The protocol testing course covers networking fundamentals like the OSI model and TCP/IP layers, networking devices, data flow, and IP addressing. It examines application layer protocols like HTTP, FTP, and DNS, transport protocols TCP and UDP, and layer 2 technologies like switching, VLANs, and STP. Layer 3 routing protocols such as RIP, OSPF, BGP, and EIGRP are also evaluated. The course teaches protocol testing methods, the testing lifecycle, manual and automated testing, and bug tracking. Automation techniques using TCL and Expect are presented for developing test cases on Cisco routers.