1. Tutorial 2<br />Acid-fast<br />“Acid-fast” is a physical property of some bacteria referring to their resistance to decolorization by acids during staining procedures. <br />Acid-fast organisms are difficult to characterize using standard microbiological techniques (e.g. Gram stain - if you gram stained an AFB the result would be an abnormal gram positive organism, which would indicate further testing), though they can be stained using concentrated dyes, particularly when the staining process is combined with heat. Once stained, these organisms resist the dilute acid and/or ethanol-based de-colorization procedures common in many staining protocols—hence the name acid-fast.<br />Question: <br />If the organism is a non-acid-fast, the color should be?<br />If the organism is an acid-fast, the color should be?<br />Give examples of acid-fast organism.<br />Give three examples of basic dyes.<br />What is a mordant? What is the example of a mordant?<br />In gram staining, you have three colored reagents and one decolorizer. One of the three colored reagents does not cause the stain. Which one?<br />What is a mordant?<br />Describe the difference between a pili and a flagellum?<br />Describe the difference between gram positive cell wall and gram negative cell wall.<br />Give three types of flagella arrangements.<br />Describe the function of the cell membrane.<br />Desribe the characteristics of Phospholipid bilayer<br />In gram positive bacteria, the peptidoglucan is linked by polypeptides. <br />What are the two constituents of peptidoglycan?<br />What is protoplast?<br />What is spheroplast?<br />Describe the event of cell wall damage.<br />Describe two types of chemotaxis and their characteristics.<br />Capsule and slime layer are types of glycocalyx. Explain the difference between capsule and slime layer.<br />What is the purpose of biofilm?<br />