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B cells generation 2019.ppt
1.
2. B cells( B lymphocytes), are a type of white blood cell of the
lymphocyte subtype. It comes from the name of bursa of
fabricius in bird.
B cells are generated in the bone marrow
Takes 1-2 weeks to develop from hematopoietic
stem cells to mature B cells
3. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)
Common lymphoid progenitor
(CLP)
Some of them migrate to
thymus & Tcells will be
formed
Majority of them remain
in bone marrow
&differentiated to B cells
Common myeloid
progenitor(CMP)
4. B- cell generation, activation and differentiation
Ag independent phase : A
process is an orderly
sequence of Ig-gene
rearrangements, which
progresses in the absence of
antigen in bone marrow.
Ag dependent phase
A process occur in the
periphery require Ag for
activation and differentiation .
A mature B expressing
membrane-bound
immunoglobulin (mIgM and
mIgD) with single antigenic
specificity .
affinity maturation is the
progressive increase in the
average affinity of the Ab
produced
class switching is the
change in the isotype of the
Ab produced by the B cell
from µ, , or
5. Bone-marrow stromal cells are required for maturation of progenitor
B cells(pro-B cells) into precursor B cells(pre-B cell).
Pro-B cells bind to stromal cells by means of an interaction between
VCAM-1 on the stromal cell and VLA-4 on the pro-B cell.
This interaction promotes the binding of c-Kit on the pro-B cell to
stem cell factor (SCF) on the stromal cell, which triggers a signal,
mediated by the tyrosine kinase activity of c-Kit
stimulates the pro-B cell to express receptors for IL-7. IL-7 released
from the stromal cell then binds to the IL-7 receptors, inducing the
pro-B cell to mature into a pre-B cell.
Pre-B cells completes its differentiation &leave the bon marrow as
immature B-cells.
6.
7. During early stages of B cell development, functional
rearrangements of the heavy chain gene locus (IgH) allows for
assembly of the pre-B cell receptor complex cessation of
IgH rearrangements (allelic exclusion) light chain
rearrangements (kappa, then lambda)
Production of complete Ig (2 heavy chains, 2 light chains)
allows for assembly of mature B cell receptor on the cell
surface signals cessation of light chain gene rearrangement
mature B cell stage
8.
9. •IL-7 stimulate STAT5
transcriptional factors.
•STAT5 activate the proliferating
control proteins C-myc & N-myc
that enhance B-cells proliferation..
•STATA with E2A proteins
promotes the expression of early
B cells factors 1 (EBF1).
• EBF1 in turn promotes the
expression of PAX5 , and together
the E2A proteins , EBF1,and
PAX5 activate many genes
leading to B-cell lineage
specification .
10. Express CD45R, a B-cell lineage-specific marker.
Increase expression of EBF-1(early B-cell factor 1).
EBF-1 and E2A bind the Ig gene, promoting
accessibility of D-JH locus, preparing for the 1st
step in Ig gene recombination.
EBF-1 also important for expression of other B cell
proteins, including CD79α/β and genes encoding
the pre-B cell receptor.
11. D-JH recombination complete
Require IL-3, IL-7, insulin-like growth factor 1, stem cell factor
Pax5 expression (target of EBF-1)
• Master transcription factor (essential for all subsequent stages of
B cell development)
• Promotes VH to D recombination
RAG1 and RAG2 expression
Catalyze D-JH rearrangements within the Ig heavy chain gene .
Surface expression of CD19
• Component of multimolecular surface complex involved in
signaling in response to antigen and T cell help
Expression of HLA-DR and CD34
By late pro-B cell stage, most cells have initiated VH to DJH Ig
gene segment recombination.
12. Ig heavy chain genes complete V-D-J recombination
–Allows surface expression of Ig heavy chain and surrogate light chains complex = pre-B cell
receptor
CD79a and CD79b (Ig-α and Ig-β)
–signal transducing components of the pre-B cell receptor
–components of the Ig receptors on the surface of mature B cells
Signaling through the pre-B cell receptor induces a few rounds of proliferation; at the end
of this the pre-B cell receptor is lost from the surface late pre B cell stage
If pre B cell receptor cannot be displayed on cell surface because of nonproductive
VHDJH gene rearrangement, then B cell development stops and the cell undergoes
apoptosis (1st checkpoint)
Pre-B cell receptor signaling causes transient decrease in RAG1/2 and loss of Tdt
Ensures that as soon as one heavy chain gene has been rearranged, no further
recombination is possible (allelic exclusion)
Light chain rearrangement is initiated following re-expression of RAG1/2
Once light chain rearrangement has been successfully completed, the intact IgM receptor
can be expressed
–If light chain rearrangement does not occur successfully, then the 2nd checkpoint occurs
13. Have functional IgM but no other Ig expression
Express B220, CD25, IL-7R, CD19.
