The Industrial Revolution Essay

The Industrial Revolution Essay
The Industrial Revolution
Going to work for a full day isn't much fun after working fifteen hours the day before! 60–70 hour
work days are never pleasant in anybody's mind. How is it that so many people did this during the
Industrial Revolution? Was it because they wanted the extra money? Or was it because they wanted
the high political or economic status? For some people these were the reasons, but for most it was
because of one concern. Survival! The Industrial Revolution greatly changed the workplace and the
proletarians.
The Factory system was changed forever by the name of one man, Richard Arkwright. Even though
Arkwright was not a great inventor, he used other peoples ideas to advocate his own ambitions to
the next level. "He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mathew Boulton would use the invention as a pumping device for water. This would greatly change
factory development and the people who worked their. The Steam Engine could be the most
significant invention of the Industrial Revolution (Mantoux 230–250). The Spinning Jenny and the
Steam Engine were the key inventions that created the Industrial Revolution.
In the beginning of the nineteenth century factory working conditions were bad. Diseases that
occurred in the occupation were at a high risk also with, accidents and harsh discipline. These were
the physical affects of the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, but with them were issues with
social class consisting of moral degradation, and female competition for male jobs. Also from the
factory style of life abortion was quite high and infant and child deaths were at the highest rate ever
recorded. (King & Timmins 55)
Most 19th century factories were grim brutal places, and working conditions were harsh. The
normal factory worker contained a shift of 14 to15 hours. This is not to add that it might take the
workers two hours to walk there and back. Working conditions were so bad that it caused diseases.
For
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Realism In The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution started during the mid–nineteenth century. It was the major influence for
the rise of Realism in the arts. Realism is a style of art that portrays the hardship and reality in life
during the 1800s. Realism helped artists to express their feelings in a more realistic way, compared
to the earlier style, Romanticism, which mainly contours imaginations and emotions. The Industrial
Revolution facilitated the development of factories leading to. Realism artists were eager to express
their feeling of dissatisfaction toward the Industrial Revolution in their artworks. The rise of
Realism in arts was mainly caused by the Industrial Revolution during the mid–19th century, due to
the harsh living conditions which stimulate people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One example is the two paintings by Honore Daumier which portrays two different classes riding
the same carriage. The Third–Class Carriage by Honore Daumier, is a painting showing a tightly
packed crowd of working–class men and women, which convey their hardship during the time. It is
also shown on their expressions, clothing, and postures. The First–Class Carriage also by Daumier,
showed no physical contact and people sat apart from each other, which showed the differences
between social classes. These two paintings by the same person strongly reflected the lives between
different social classes. The upper class was able to afford a much bigger carriage and have more
personal space. In contrast, the lower class was forced to be squeezed inside a small carriage. The
lower class mostly workers in factories were paid very little, therefore, they were only able to afford
to live in unclean, crowded, but cheap

Industrial Revolution Dbq
Towards the end of the 18th century a new revolution was formed. This period was called the
Industrial Revolution, which lasted approximately 60 years. The industrial Revolution was a time
when we switched from hands to machines, and industry. The movement began in Great Britain,
then spread to America. New ideas, inventions, and transportation advances caused America to
thrive economically.
To begin with, factories were a huge contribution to the Industrial Revolution. Some change was for
the greater, and some was for the worse. These factories brought jobs, not crazy high paying one's,
but enough to get by. You could say if pollution and smoke stopped emitting into the air, the
economy would come to a halt, due to lack of jobs. I believe

Background Of Industrial Evolution Of The Industrial...
Background of industrial evolution in Britain
From 1760s to 1840s, a great revolution, called as the Industrial Revolution later by historians,
happened firstly in England and soon after whole European continent (Landes, 1969). Later in 19th
century, the revolution also influenced North America. Machines' flourish in inventions and
applications is treated as one symbol of this period, thus, it is called "the Age of Machines" by some
historians as well. In the mid–1700s, Hargreaves invented Spinning Jenny, which is the symbol of
the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Then in 1775, Watt improved performances of steam
engines, which is the most important turn point in the history of the Industrial Revolution. After that,
a series of inventions occurred, replacing manpower with machines one by one and sharply
improved working efficiency, making the world change from traditional agricultural society into
modern industrial society and capitalism begin to take the power from the hand of feudalism.
From above brief introductions to the Industrial Revolution, it is apparent that Britain is its birth
land and Britain owes almost all inventions' birth place. However, why Britain is the first country to
raise this revolution? This essay will discuss about the background of the Industrial Revolution in
England to make reasons clearer. In the first place, it will introduce colonial expansion after success
of exploration around the world and what it caused. After that, Enclosure and

Think about your life for one second: you communicate with people, travel, make purchases, and
utilize those commodities. But have you ever wondered what made those things possible? After all,
you go to the store to buy things you need. You drive a car to work and to visit your friends. If you
need to talk to someone, you simply pick up your phone or computer. However, none of this would
be possible without a means of communication, factories to manufacture the products you need,
places to work, and ways to travel and transport goods. And what made these possible? The answer
is the Industrial Revolution, which started in Europe around the year 1730. A revolution is a major
change or turning point in something. The Industrial Revolution ... Show more content on
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His engine used steam to power a pump, which turned a wheel, which moved machinery. It worked
quickly and generated more power than the waterwheel had. Europe wanted to keep all this progress
to itself, so anyone who had worked around the machinery could not leave the country. It was
illegal, and if they were apprehended, they could be punished severely. Nonetheless, a certain
Samuel Slater took the plans for a cotton mill and fled Britain in the year 1789. He quickly traveled
to the United States, where the Revolution would soon expand and pop, like the balloon. Slater went
first to Rhode Island, where he opened up a cotton mill powered by a waterwheel. His work was
peculiar and new to the Americans, but once they realized how productive it was, and how much
more available the textiles were, they loved the new mills. Machines could make more goods at a
lower price. The ready availability of cotton, threads, and clothing. Slater had brought ideas for the
new mechanical looms and spinning engines as well, and people liked the ideas. After people
realized how productive Slater's new mills were, factories for all different kinds of goods and
products started popping up all over the United States. The new factories, which used Adam Smith's
division of labor theory, required a large amount of manpower. The more people worked, the more
productive it was to own a factory. Of course, all of this new productivity came with a

