insuline Definition of hormone. Pancreas. Introduction of insulin. Chemistry. Action of insulin. Factors Effect insulin secretion. Disorders. Brand name of insulin in market.

1. Pancreatic Hormone
Insuline
Sarfaraz Ahmed Qazi 6659
Presented To : Dr Muhammad Ajmal Shah

2. CONTENT OF PRESENTATION
● Definition of hormone.
● Pancreas.
● Introduction of insulin.
● Chemistry.
● Action of insulin.
● Factors Effect insulin secretion.
● Disorders.
● Brand name of insulin in market.

3. ● “These are chemical messengers needed in small
amount to accelerate or inhibit the metabolic activities
of target organ.”
Hormone
DEFINATION:
● Human body secretes about 50 different types of
hormones.
● Hormones can be classified on the basis of their nature
e.g. Proteins/polypeptides,steroid,Amino acids hormones

4. ● Also termed as ISLAND OF
LANGERHANS.
● Irregular shaped patches of
endocrine tissues present in
pancreas.
● Named for German Physician
PAUL LANGERHAN…discovered in
1969.
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

5. CELLS OF ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
(glucagon) (insulin)
(somatostatin) (PPP)
β-cells
F-cells
α-cells
D- cells
1 2
4
3
● Four types of cells

6. A hormone produced in the pancreas by the
beta cells of islets of Langerhans, which
regulates the amount of glucose in the blood.
The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes
INSULIN

7. History of insuline
● 1921 → Dr.Fredrick Banting (R) &
Charles Best (L) discovered insulin.
● From dog’s pancreas.
● 1932 → received → Noble prize.
● From Latin →Insula»Island

8. Characteristics of Insuline:
● PolyPeptide Hormone.
● Secreted by β-cells in the islets of langerhans of pancreas.
● Hormone.
● 1st hormone » isolated, purified and synthesis.
● 1st hormone to sequence.
● Regulates the metabolic activity of carbohydrates , fats and
Proteins.
● Anabolic
● 1st Hormone to be produced By DNA technology.

9. Chemistry of insulin
01
Chemical structure
02
03
04
Chemical structure of
insulin was given by
Sanger in 1956
51 Amino acids
Amino acids arranged in 2
polypeptide chains
● Chain A = 21 AA.
● Chain B = 30 AA
Disulfide bridge
Two interchain Disulfide
bridge; A7—B7 & A20—B19
Intrachain disulfide
Intrachain disulfide link
in chain:
A6—A11

10. Human Insuline

11. Amount of insulin secretion
● About 45–50 Units secreted daily by human
pancreas.
● Normal value 20–30 Units/ml.
● Biological half-life of insulin is 5-6 min.
● Insulinase degraded insulin in liver & kidney by
cleavage of S–S bond.

12. Metabolism of Charbohydrate
● In liver and muscles insulin increases glycogen
synthesis
● In muscle and adipose insulin increase glucose uptake
by increasing the number of glucose transporters
(GLUT-4) in the cell membrane
● In liver insulin inhibits the production of glucose by
inhibiting glucogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

13. It’s very far away
from the Sun
It’s the closest
planet to the Sun
Factors Effecting Insulin Secretion
Mars is actually a
very cold place
● Glucose
● Amino acids
● Free fatty acids
● Gastrointestinal
hormones
● Gastrin secretion
● Parasympathetic stimulation –
Acetylcholine.
● Sulfonylurea drugs

14. It’s very far away
from the Sun
It’s the closest
planet to the Sun
Factors inhibits insulin secretion
Mars is actually a
very cold place
● Decrease blood
glucose level.
● Fasting
● Somatostatin
● Sympathetic stimulation –
Epinephrine
● Leptin

15. It’s very far away
from the Sun
It’s the closest
planet to the Sun
Disorders of insuline
Mars is actually a
very cold place
● Hypoactivity – Diabetes mellitus.
● Hyperactivity – Hyperinsulinism.

16. ● Metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose
level associated with another manifestation.
● Diabetes → polyuria
● Mellitus → Honey
● Named coined by Thomas William → sweetness urine
from diabetic in 1675.
● Multi organ damaged → kidney, eyes, blood vessels..
Diabetes mellitus
DEFINATION:

17. Types of DM
There are two types of diabetes
mellitus.
● Type I Diabetes Mellitus
● Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

18. ● Due to deficiency of insulin
● Cause: destruction of beta cells in islets of langerhans by T-
cells & auto- antibodies.
● Early onset …… < 20 age → juvenile diabetes.
● Also known as insulin dependent diabetes.
Type I DM

19. ● Due to insulin resistance ( failure of insulin receptors to
give response to insulin).
● Body is unable to use insulin.
● About 90% of diabetic patients have type 2 DM.
● Usually occur < 40 years.
● Also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM).
Type II DM

20. It’s very far away
from the Sun
It’s the closest
planet to the Sun
Sign & symptoms
Mars is actually a
very cold place
Both types of diabetes , if not controlled ,share many
similar symptoms, including:
● Increased thirst.
● Frequent urination.
● Extreme hunger.
● Irritability and other mood
changes
● Fatigue & weakness.
● Blurred vision.

21. Treatment of DM
● Combination of medication
● Lifestyle changes (diet & exercise)
● Intake of insulin.

22. ● There are so many drugs used for diabetes mellitus.
Some of which are following:
● Glocophage - metformin HCL.
● Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors - Acarbose.
● Meglitinides - nateglinide.
● Combination of sulfonylureas plus metformin -
known by generic names of the two drugs
Drugs used for diabetes mellitus

23. Brand name of insulin in market
Active Substance: insulin human
Common Name: insulin human (rDNA)
ATC Code: A1OADO1
Marketing Authorisation Holder: Novo Nordisk A/S
Active Substance: insulin human
Status: Authorised
Authorisation Date: 2002-10.07
Therapeutic Area: Diabetes Mellitus
Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Drugs used in diabetes
Therapeutic Indication Treatment of diabetes mellitus
Mixtard

24. Sarfaraz Ahmed Qazi - 6659
Thank You