5.24: Cephalic vien.
© NCSU.
Figure 5.25: Cephalic vein accessed on the cranial aspect
of the thoracic limb.
© NCSU.
Figure 5.26: Vein is occluded distally with finger.
© NCSU.
Figure 5.27: After occlusion, the target vessel is more
prominent with accumulated blood.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

64. Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System 117
Venipuncture: External Jugular
Jugular
Vein
Jugular
Vein
Jugular
Vein
Figure 5.28: Jugular vein.
© NCSU.
Figure 5.29: Jugular vein.
© NCSU.
Figure 5.30: Jugular vein, occluded with pressure.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

65. 118 Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Venipuncture: Saphenous
Saphenous
Vein
Saphenous
Vein
Saphenous Vein
Figure 5.32: Saphenous vein, occluded
with pressure. © NCSU.
Figure 5.33: Saphenous vein.
© NCSU.
Figure 5.31: Saphenous vein accessed on the lateral
aspect of the pelvic limb.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

66. Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System 119
Lymph Nodes
Lumbar/Iliac
PoplitealSuperficial Inguinal
Axillary
Prescapular
Submandibular
Parotid
Figure 5.34: Lymph nodes.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

67. 120 Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Overview of the Circulation
LUNGS
UPPER BODY
LOWER BODY
RA LA
RV LV
HEART
SystemicVein
SystemicArtery
SystemicVein
SystemicArtery
PulmonaryArtery
PulmonaryVein
Cranial Vena Cava
Right AV Valve
(Tricuspid)
Right Ventricle
Ascending Aorta
Caudal Vena Cava
Pulmonary Trunk
L Pulmonary Vein
Left Ventricle
Aortic (Semilunar) Valve
Left AV Valve
(Mitral)
Pulmonary (Semilunar) Valve
Figure 5.35: Circulation.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.36: Organization of the heart.
© David G. Ward.
©
bluedoor,LLC

68. Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System 121
Canine Heart
R & Common
Carotids
L. Subclavian
Aortic Arch
L. Atrium
L. Ventricle
R. Ventricle
R. Atrium
Brachiocephalic Trunk
R & Common
Carotids
R. Subclavian
Brachiocephalic Trunk
L. Subclavian
Aortic Arch
R. Ventricle
L. Ventricle
Caudal Vena Cava
a.
b.
Figure 5.37: Canine heart.
a. Anterior view. b. Posterior view.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

69. 122 Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Brachiocephalic Trunk
L. Subclavian Artery
Aortic Arch
Aortic Valve
L. Atrioventricular
(Mitral) Valve
R. Atrioventricular
Valve (Tricuspid)
Brachiocephalic
Trunk
L. Subclavian
Artery
Aortic Arch
L. Atrioventricular
(Mitral) Valve
L. Ventricle
R. Ventricle
a.
b.
Canine Heart
Figure 5.38: Canine heart.
a. Anterior view. b. Posterior view.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

70. Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System 123
Heart: Interior
Aortic Valve
Superior Vena Cava
Aortic Arch
Left Pulmonary Arteries
Pulmonary Trunk
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Right AV Valve
(Tricuspid)
Left Ventricle
Left AV Valve (Mitral)
Pulmonary Valve Aortic Valve
Right AV Valve (Tricuspid)
Left AV Valve
(Mitral)
Anterior
Papillary Muscle Pulmonary Valve
Chordae Tendinae
Right AV Valve
(Tricuspid)
Figure 5.39: Ventral view.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.40: Valves, dorsal view.
© David G. Ward.
Figure 5.41: Heart. a. Right AV valve. b. Chordae tendinae. c. Pulmonary valve.
© David G. Ward.
©
bluedoor,LLC

71. 124 Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Intercostal Auscultation for Heart Valves: Left Side
Figure 5.42: Intercostal ausculation for heart valves, PAM highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 5.43: P= pulmonary valve. A= aortic valve. M= mitral valve.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

72. Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System 125
Intercostal Ausculation for Heart Valves: Right Side
Figure 5.44: Intercostal ausculation for heart valves,
tricuspid valve highlighted.
© NCSU.
Figure 5.45: T= tricuspid valve.
© NCSU.
©
bluedoor,LLC

73. 126 Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Thorax
1. trachea 7. right ventricle of heart
2. right shoulder joint 8. left ventricle of heart
3. 7th cervical vertebra (C7) 9. caudal vena cava
4. 1st rib 10. right lung
5. 1st thoracic vertebra (T1) 11. left lung
6. descending aorta 12. diaphragm
Figure 5.46: Vetral-dorsal (VD) view of thorax.
©
bluedoor,LLC

74. Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System 127
Thorax
6
1
2
3
4
5
7
9
10
11
8
12
1. 7th cervical vertabra (C7)
2. 1st thoracic vertebra (T1)
3. trachea
4. 1st rib
5. apex of left lung
6. descending aorta
7. right ventricle of heart
8. left ventricle of heart
9. pulmonary vessels
10. caudal vena cava
11. diaphragm
12. gas in fundus of stomach
Figure 5.47: Right-left lateral view of thorax.
©
bluedoor,LLC

75. 128 Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Review: Coloring Activity
ORTA ULMONARY TRUNK
UPERIOR VENA CAVA
NFERIOR VENA CAVA
EFT ATRIUM IGHT ATRIUM
IGHT VENTRICLEEFT VENTRICLE
ULMONARY VEINS
ULMONARY ARTERIES
Figure 5.48: Heart coloring activity.
© David G. Ward.
©
bluedoor,LLC

76. Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System 129
Review: Crossword Puzzle
1
2 3
4
5
9
8
10
6 7
11
1312
14
15
Across
2. vessel that contains a thick tunica media layer
5. substance found in blood that aids in clotting
9. red blood cells
12. determines the amount of erythrocytes in a blood sample
14. target vein in the thoracic limb
15. most common leukocyte
Down
1. system that returns interstitial fluid back to the heart
3. white blood cells
4. target vein in the pelvic limb
6. least common leukocyte
7. target vein in the neck
8. muscular layer of the heart
10. binds oxygen
11. vessel that contains a thick tunica externa layer
13. muscle type that contains intercalated discs
©
bluedoor,LLC

77. 130 Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Review: Questions
1. Put the following structures in order as blood flows through the heart
tricuspid valve pulmonary valve
mital valve lungs
ascending aorta right atria
pulmonary vein left atria
pulmonary trunk right ventricle
aortic valve left ventricle
1. vena cava
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
4. ___________________________________
5. ___________________________________
6. ___________________________________
7. ___________________________________
8. ___________________________________
9. ___________________________________
10. ___________________________________
11. ___________________________________
12. ___________________________________
13. ___________________________________
2. What side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall? Why?
3. Why do veins and lymphatic vessels contain valves?
©
bluedoor,LLC

78. Chapter 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System 131
4. Why are veins better vessels for blood withdrawal than arteries?
5. Define venipuncture and name three common veins used for this procedure.
6. What diseases could initially be diagnosed from listening to the heart rate, sounds and
rhythm?
7. What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
©
bluedoor,LLC