Political, Industrial, & Military Powers of Industrial...
Political, Industrial, & Military Powers of Industrial Revolution By the 1750s the industrial
revolution had begun and there were many advancements directed at cotton weaving as a result of
limited technology. Because of this limited technology people were slow in inventing other types of
machines. This of was a time of drastic change and transformation from the use of mere hand tools
to using powerful machines. A problem with these revolutionary machines was the amount of
pollution that was produced, such as CO2, and the faulty methods in which these pollution problems
were dealt with. Industrial power, military power, and political power were changing ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They had already established a capital, they had a surplus of labor forces, and little government
interference in the economy, a growing market, and fifty percent of the people could read and write.
These factors gave England the lead in the Industrial Revolution. England spread their ideas and
discoveries all over Europe. By the late 1750's the Industrial Revolution had begun. At first,
inventions were strictly limited to cotton weaving. Inventions such as the spinning jenny and the
water–powered frame, both of which provided sinning yarn faster, the spinning mule, the power
loom and the cotton gin, all the manufacturer (internet source). These new inventions were all part
of the textile mills, which were the first factories to be created. The textile mills manufactured
cotton products faster than ever before. In addition, new forms of energy were also being used at this
time. The Machine in America, by Carroll Pursell summarizes the transitions of energy use simply
and effectively. She states: During the next half of the century (1) mineral coal replaced charcoal as
the principal fuel, (2) blast furnaces became larger and more efficient, (3) tilt hammers and forges
were replaced by rolling mills for the production of wrought iron, (4) steam replaced as the source
of power for both furnaces and forges, and (5) the puddling furnace replaced the forge fire in the
refining of pig iron. (Pursell

The Enlightenment And The Industrial Revolution
During the Enlightenment new ideas and thinkers emerged with different perspectives on
government, economics, and social issues. Amidst this breakthrough in thought the world shifted in
the pace of production, the development of the factory as a means of mass production was shot
many countries of Europe into the Industrial Revolution. From the Industrial Revolution, there were
rippling effects on the working class of Europe. The factory made the skill of the craftsperson
obsolete, led unhealthy living and conditions, and created competitively low wages. This led to the
emergence of liberalism and socialism, both ideologies offered solutions to improve or eliminate the
problems brought about by the Industrial Revolution.
The Enlightenment was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The workers of these factories men, women, and children were subjected to dangerous working
conditions and unhealthy, crowded living conditions. The workers were not the only to suffer the
effects of the Industrial Revolution, before industrialization most products were made by trained
craftsmen, many of whom resided in rural areas. Factory production economically devastated the
people of these areas, this would lead to a large movement of people from the country to the city in
search of factory jobs, adding to the crowded conditions. Even then, employment was not
guaranteed. And of the workers in the factories, there was no control of wages and there was
dangerous lowering of wages as well as the long (sometimes up to 14–16 hours) working shifts
without significant breaks. These conditions were the cause of factories' focuses on maximizing
profits as strong capitalistic enterprises. During the Industrial Revolution, political theorists of
liberalism and socialism witnessed the potential negative effects of the capitalistic laissez–faire
governments of England and other European nations at the time which highlighted these effects
inside the

Industrial Revolutions During Europe During The Industrial...
Industrial Revolution in Europe
Before the industrial revolution, Europe was mostly dominated by farmers but as the industrial
revolution progressed this changed dramatically. Industrial revolution had a significant impact in the
process by making new demands that shaped the way of life through increased competition and
technological innovation. Generally, it was a historical period that sparked in a stroke a number
numerous changes in the economic, social and political dimensions. It is considered as a period that
made the biggest impact on 19th century Europe considering that it was the period that the countries
realized significant progress that shaped their economies in great details with nationalism and
imperialism as well being direct impacts of the revolution.
Not many could have anticipated the rapid rise of the European industry that was realized from
industrial revolution. As a note, dominance in wage labor, rapid growth of cities and evolution of
industries mostly from steel and iron factories were perhaps the greatest changes that were
experienced. In economic changes, manifestations were evident through the increased rates of
immigration to better places, rapid growth of cities as centers of trade and changes in the type of
work and working structures. Socially, reorganization of family was experienced as well as changes
in ownership of jobs, rural to urban migration as well as where and when to work (Lynn et al. 413–
414). Politics also played a great role in

Industrial Of The Industrial Revolution
Jason Thibodeaux
Mrs. Martinez
English IV, 1st hour
4/29/16
The Industrial Revolution set people away from farms and small villages and moved them to cities
and towns because of the job opportunities that arose in the cities. The Industrial Revolution not
only helped people move along in the late 1700s and early 1800s but also it has made the people
what they are today. During the Industrial Revolution, the movement from an agrarian society to an
industrial one reshaped the roles of families, widen the gap between classes, and led to the
developments in communication, transportation, and other scientific fields that completely changed
humanity.
The Industrial Revolution started in the late 1700s and early 1800s which helped the transition from
agrarian to one of industrial. Before the factories were made, the common folk would work on the
farms that would make the food that they would need to survive, and they would also make their
own clothes. All the clothes and materials that the people had before the industrial revolution they
would make themselves because there was no mass production of items being made and the people
who would sell the items never had enough in their inventory for everyone to buy. Factories started
to arise making it easier to mass produce items that the people wanted, like cloths and eventually
everyday materials. Those factories and opportunities for work is why people moved into cities.(
History.com)
With families

Industrial Revolution Essay
Jennifer Yulfo
Mr. Sotak
Honors English 9
5 January 2018
The Best of Times and The Worst of Times
"The Industrial Revolution has tended to produce everywhere great urban masses that seem to be
increasingly careless of ethical standards" (Babbitt 139). The Industrial Revolution was a time of
new production methods with extraordinary results in mass production. New travel options such as
steamboats,railroads, and automotive vehicles with groundbreaking speeds and cheaper means of
transportation were invented and coming into use. Notwithstanding the astounding accomplishments
of the time, the Industrial Revolution was also a time of horrendous ethical standards. The use of
child labor and harsh working conditions were not uncommon. The ... Show more content on
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Later on in 1961, Ford made and sold seven hundred thirty–nine thousand. T Models. This was one
half of all the cars manufactured in the United States. Each year after that they experienced similar
numbers. In 1927 the company ceased producing Model T's and more than 15 million had been sold.
It was an amazing triumph even by today's standards (Nardo United States 63).
In addition to faster, cheaper, and more efficient production methods, the development of faster,
better, and more reliable travel options during the Industrial Revolution made it the best of times.
The production of steam locomotives helped create faster, cheaper, and timetabled transportation.
During the Industrial Revolution the first steam locomotive to travel by railroads was developed. "In
1830, England's Liverpool and Manchester Railway became the first to offer regular, timetabled
passenger services" ("Industrial Revolution"). Timetable transportation services before this time
were unheard of and very rare. In England the new steam locomotives lowered the cost of shipping
by carriage by sixty to seventy percent ("Early Railroads"). Americans were amazed by this and
when the United States began using railroads in 1833, a 40– mile canal trip that took all day was
lessened to a 17– mile trip that took less than an hour by the use of railroads ("Early Railroads").
Additionally, during this time steamboats were also coming into use. The invention of the

