This document discusses carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, mutagens, and how mutations can lead to cancer. It defines carcinogenesis as the formation of cancer through changes at the cellular, genetic, and epigenetic levels, and abnormal cell division. Mutagenesis is defined as a process that changes genetic information, resulting in a mutation. Mutagens cause mutations while carcinogens cause cancer through mutations or impacts on cellular pathways. Multiple mutations over time can result in harmful changes to the cells' instructions, represented by mutated proteins that no longer properly control the cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.

1. TY &
MUTAGENICITY
By: Dr. Sarita Sharma
Assistant Professor
Department of
Pharmacology
Mumbai

2. Definition: Carcinogenesis & MUTAGENESIS
• Carcinogenesis, Also Called
Oncogenesis Or Tumorigenesis, Is
The Formation Of A Cancer,
Whereby Normal Cells Are
Transformed Into Cancer Cells.
• The Process Is Characterized By
Changes At The Cellular, Genetic,
And Epigenetic Levels And
Abnormal Cell Division.
Mutagenesis Is A Process By
Which The Genetic Information
Of An Organism Is Changed,
Resulting In A Mutation.
It May Occur Spontaneously In
Nature, Or As A Result Of
Exposure To Mutagens.

3. MUTAGENS & CARCINOGENS
• Mutagen Causes Mutations In The Genome
 Different Than Naturally Occurring Mutation
• Carcinogens Are Compounds That Causes Cancer In An Organism
 Can Be Due To Mutation Or Impact On Cellular Metabolic Pathways

5. MECHANISM OF CARCINOGENESIS:
Normal cell
Initiated cell
Phase of
initiation
Primary
alteration in
genetic
material
Phase of proliferation
Proliferation of
initiated cell Pre-
cancerous
cell
Phase of conversion
Prominent change
in genetic material Cancerous
cell
Metastatised
cell
Phase of progression
Locomotion of cell
from primary site
to secondary site

6. metastasis

8. CANCER
• Cancer Can Affect Almost Anyone At Anytime In Their Lives
• Cancer Can Occur In Almost Any Place In The Body: Lung, Skin, Breast, Prostate, Colon, And Even The
Blood (Leukemia)

9. • DNA RNA Proteintrait
• Genes Contain The Instructions Necessary For A Cell To
Work. If Some Of The Instructions To The Cell Are Wrong,
Then The Cell May Not Know What To Do!

10. MUTATIONS
• Permanent Change In The DNA Sequence Of A Gene
• Inherited Or Acquired During Lifetime
• Single Mutations Are Often Harmless But Multiple Mutations Can
Results In Cancer

11. Carcinogens = Mutagens
• Physical Or Chemical Agent That Cause Mutation In DNA
• Examples: UV Light, Tobacco, Chemicals, X-rays

12. How Do Mutations Cause Cancer?
• DNA RNA Protein
• Mutated DNA Mutated RNA Mutated Protein
• Many Mutations Accumulated Over Time Can Result In Harmful Changes In
The Cells Instructions
• These Mutations In Genes Result In Mutations In Proteins That Control The
Cell Cycle

13. CELL CYCLE
• Uncontrolled Cell Cycle = Uncontrolled Cell Growth = Tumor