Once there is a functional BCR on the membrane, it has to be tested
for its ability to bind self-antigens to ensure that few auto-reactive B
cells are released.
Three fates if autoreactive
1-Clonal deletion via BCR-mediated apoptosis
2-Reactivation of RAG to initiate process of light chain receptor editing
3-Survive and escape the BM but become anergic
B cell loss prior to leaving the BM = central tolerance
Export to spleen where further development occurs
Very susceptible to tolerance induction
14. Sequence of Events and Characteristics of the
Stages
in B-cell Maturation in the Bone Marrow
Sequence of Events and Characteristics of the
Stages
in B-cell Maturation in the Bone Marrow
lymphoid pro-B pre-B immature
mature
stem cell cell cell B cell
B cell
mIgM
+
mIgD
(IL-2R a)
CD45R: a protein tyrosine phosphatase
CD19: part of the B-cell coreceptor
CD43: leukosialin
CD24: heat-stable antigen (HAS)
15. Immature B cells migrate from
bone marrow to spleen
Immature B cells classification
into two subpopulation of
transitional B cells(T1,T2)
Precursors to the fully mature B
cells.
16. T1: mIgMhi, mIgD-/lo, CD21-, CD23-,
CD24+, CD93+
T2: higher levels of mIgD, CD21+,
BAFF-R
T1 T2 mature B cells
Most T1 transitional B cells differentiate
to T2 within the spleen but ~25% of T2
emerge directly from the BM
T2 cells capable of recirculation among
the blood, lymph nodes, spleen
T2 cells can enter B cell follicles
17. Self-reactive T1 B cells eliminated by
apoptosis in response to strong
antigenic signal (peripheral tolerance)
55-75% of immature B cells lost this
way
T2 cells become resistant to antigen-
induced apoptosis Increased Bcl-X1
expression
BAFF receptor expression first
detected in T1 B cells, increases
thereafter Promotes survival of
transitional B cells
18. Complete IgM molecule on cell surface
Mature resting B cells express HLA-DR, CD19, CD20, CD40 but no
longer express CD10, CD34, RAG1, RAG2, or Tdt
Exit bone marrow, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, then
express both surface IgM and IgD as well as other molecules that
mediate cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesive interactions
Can recirculate between blood and lymphoid organs, entering B cell
follicles in lymph nodes and spleen, responding to antigen
encounter with T cell help, leading to antibody production.
Plasma cells class switching
Memory B cells class switch but non-proliferating, long-lived
20. 30-50% of the B cells in the pleural and peritoneal cavities,
only small % of splenic B cell population
Limited receptor repertoire, primarily directed towards
commonly expressed microbial carbohydrate antigens
Transitional B-1 cells undergo apoptosis unless they interact
with self-antigens
◦ Constantly regenerated in the periphery Bone marrow
ablation causes depletion of B-2 pool but not B-1 pool
Exposure to antigen leads to plasma cell formation and to
clonal expansion and persistence of antigen-specific memory
B1 cells
21. Located in outer zones of white pulp of the spleen
Derived from the T2 transitional population
Specialized for recognizing blood-borne antigens
Can respond to both protein and carbohydrate antigens
Produce broadly cross-reactive IgM antibodies
High levels of membrane IgM and CD21, low levels of
membrane IgD and CD23
Long lived
22.
23. Two major types:
A- thymus-dependent (TD) antigens
involves protein antigens and CD4+ helper T cells
Multivalent antigen binds and cross-links membrane Ig
receptors
Activated T cell binds B cell thru antigen receptor and via
CD40L (T)/CD40 (B) interaction
B- thymus-independent (TI) antigens
involves multivalent or highly polymerized antigens, does not
require T cell help
TI-1: e.g., LPS.activate B cells that bind the antigen via the Ig
receptor
–TI-2: e.g., bacterial capsular polysaccharide.Many are bound by
C3d
24.
25. BCR consist of an antigen-binding mIg and one signal-
transducing Ig-α /Ig-β heterodimer.
The immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs)
are activating with several members of the Src family of
tyrosinekinases (Lyn, Blk, and Fyn).
Assembly of large signaling lead to creating docking sites for
Syk kinase , which is activated.
Changes in gene expression.
The B-Cell-Co receptor Complex Can Enhance B-Cell
Responses : TAPA-1 (CD81), CR2 (CD21), and CD19 for
destroying invaders.
26.
27. b-cells bind Ag via Ig receptors.
B-cells processed this Ag & re-expressed to
form peptide presented by MHC II.
T-cells interact with B cells by CD40L on T-
cells & CD40 on B-cells,CD28 co receptors
on T-cells engaged with (B7) CD 80 or
CD86 on B-cells.
Induced T-cells to release activating
cytokine for B cells activation.