Industrial Revolution
Environment vs. Industrial Revolution When you hear the industrial revolution, you may think that
it was good. Well, when thinking about only certain parts of the impacts it had on things like family,
economy, environment, North, South, and West, you start to see that not all of them had a positive
effect on certain aspects. Today, I will be talking about how the industrial revolution impacted the
environment. The industrial revolution did not have a positive impact on the environment. For
example, it caused an increase in pollution, a decrease of fossil fuel, and depletion of natural
resources. To start things off, air pollution was a major complication. When the industrial revolution
began, an enormous increase in pollution erupted. According

The Industrial Revolution, a 'Revolution' that began in Britain in the nineteenth century, saw people
move from working in the farming industry to working in factories. This transition from an agrarian
society meant that many people moved to cities in search of jobs. New methods of manufacturing
allowed goods to be produced far more cheaply and quickly than before. However, the Revolution
came with its own negative consequences. The lives of children during the Industrial Revolution
were torturous and many injustices resulted. Children were used to serve the demands of the
growing society but their needs were disregarded. Despite some reforms during the 1800s, the
atrocious working and living conditions in towns ensured that children were definitely victims not
beneficiaries of the Industrial Revolution.
Children suffered enormously as a result of the poor working life of in the Industrial Revolution. By
1788, over two–thirds of workers in textile factories were children. Some factories employed
children as young as the age of five or six. Other factories forced children to work as long as 16
hours a day. Children worked in gas works, nail factories, construction sites, shipyards and as
chimney sweeps. The use of child labour in factories raised many social problems. Families, trapped
by poverty, were forced to send their children to work in poor conditions for equally poor pay. Most
children worked in cotton mills. Although children were accommodated, fed and dressed,

Industrial Revolution And The Industrial Age
The Industrial Revolution affected all aspects of American life, and it provoked more changes than
just those in the factories. How one experienced the Industrial Revolution depended on where one
lived. By 1900, more than a third of America's people lived in cities, and city populations were
growing twice as fast as the population as a whole. Between 1870 and 1920, the number of
Americans living in cities increased fivefold, from 10 million to 54 million. Most of the massive
industries of the Industrial Age emerged in the North. Because the work was there, these cities
ballooned into metropolises. And as the cities of the North grew, economic disparities between the
wealthy and the poor became more pronounced; the corporations of the Industrial Age generated
enormous fortunes for a handful of people, leaving most industrial laborers living in poverty. Most
of the people living in these growing cities were workers working in the new factories of the
Industrial Age. The manufacturers sometimes provided company housing close to the factories so
that the entire work force could walk to work. The independent builders sought quick profits and got
away with throwing up inferior houses because they had no building codes. Those developers also
carved up previously built single–family homes into multiple–unit dwellings called tenements,
which often had thin walls and frequently lacked windows as well. These kinds of close quarters led
to communal childcare networks, and they also

Due to the Industrial Revolution, many changes started occurring in this new era such as the
factories began to use more mechanics, limiting skill needed to produce products as well as
hastening the harvesting of raw materials. Secondarily there was a huge standard of living and wage
drop in cities due to urbanization which occurred after the factories created an abundance of jobs.
Also, there was a huge shift in the population and there was a massive population growth due to the
excess food and productivity being made during this time.
During the industrial revolution, many technological advancements were made such as the steam
engine made by Thomas Newcomen and were later improved upon by James Watt, the Spinning
Jenny, the telegraph ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This period also saw the creation of a middle class that enjoyed the benefits of this new lifestyle.
People started spending their free time entertaining themselves in theatres, concert halls, and sports
facilities.
During the industrial revolution as economic activities in many villages and countrysides moved
from agriculture to manufacturing, production went from traditional locations such as people's own
homes and small workshops to factories. Large portions of the population relocated from the
countryside to the towns and cities where manufacturing centers were found. The overall amount of
goods and services produced expanded very dramatically. New groups of investors, businesspeople,
and managers emerged and took financial risks and reaped great rewards. These people were also
known as entrepreneurs. Many people either became rich or became poorer due to the wages that
were given to them by the people at the factories this led to social and economic unrest for the
people who ended having low pay wages and who did mass amounts of work, this led to the people
revolting which began to lead to many more problems.
The industrial revolution change the way that people back then lived. Communication and
transportation innovations were made, because of the new technology. It also changes the way
people worked and how they did

How Did The Industrial Revolution Contribute To The...
The industrial Revolution was a era of opportunities for many. For immigrants, it was an
opportunity to get a fresh new start and to have a shot to strike it rich and live the American dream.
But for others it was an opportunity to take advantage of the hard work of others for their own good.
The industrial revolution brought many things to the US. It brought a large amount of immigrants to
the US. And it also brought in many inventions that we still use to this day. With the large amounts
of immigrants, many business owners wanted to take advantage of that. So they started hiring
immigrants to work in their factories to make profits. One particular pair of business owners call the
Ashton brothers took it among themselves to make homes for all the employees of their factory.
"Everywhere is to be observed a cleanliness which indicates order and comfort.".(Doc 2) Also some
of the inventions that were created in that time period also contributed to the economic growth. For
example, the sewing machine. The sewing machine was invented by Elias Howe and it
revolutionized the way clothing was made. With the sewing machine, clothing was made faster and
sold cheaper than they did when they were hand stitched. The industrial revolution led us to have the
luxuries we have today. Although the industrial age was an era of economic growth it was mostly on
the backbone of the workers that had to go through hardships in the factory. Not only did the
workers have to go

Was the Industrial Revolution a Blessing or a Curse?
The Industrial Revolution was a period of technological improvement that took place in Britain from
about 1750 into the 1900's. To many, the Industrial Revolution was the gateway into modern–day
factories and machinery. The Industrial Revolution was spurred by the competition of Britain
against India or China. India and China were both very productive in the production of goods,
meaning the people of Britain had to buy the cheap products imported from India and China. British
businessmen developed new technology so they could manufacture their own cotton textiles, the
main product imported into Britain. Although some historians believe that the Industrial revolution
was a blessing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overseers took most of the money earned and kept it for themselves. Any worker who dared go on
strike or stand up for thei pay was beaten and tortured. This piece of evidence shows that since the
majority of people were part of the working class, they were abused and were arguably better off
working hard and receiving most of the fruits of their labor on farms instead of doubling their
repetitive work for half of the payoff. Adolf Levenstein, a coal miner living during the Industrial
Revolution Reflected in a letter, later collected into the book, From the Depths: Workers Letters,
published in 1905, states how, "The work is becoming increasingly mechanical. No more incentive,
no more haste, we muddle along wearily, we are worn out and mindless. My forehead burns like
fire.... But in my head it rages and paralyzes me beyond control or without my being able to think.
When it becomes unbearable I stop my slow, energyless working....And that is not all; the spirit too,
the conscience of the individual, degenerates. And one drudge, grown vacuous through his work, is
put beside another one, and another one and finally this "modern" circle has closed in on the entire
working force" (Levenstein). The work in the mines was tiring and repetitive. Since machines have
taken more of the desirable jobs and workers have been laid off, the laborers who are still employed
had to work tedious jobs. This letter provides a view into the daily

What Were The Similarities Between Industrial And...
During the antebellum years, enslaved African Americans and industrial workers possessed some
strong similarity in their experiences. Slavery was chiefly based in the South. They worked
anywhere from small farms to large plantations. Slaves were property and they were never allowed
to forget that. Some were treated with some respect and care and others were beaten to death by
their masters. The greater majority of slaves worked on cotton plantations because it was high in
demand. Every slave had a different story. Northern industrial workers were populated in the north
and they were made up of Americans, Irish, and the Germans. The northern states were the most
influenced from the industrial period and they had an immense demand for tools and new
technology. Men, women, and children all worked in dangerous factory conditions for long hours
and low pay. They didn't agree with slavery, but if it was abolished then slaves would take the
industrial workers jobs and they didn't want that. Many of these ... Show more content on
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Woman northern industrial workers were many of times forced out of their homes. From the Voice
of Industry, "factory powers in this village of forcing poor girls from their quiet homes to become
their tools and, like Southern slaves... they are stowed in a wagon, which may find a similarity only
in the manner in which slaves are fastened in the hold of a vessel." They were forcefully taken out of
their homes and stowed in a wagon like animals. People should not be treated like anything other
than respectful human beings. This document compares slaves to women industrial worker because
of all the similarities they have chiefly because of the way they were treated. This document also
shows what people were told about women that worked in factories and what actually happens to
these women. This helps to show that the forcefulness used on these women was

The New Industrial Era
In the United States, the New Industrial Era took place in the early to mid 1900s, and made the
United States the main producer for steel and kerosene at the time. The New Industrial Era provided
many jobs for middle and low class workers in America. Sweatshops were often formed to produce
items when there was a high demand. Kids, teenagers, and adults were hired and force to work in
unsafe working conditions for long hours and for low pay. While many view the New Industrial Era
as pain because of violence and workplace hazards, it was more progress because of advancement in
production methods, and growth of the U.S. government, and economy. Many view the New
Industrial Era as pain for the U.S. because of poor,unsafe working conditions, and monopolies. In
factories, there were very unsafe working conditions that often resulted in serious injury, or death.
One example of this was the Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire. Owners of this sweatshop and
managers had bribed fire and safety inspectors, which resulted in really bad workplace conditions.
When a fire started, mandatory precautions were not taken into consideration, and 96 workers died
from the fire and smoke. The building was multiple stories tall, and around 50 workers jumped out
of windows, and plunged to their deaths, resulting in the worst fire in the city's history (o.i.). There
were other examples of unsafe working conditions in coal mines, and coal breakers as well. Many
young boys would sit for hours in an

Short Term Misery... Long Term Gain There are two major industrializations that have occurred
through out history, both which began in England. The Industrial Revolution was from 1750 until
1800. The first and second industrialization were filled with many inventions, new societal ideas,
new raw materials, new sources of power, also new ideas and societal implements were made
enabling the world and society to evolve. Overall these industrialization was filled with death,
neglect, and disease but ended up changing the world forever with creating a new economic life,
altered social relations, and a change in power; therefore one is able to agree that "Short term
misery, long term gain" would be an adequate representation to this time period. The Industrial
Revolution first began with the textile industry and its continuous growth economically and socially.
The industrial revolution began in England due to its harbors, mercantilism, and the smallness of the
country, and the great transportation infrastructure. England also had a higher standard of living, a
large population growth, and the political atmosphere was much more stable. The social atmosphere
of England included the ending of feudalism, a small standing army, more established businesses,
and more schools. The industrial revolution affected the different levels of society in many ways,
especially depending on the amount of money one had. Also, the roles of women and children were
completely changed in order for them

The Industrial Metamorphosis
The beginning of the Industrial Metamorphosis
In the 18th century, Britain and other countries were transformed by the industrial restructuring.
This change meant a higher standard of living for everyone. And as a result, Britain became richer.
Scientific knowledge in the Industrial restructuring era
Technological advances made the restructuring possible. Abraham Darby (1677–1717) owned an
ironworks. He was looking for more efficient fuel to melt the iron ore, so he began using coke
instead of charcoal. Thomas Newcomen (1712) made steam engines to pump water from coal mines.
James Watt made a more efficient steam engine in the 1780s. Iron production grew rapidly. In 1784,
Henry Cort invented a better way to make wrought the iron. Up until