28. some activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells are outside of
the follicles, then migrate to the lymph node or the bone marrow.
Secrete IgM within 4 days
Other activated B cells enter the follicle, divide and differentiate;
germinal centers form.
•Ig genes undergo class switching: the μ constant regions replaced
by other constant regions and the variable region is subject to
somatic hypermutation.
•Mutated variable region subject to antigen-mediated selection
•Low affinity and autoreactive B cells die while those with improved
affinity leave the germinal centers.
•Antibodies with mutations in the variable region appear in the
circulation within 6-10 days
29. Marginal Zone
Germinal Center
Naïve Immigrant
From Marrow
Low affinity IgM
High affinity IgG
Memory Cell
antigen
IgM
MHCII
IgG
2. FDC-
1. Ag-sp T cell
1.Affinity
Maturation
2. Isotype
Switching
30. Introduce point mutation at very high rate
into the variable region of rearranged heavy
chian and light chain genes VDJ.
Produced Ab with high affinity to Ag during
process of the immune response.
Abs with mutation in their variable region
appears in the circulation 6 to 10 days
following onset of the immune response.
31. Class switching :is change a B cells production of immunoglobulin from one
type to another.
• The constant region of the Abs heavy chain is changed
• The variable region of heavy chain stays the same.
• Don’t affect Ags specificity , but the Abs retains affinity for the same Ags.
• Occurs only during active immune response
RNA splicing
DNA recombination
32. To switch the IgM expression of any of the
other classes of Abs except δ heavy chain
results in irreversible loss of the intervening
of DNA.
The formation of γ ,Є and α heavy chain
genes require cutting & re joining of the
heavy chain DNA.
Genes for constant region lies down stream
from rearranged VDJ region.
33. RNA SPLICING
Naïve B-cells could simultaneously expressed
both IgM & IgD.
Both Igs are encoded on the same transcript.
µ( IgM) versus δ (IgD) genes for heavy chain is
made by level of RNA splicing.
36. AID
(activation induced cytine deaminase)
In SHM : induced loss of amino group from
cytidine residues ,located in mutation hot
spots results in formation of uradile &this
creates u-G miss match & that creats of
shorter or longer stretches of mutated DNA.
37. In CSR:
Initiate the deaminating within the switch
region , upstream into both strand.
38.
39.
40. T-dependent B-Cell Response
primary immune response two sets of long-lived cells
remain:
Memory B cells On secondary exposure to the same
antigen, the memory B cells will be stimulated and result
in production of high-affinity, heavy-chain class-
switched antibodies
Plasma cells
Majority of the expanded population of antigen-specific B
cells undergo apoptosis
41. Secrete antibodies, have few surface antibodies
Those that arise from follicular B cells are found mainly in the
bone marrow and are long-lived (months)
Those that arise from non-follicular B cells are short lived
(days to weeks)
Plasma cell differentiation involves
loss of Bcl6, Pax-5, CD19, CD20, and B cell activation
antigens
Appearance of XBP-1, BLIMP-1, CD38, CD138,
cytoplasmic Ig
42. 5-15 days after initial antigen exposure, a portion of the
germinal center B cells will upregulate IRF-4 (critical for
plasma cell differentiation).
IRF-4 knockout mice lack Ig-secreting plasma cells
IRF-4 over expression promotes plasma cell differentiation
(IRF-4, BLIMP-1) down regulation of genes important for B
cell proliferation, class switching and somatic hypermutation
while upregulating synthetic rate of Ig synthesis and secretion
Downregulation of CXCR5 (has kept the B cell in the germinal
center), upregulation of CXCR4 , leave the lymph node
43. Dendritic cell presents antigen
to developing B cells to see
which B cells are producing
antibody with high-affinity
for that antigen
44.
45.
46.
47. Genetic defects that prevent expression of the pre-B cell receptor or
that prohibit the transduction of signals via the receptor leads to
absence of B cells and agammaglobulinemia
•Congenital agammaglobulinemia: loss-of-function mutations in
genes that encode components of the pre-B cell receptor or
downstream signaling molecules IgM
Lambda 5 surrogate light chain
CD79a, CD79b
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK)
B cell linker protein (BLNK)
48. Characterized by markedly low serum IgG levels and low IgA
or IgM, poor/absent response to immunization
Failed B cell differentiation with impaired secretion of
immunoglobulin
reduced percentages of isotype switched memory B cells
Variety of gene defects, most of which are sporadic
49. Maturation of activated B cells in
absence of T cells
Rapidly mature into short-lived plasma
cells without undergoing somatic
hypermutation or class switching
Secrete IgM antibodies of low affinity
Do not contribute to memory B cell
pools
B-1 cells may preferentially follow this
non-follicular differentiation pathway
as they appear to be much less
dependent on T cell help for antibody
production