Industrial Revolutions
Historically, industrial revolutions have caused the most notable changes in work. The First
Industrial Revolution, driven by steam, and the Second Industrial Revolution, driven by electricity,
led to an increase in technology, production, and jobs––especially among women, as illustrated by
the photo of Rosie the Riveter, depicting a woman in the workforce urging other women to engage
in employment (Human Development Report; Miller). While there had been fears of future
unemployment due to the rapid rise in machines performing the tasks of people, in 1962, President
John F. Kennedy quelled these fears by claiming, "'If men have the talent to invent new machines
that put men out of work, they have the talent to put those men back to work'" ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Early in "A World Without Work," The Atlantic expresses fear for future employment by predicting
"an era of technological unemployment" (Thompson 7). However, The Atlantic also notes, "The
U.S. labor force has been shaped by millennia of technological process....the total number of jobs
has always increased" (Thompson 7). While in the past, employers searched for pinsetters, milk
men, newspaper readers, ice cutters, and typists, now, those occupations as well as similar jobs have
been eliminated due to the increased role that technology has played. However, the United States
Department of Labor shows that new jobs are constantly appearing. In fact, "During the Clinton–
Gore administration, more than 19 million new jobs...[were] created–a rate of growth more than
twice that of the previous decade. High–technology industries account for one million of these new
jobs" ("Futurework"). With the increase in technology around the world, thus, an increase in
globalization, new generations have used technology as a resource rather than a limitation in order
to create more unconventional work, as demonstrated during the Clinton–Gore

Child labor during the Industrial Revolution was horrid. The Industrial Revolution started in the late
18th century and ended around the mid 19th century. Although we did benefit from this industrial
age, many people suffered, most notably children, because of this advancement. In today's
standards, what these children went through was repulsive. It is worse to think that this kind of
treatment lasted for over 100 years in some places and that it, not only just happened in one part of
the world but in multiple parts of the world. One of the worst places that children had to work in
were the mines. The kind of work the children in the coal mines had to do was not only dangerous
but unsanitary and unhealthy as well. The owners of coal mines ... Show more content on
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Usually these trappers were five years old and had to work all day long. There was a lot of coal
mining in America as well. According to the website something "Coal mining was a prominent
industry throughout eastern Pennsylvania, northern Maryland, and Wyoming." It wasn't until the late
19th century that a legislation was passed that limited what age a child could start working in the
mines. Even with these working age restrictions, some children as young as five or six years old,
still worked in the mines. The youngest workers worked as breaker boys, whose job was to separate
the debris from the coal. Because the breaker boys were not allowed to wear gloves they would
often catch a skin disease that they called "red tips" which was caused by the sulfur when touching
coal too often. Many diseases and deformities affected the miners. For many of the young miners
who worked on the ground deformities of this spinal column, feet, knees and legs were not
uncommon from working in such cramped conditions. A lot of the time, ponies would pull the cars,
but when the tunnels became too small for the ponies, young women and children were used to pull
the carts. Many of the young women who worked in the mines, had to have chains around the waist
to pull the heavy cars up, often, steep slopes. These chains would more

How Did The Industrial Revolution Affect The Industrial...
The Industrial Revolution has been viewed as one of the most influential events to occur in the
history of modern society in economic growth. The many new inventions helped people perform
specific tasks in much shorter time periods, causing goods to be produced at a faster pace. In
addition to the production of goods, the Industrial Revolution impacted the economic growth of the
world were people had access to a wider variety of manufactured goods and services. The standard
for living also improved for many, but resulted in often cruel employment and living conditions for
the working classes and poor. Machines were central to the creation of the working class due to
replacing the handwork of skilled workers. Furthermore, machines were also able to produce goods
much faster. An example of this would be the spinning jenny, which was able to spin more than one
ball of yarn at a time, making it easier to cloth. The evolution of textile machines was slow, but
eventually became efficient enough to take the work out of sheds and into small water powered
mills (726.1) Since the production of goods was at a more rapid pace, the demand for goods grew,
causing the economy to start rising. The downside of machines was that it caused impoverishment
for the workers. In addition, the machines left the workers with "poorly paid, menial, empty, and
dignity destroying work of tending machines having been made dispensable by those very
machines" (153.2) However, these machines also created

Nobel Prize laureate and economist Robert Emerson Lucas wrote in regards to the Industrial
revolution: "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have
begun to undergo sustained growth. The novelty of the discovery that a human society has this
potential for generating sustained improvement in the material aspects of the lives of all its
members, not just the ruling elite, cannot be overstressed." (Lucas 2002). The revolution itself was
centred in Britain before spreading to the rest of Europe and America, and is most commonly placed
within a general time period of the 18th to 19th century, though it is commonly accepted that it
begun in approximately 1760 AD, and ended in 1830 AD (Ashton 1997).
The Industrial Revolution was characterised by Britain's transformation from an agrarian society, to
one of manufacturing, rapid urbanisation, mass production, globalising markets, transport and
communication developments, and most significantly– constantly increasing technological advances
unlike any other point in history (Mokyr 1990). Employment opportunities were different to ever
before, as factories, mills, mines, and positions in development became available (Miller & Dodd
2014). Whilst industrialisation paved the way for some of the most significant advances in human
history, it is also important to consider the impact it had upon the society in terms of what were
often poor living and working conditions.
B A C K G R O U N D /

Slavery, new energy sources, global trade, and technology all contributed to Britain's Industrial
Revolution. Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper emphasize the importance of slavery for the
development of the Industrial revolution and capitalism. However, as James Carter, Richard Warren,
and Robert Marks demonstrate, global trade and new technology were just as important factors as
slavery because they increased both the efficiency of production and demand for British–made
goods. Carter and Warren classically connect the idea of capitalism to the Industrial revolution
because the Industrial Revolution created an influx of wealth that allowed people to, while the other
historians don't clearly connect the idea of capitalism to the Industrial ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Burbank and Cooper then argue that due to this surge in food, people were able to use the land for
other needs, such as manufacturing goods.
Additionally, prior to the discovery and use of new energy sources, such as water energy and coal,
all of the energy people had came from the sun. People mostly used trees as energy, burning them to
get heat energy. This was considered the biological old regime. Efficiently, Marks argues that the
discovery of coal energy was exactly what was needed to propel humans out of the biological old
regime and into the Industrial revolution. The Industrial revolution could not have occurred without
the extra energy provided by coal. Coal allowed for the population to grow because there was now
more energy floating around. Carter and Warren both argue another essential use of coal for Britain
was for powering their railroads and steamships. Prior to coal energy, the boats relied on winds to
reach their destinations. Relying on wind takes a much longer amount of time to get places, so coal
increased the productivity of global trade as well. In contrast, Burbank and Cooper do not
emphasize the importance of coal. Burbank and Cooper focus more on the slave trade and less on
coal, which really facilitated the slave trade in the first place.
An additional important factor in the development of the Industrial revolution was global trade.
Originally, India was the country that was making the

The most far–reaching, influential transformation of human culture since the advent of agriculture
eight or ten thousand years ago, was the industrial revolution of eighteenth century Europe. The
consequences of this revolution would change irrevocably human labor, consumption, family
structure, social structure, and even the very soul and thoughts of the individual. This revolution
involved more than technology; to be sure, there had been industrial "revolutions"
throughout European history and non–European history. In Europe, for instance, the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries saw an explosion of technological knowledge and a consequent change in
production and labor. However, the industrial revolution was more than ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another reason given for the Industrial Revolution is the substantial increase in the population of
Europe; this is such an old chestnut of historians that we don't question it. Population growth,
however, is a mysterious affair to explain; it most often occurs when standards of production rise. So
whether the Industrial Revolution was started off by a rise in population, or whether the Industrial
Revolution started a rise in population is hard to guess. It's clear, though, that the transition to an
industrial, manufacturing economy required more people to labor at this manufacture. While the
logic of a national economy founded centrally on the family economy and family production is more
or less a subsistence economy–most production is oriented around keeping the family alive, the
logic of a manufacturing economy is a surplus economy. In a manufacturing economy, a person's
productive labor needs to produce more than they need to keep life going. This surplus production is
what produces profits for the owners of the manufacture. This surplus economy not only makes
population growth possible, it makes it desirable.
England While it's hard to pinpoint a beginning to the Industrial Revolution, historians generally
agree that it basically originated in England, both in a series of technological and social innovations.
Historians propose a number of reasons. Among the most compelling is the exponential increase in

The Industrial Revolution In America
Industrial Revolution in America
The industrial revolution in America took place in the nineteenth and twentieth century. During this
period there was mass production, modern technologies were made, people were getting rich and
this made America to be the global superpower in the world. The united states economy grew fast.
America became so rich that mark twain called it the "Gilded Age"
Although there Britain was the first to have access to the industrial revolution in the 17th and 18th
century, my focus will be on the American industrial revolution. Industrial revolution came into
existence after the end of the civil war. During the revolution transportation, electricity, and
industrial building came into existence and became very popular and made very significant changes
in the nation.
Transportations like the railroad which was linked to different communities and states was built,
steamboats, the Eerie canal, and road were also built. Although railroad was in existence during the
start of the civil war it became more popular after the end of the civil war.
During the 1860s, the Central Pacific Railroad started building rail track from Sacramento,
California. While the Union Pacific started laying tracks from Nebraska. In 1869, this made both
tracks to meet at a place in Utah, this enabled the united states to travel by train from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. The development of Railroad continued all through the 1800s with rail
tracks spreading in different

British Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain began in eighteenth–century due to the economic
differences in many areas, the rise of factories, and the advances in technologies. The Industrial
Revolution created a foundation for the modern world's economy and helped advance the world's
markets and industries. It also affected the social system and improved the people's living standard.
Learning about the Industrial Revolution will help us understand more about the history of our
prosperous economy.
There were many factors that started the British Industrial Revolution such as economic differences
in rural areas and cities, the rise of many factories which fulfilled the needs for workers and
increased jobs, along with the advancement in technologies which created new production methods.
In rural areas, labours were cheap and many workers became unemployed and this increased
poverty. In cities, the economy was different. Many factories were formed which created more jobs
causing the people in rural areas to leave their towns to work in cities. Since the majority of people
lived in cities and worked in factories, it created the industrial system (1). During the Industrial
Revolution, men, women, and even children needed to work in order to survive. They worked in
dangerous environments and were paid with low wages. Children and women were favored to work
in coal mining industry because they were slim. They suffered severe contamination And children
were abused for what was

Effects Of The Industrial Revolution Britain. The Industrial
Effects of the Industrial Revolution Britain
The Industrial revolution began in the mid–1700 's in parts of Eastern England and Southern
Scotland and probably would not have taken place without the dramatic enhancements in farming
that began in the early 1700 's. The agricultural revolution started well before the Industrial
Revolution but once mechanisation began the two revolutions became interlinked and worked hand
in hand. As the historian, J.H. Clapham quantified, "even if the history of the industrial revolution is
a thrice–squeezing orange, there remains to be an astonishing amount of juice in it. "
(Clapham,1930) Although, it remains to be an issue if the Industrial Revolution had been a positive
influence on Europe or not? It was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the first farmers to use the scientific approach to farming was Jethro Tull, and with it, he
promoted ploughing and hoeing to break up the soil with his invention the seed drill in 1721 which
was only one of many drills that invented in the eighteenth century. These technological
developments allowed "farmers to sow seeds in well–spaced rows at certain depths." Nevertheless,
the most revolutionary discovery for farmers had to be that of the system of crop rotation. This
development of scientific farming, brought about radical effect and changes on population, which
brought about healthier livestock and increased crop production which then meant more food for a
growing population. the knock–on effect had been fewer people going hungry with a general
standard of nutrition, which then led to an increased improvement in their life expectancy. Nether
the less, the onset of the enclosure system was not all positive as many small farmers had been
forced off their land, and then these farmers began to leave Britain for British colonies such as North
America, while, others crowded the already jam–packed cities for job possibilities.
Another obvious change brought about by the Industrial Revolution was the growth of the cities.
Most Europeans, for centuries, had lived in rural areas (Bagwell 105). Problems began occurring in
the cities. There was

The Industrial Revolution became a defining transitional period in United States history. The
Industrial Revolution created opportunities for society through, employment, higher pay and
allowed for the meeting of many cultures. As a result of high employment opportunities, people
flocked to the North and populated areas of the nation creating urban cities. Urban cities of the
nation have not changed much since the Industrial Revolution; people are still drawn to the urban
culture because of the variety in social and economic opportunities. The urban culture has allowed
us to observe the interaction among various cultures and the development of the social class through
time.
We are currently living in an urban culture where the division that separates social classes has faded
away because of human dignity. Human dignity, the need to find self–worth and self–respect for us
and others has increased dramatically within society, but this new found self–worth and respect is
being developed through capitalism and materialism. Human dignity has evolved into the need to
present ourselves to society through the acquisition of materialistic luxuries. In urban cities more
value is being placed on extrinsic dignity in the form of materialism. Materialism has taken over the
essence of human dignity and has limited our dignity. We must evaluate ourselves carefully and
observe the reasons that help develop our own sense of human dignity. People who live in urban
cities must be extra

Second Industrial Revolution
Second US Industrial Revolution, 1870 –1910
Darris Adkins
Abstract
In this brief paper, a description of two developments of industrialization that positively affected the
United States and two developments that negatively affected the United States will be discussed. An
analysis of whether or not industrialization was generally beneficial or detrimental to the lives of
Americans and the history of the United States will be outlined.
Second US Industrial Revolution, 1870 –1910
In this brief paper, a description of two developments of industrialization that positively affected
American lives and a description of two developments of industrialization that negatively affected
American lives will be discussed. Further, an analysis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I believe that industrialization was generally beneficial to the lives of the American people and the
history of the United States. Several of the advantages are outlined in the above paragraph. Overall,
Americans enjoyed a higher standard of living and a longer life span, thanks to the Industrial
Revolution. "...before the eighteenth century there was no mechanism by which long–term
sustainable growth could take place. By the mid–nineteenth century such growth was an established
fact of life: for the first time rapid population increase was accompanied by sustained growth in
income per person." (More, C. 2000).
In this brief paper, we have discussed two elements of industrialization that positively affected
American lives and two elements of industrialization that negatively affected American lives. One of
these negative elements was the employment of children in the industrial arena. The second negative
aspect was that the roots of our environmentally challenged society stemmed from the Industrial
Revolution.
From a positive stance, American grew and prospered economically, and became a superpower on
the world stage. Laws governing child labor were enacted and in general the population became
healthier and enjoyed a longer life span.
We have also looked at whether or not industrialization was generally beneficial or detrimental to
the lives of

Causes Of The Industrial Revolution
By 1750, there was not much doubt that if any country was going to triumph in being the first
industrial power it would be England (Hobsbawm 29). However, several factors were responsible
for England's emergence as an industrial power. Some of the contributing factors for the Industrial
Revolution were: the increasing importance of imperial goods such as cotton, cultural traditions that
stemmed from the Renaissance and the Reformation, population change, and a government willing
to subordinate all foreign policy to its economic ends. Socially, the Industrial Revolution in England
changed exponentially with the growing drift between the class hierarchy. Instead of reverting to
social revolution as occurred in France, England experienced political reform during the Industrial
Revolution that would become a symbol of hope for thriving countries. There has been much
speculation on the exact reason the Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th Century,
but certain components are undisputed for the Revolution's occurrence there. Initially, Britain
already had a large, developed supply of coal and iron which gave the British a start in mass
metallurgy (Perry 286). There also was a surplus of capital available for investments to be made in
new industries; however, these funds came from wealthy landowners and merchants who had grown
rich in commerce through the slave trade (Perry 287). With the start of their own 'capitalist
industrialization,' England

DBQ: The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a long, slow, uneven process in which production shifted from simple
hand tools to complex machines. The revolution began in 1750, in Great Britain, where many new
sources of power began to replace humans and animals. It started with improved methods of
farming, a population explosion, and new technology. It was a success and innovated many aspects
of life. However, to get to all the good, the Industrial Revolution had to go through some bad. The
Industrial Revolution persuaded many people to urbanize or move to the cities. However, many of
those people were forced to pack into tenements and work in dangerous, mindless, and unvarying
factories. People who worked in factories, worked long hours in unsafe atmospheres and did not get
paid well or fairly. They also suffered from lifelong illnesses. In Document 13, an excerpt from
Joseph Hebergam's testimony to the Sadler Committee is shown. In his testimony, Hebergam states,
"I have damaged lungs. My leg muscles do not function properly and will not support the weight of
my bones...[the doctor] told me that [my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Document 9, a positive asset of the factories is expressed. It shows a picture of a factory with
many women working inside and carrying out a job. Other benefits of the Industrial Age were
formed by many inventors who created many innovations that improved and developed life today.
When demand for new inventions grew, inventors created machines and used factories to produce
large quantities of goods more efficiently. In Document 15, Robert Hessen agrees with the positive
impact factories had and states, "The factory system led to a rise in the general standard of living, to
rapidly falling urban death rates and decreasing infant mortality...". This document supports the
claim that the Industrial Revolution had various profits and

Skylar Molnar
Mrs. Lordi
Honors English 9
8 January 2018
The Time Throughout America had its ups and downs in the time period of the Industrial
Revolution. The Industrial Revolution changed the way people lived. As stated, "It was the best of
times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness" (Dickens
1). This is a quote written by Charles Dickens from the novel A Tale of Two Cities that explains how
the French Revolution had its ups and downs, similar to the Industrial Revolution. Dickens was
explaining how there were positives and negatives in this quote which also relates to the Industrial
Revolution. The Industrial Revolution became a turning point in history for people throughout
America. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The faster rate of production caused products to be much cheaper and made it one of the best of
times in history. The Industrial Revolution had faster production, but it also had faster and cheaper
transportation. Particularly, a 591–mile National Road was built from Cumberland and went all the
way through Indiana. The National Road made it easier to get goods to places and they could now
send goods to farther places that could not receive them before (McCormick 57). In addition, the
Erie Canal in New York was created. In the first year of the Erie Canal, about 13,000 boats had gone
through and New York made $556,000 (McCormick 57). Also, the first coast–to–coast railroad was
built in 1869. It was now even easier to transport goods to places and they were now able to go to
places that had been isolated. The transportation of the railroad made it much quicker to get items to
places (McCormick 60). Furthermore, some companies made up about 225,000 rail miles across
America in 1906. The railroads helped people get to where they wanted to be faster and was much
cheaper (Hillstrom and Hillstrom Railroads 83–84). In addition, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
made a great impact on the Industrial Revolution because of the new technology used, which
resulted in faster transportation during the time period (Hillstrom and Hillstrom Railroads 59). In
1830, steam pocket service helped prices decrease. Sugar went

Industrial Revolution Dbq
The industrial revolution in Europe didn't happen overnight but only spread over the continent very
gradually. One of the triggers was the unusually high growth in the population which set in around
the middle of the 18th century and produced a gigantic reservoir of workers. At the same time new,
more efficient methods of production became necessary in order to supply the basic needs of so
many people. In this situation Great Britain enjoyed two important advantages: an extremely
productive and wealthy agricultural system, and an astonishing number of creative inventors. This
was why the United Kingdom dictated the rhythm of progress to the rest of Europe from 1750
onwards for the next century or so.
The first spinning frames were created on the British Isles. These were followed by mechanical
weaving looms, and it was not long before textile factories were shooting out of the ground. At the
same time a boom in the iron industry broke out. As soon as people discovered how to turn coal into
coke iron manufacturers had excellent, almost unlimited reserves of fuel at their disposal with which
to process iron ore. Once steam engines were introduced to heat the furnace ovens more quickly and
effectively, the skylines in the coal regions were quickly covered in colliery towers and the chimney
stacks of iron works.
Workers poured into the new industrial centers and in a few years villages exploded into major
cities: here the masses were forced to live under appalling conditions

Industrialization of the 19th Century in America
Matt Capone
FIN 419
Professor Moore
May 3, 2014
Over the course of time, the country of America has changed in many ways. Towards the end of the
19th century, a significant change took place in the fundamental structure of the economy. That
change was industrialization. During this time period, the United States of America changed from a
large, agricultural country, to an urban industrial society. The process of industrialization began to
take place in America, and eventually took over the economy during this period. Entrepreneurs and
inventors put together various machines and businesses to help better the country function on a day–
to–day basis. The advantages ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another negative impact that industrialization led to was the impact it had on the social and political
issues that resulted. A bunch of factories were built in a short period of time, and done so without
any knowledge of the type of air pollution that would result from the factories. It has been proven
that the steel, sulfur and other various factories produce some sort of smog into the air and can cause
harm to the environment. In terms of politics, the immigrants coming over from other counties were
taking the jobs that should have been to the Americans that already lived in the country. More and
more people moved to America and jobs started to become scarce. In my opinion, I would have to
say that the good benefits outweighed the bad in terms of industrialization. The country definitely
benefited more from the industrial revolution than it regressed. Society improved and there were so
many more opportunities available to the people of America. There are a ton of similarities that the
industrial revolution of the late 19th century and the 21st century globalization that we are
personally experiencing now. Today, technology is all around us and it helps us to simplify everyday
tasks. The country of America went through a big technological change in the 19th century as well,
which played a big part in the industrialization of the country. The globalization that is taking place
right now is also significantly impacted by the

The Industrial Revolution And The Evolution Of The...
Katie–Rose Knoblock Professor Taylor AMH–2010–O1M 6 November 2017 Evolution of the
Industrial Revolution Many factories did this by targeting women and children as they could be paid
less than men with no repercussions. The workers that were hired to these positions, especially
women, were subject to some very harsh work conditions. They were subject to terrible work
environments including buildings called sweatshops, which were poorly lit and ventilated for
maximum productivity. They were forced to work in dangerous conditions where a person could
easily be maimed or even killed if they mishandled the equipment they used for their work. It was
not unheard of for the workers to be expected to work as much as 16 hours a day under threats of
being fired or even physically abused if they did not complete their work with great speed. Even
after all their effort in the workplace, it was not uncommon for a person to be paid as little as a
single dollar for their day's efforts. These poor working conditions gave rise to labor unions in the
19th century to insure proper working conditions for all laborers. The labor unions aided in
workplace safety and fairness by using a large group of people to sway greedy business owners in
the right direction. The major advancement in the factory system occurred in the early 20th century
with what was called the assembly line. The assembly line enabled a product being assembled to
pass on a mechanized conveyor from one

The Industrial Revolution : The Positive Effects Of The...
1760, that was the day machines began to run Manchester, then the rest of the world. The shift from
hand field labor to artificial labor done by machines is what we like to call the Industrial Revolution.
Which is the reason why we have many of the electronics we do today. Inventors, machinist, tinkers,
and engineers had the world at their fingertips. While the Industrial Revolution had may positive
impacts, it had disastrous effects on all people working there and living around the factories. In
William Cooper's testimony before the Sadler Committee in 1832 he stresses that as a kid he had to
work at the factories 16 hours a day. According to the passage in Document #1, William Cooper had
to work 16 hour days, and because of this he could not attend day school. Cooper only had one
break a day, which was only forty minutes long. He is not the only child who received this type of
treatment. This effect of the Industrial Revolution was definitely negative because children did not
have enough time to be children because they were too busy working. They most likely come home
to tired to do anything, their day is basically over with. Cooper started work at five in the morning
and stopped at nine at night. If people working were not awake and attentive, they were strapped. If
you worked at a factory in the 1700's you could possibly get your lunch break taken away, free will,
or your life. An excerpt by Joseph Hebergeman to the Sadler Committee in Document #2 states the
grim

Before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities
where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as
incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of
their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural
shops, using hand tools or simple machines.
Did You Know?
The word "luddite" refers to a person who is opposed to technological change. The term is derived
from a group of early 19th century English workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery
as a means of protest. They were supposedly led by a man named Ned Ladd, though he may have
been an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Workers set their own schedules under this system, which proved difficult for merchants to regulate
and resulted in numerous inefficiencies. In the 1700s, a series of innovations led to ever–increasing
productivity, while requiring less human energy. For example, around 1764, Englishman James
Hargreaves (1722–1778) invented the spinning jenny ("jenny" was an early abbreviation of the word
"engine"), a machine that enabled an individual to produce multiple spools of threads
simultaneously. By the time of Hargreaves' death, there were over 20,000 spinning jenny 's in use
across Britain. The spinning jenny was improved upon by British inventor Samuel Compton's
(1753–1827) spinning mule, as well as later machines. Another key innovation in textiles, the power
loom, which mechanized the process of weaving cloth, was developed in the 1780s by English
inventor Edmund Cartwright (1743–1823).
Developments in the iron industry also played a central role in the Industrial Revolution. In the early
18th century, Englishman Abraham Darby (1678–1717) discovered a cheaper, easier method to
produce cast iron, using a coke–fueled (as opposed to charcoal–fired) furnace. In the 1850s, British
engineer Henry Bessemer (1813–1898) developed the first inexpensive process for mass–producing
steel. Both iron

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