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METHODOLOGY
Group 9 Members
Suraj Shah
Samuel Daniel
Anik Dash
Maleeha Saifi
Tariku Bekele
Nimra Shahzad
M.Waseem Rasheed
Outlines
ā€¢ Introduction
ā€¢ Methodological approach
ā€¢ Methods of data collection
ā€¢ Methods of analysis
ā€¢ Justification of Methodological choices
ā€¢ Tips for writing a strong methodology
ā€¢ Examples
What is Research Methodology?
ļ¶Methodology is a framework which is associated with a particular set of
paradigmatic assumptions that researchers will use to conduct their
research
ļ¶Allan and Randy (2005) insist that when conducting a research
methodology should meet the following two criteria:
ļƒ¼Firstly, the methodology should be the most appropriate to achieve
objectives of the research
ļƒ¼Secondly, it should be made possible to replicate the methodology used
in other researches of the same nature
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Type of research had been done
ā€¢ How data were collected and/or selected
ā€¢ How data were analyzed
ā€¢ Any tools or materials used during the research
ā€¢ Rationale for choosing those methods
Why methodology?
ļƒ¼ Allow any researchers to replicate the experiment with an equal
likelihood of obtaining similar results
ļƒ¼ To enable readers to evaluate the research work
ļƒ¼ Ensure that enough details is provided to verify your findings
Steps for writing methodology
Step 1
Explain your methodological approach
ā€“ Begin by introducing the overall approach to the research. What research
problem or question you investigated and what types of data had been
analyzed
ā€“ Quantitative methods are best for measuring, ranking, categorizing,
identifying patterns and making generalizations
ā€“ Qualitative methods are best for describing, interpreting, contextualizing,
and gaining in-depth insight into specific concepts or phenomena
ā€“ Mixed methods allow for a combination of numerical measurement and
in-depth exploration
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Depending on your discipline and approach, you might also begin with a
discussion of the rationale and assumptions underpinning your
methodology.
ā€“ Was your aim to address a practical or a theoretical research problem?
ā€“ Why is this the most suitable approach to answering your research
questions?
ā€“ Is this a standard methodology in your field or does it require
justification?
ā€“ What are the criteria for validity and reliability in this type of
research?
Contā€¦
ā€¢ In a quantitative experimental study,
ā€“ Aim to produce generalizable knowledge about the causes of a
phenomenon
ā€“ Designed study with a representative sample and controlled
variables that can be replicated by other researchers
ā€¢ In a qualitative ethnographic case study
ā€“ Methodology is less controlled and more interpretive, you will need
to reflect on your position as researcher
ā€“ account how your participation and perception might have influenced
the results
Step2
ā€¢ Describe your methods of data collection
ā€“ Once you have introduced your overall methodological approach, you
should give full details of the methods you used to conduct the research
ā€“ Outline the tools, procedures and materials you used to gather data, and the
criteria you used to select participants or sources.
ā€“ Quantitative methods
ā€¢ Surveys
Describe where, when and how the survey was conducted.
ā€¢ How did you design the questions and what form did they take (e.g.
multiple choice, rating scale) and sampling method
ā€¢ What was the sample size and response rate?
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Experiments
Give full details of the tools, techniques and procedures you used to conduct the experiment.
ā€¢ How did you design the experiment ?
ā€¢ What tools or technologies did you use in the experiment?
ā€¢ In this research , enough information is needed for reproduction by other researcher
ā€¢ Existing data
Explain how you gathered and selected material (such as publications or archival data) for
inclusion in your analysis.
ā€“ Where did you source the material?
ā€“ How was the data originally produced?
ā€“ What criteria did you use to select material (e.g. date range)?
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Example
ā€“ The survey consisted of 5 multiple-choice questions and 10 questions that
the respondents had to answer with a 7-point Likert scale
ā€“ The aim was to conduct the survey with 350 customers of Company X on
the company premises in The Hague from 4-8 July 2017 between 11:00 and
15:00
ā€“ A customer was defined as a person who had purchased a product from
Company X on the day of questioning
ā€“ Participants were given 5 minutes to fill in the survey anonymously, and
408 customers responded
ā€“ Because not all surveys were fully completed, 371 survey results were
included in the analysis
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Qualitative methods
ā€“ Interviews or focus groups
Describe where, when and how the interviews were conducted
ā€¢ How did you find and select participants?
ā€¢ How many people took part?
ā€¢ What form did the interviews take (structured, semi-structured,
unstructured)?
ā€¢ How long were the interviews and how were they recorded?
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Participant observation
Describe where, when and how you conducted the observation.
ā€“ How long did you spend in community or group to conduct the research
and where was it located?
ā€“ How did you record your data (e.g. audiovisual recordings, note-taking)?
ā€¢ Existing data
Explain how you selected case study materials (such as texts or images) for the
focus of your analysis.
ā€“ What type of materials did you analyze?
ā€“ How did you collect and select them?
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Example
ā€“ In order to gain a better insight into the possibilities for improvement of the
product range, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 returning
customers from the main target group of Company X
ā€“ A returning customer was defined as someone who usually bought products
at least twice a week from Company X
ā€“ The surveys were used to select participants who belonged to the target
group (20-45 years old). Interviews were conducted in a small office next to
the cash register, and lasted approximately 20 minutes each
ā€“ Answers were recorded by note-taking, and seven interviews were also
filmed with consent
ā€“ One interviewee preferred not to be filmed
Step 3
ā€¢ Describe your methods of analysis
ā€“ Avoid going into too much detail
ā€¢ you should not start presenting or discussing any of your results at this
stage.
ā€“ Quantitative methods
ā€¢ In this methods section you might include:
ā€“How you prepared the data before analyzing it (e.g. checking for
missing data, removing outliers, transforming variables)
ā€“Which software you used to analyze the data (e.g. SPSS or Stata)
ā€“Which statistical methods you used (e.g. regression analysis)
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Example
ā€“ Before analysis the gathered data was prepared
ā€“ The dataset was checked for missing data and outliers. For this the
ā€œoutlier labeling ruleā€ was used
ā€“ The data was then analyzed using statistical software SPSS.
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Qualitative methods
ā€“ In qualitative research, your analysis will be based on language, images and
observations
ā€“ Methods might include:
ā€¢ Content analysis: categorizing and discussing the meaning of words,
phrases and sentences
ā€¢ Thematic analysis: coding and closely examining the data to identify
broad themes and patterns
ā€¢ Narrative analysis: looking at storytelling structures and tropes and
interpreting their meaning
ā€¢ Discourse analysis: studying communication and meaning in relation to
their social context
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Example
ā€“ The interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis was conducted
ā€“ This involved coding all the data before identifying and reviewing six
key themes
ā€“ Each theme was examined to gain an understanding of participantsā€™
perceptions and motivations.
Step 4
ā€¢ Evaluate and justify your methodological choices
ā€“ Your methodology should make the case for why you chose these
particular methods
ā€“ Lab-based experiments canā€™t always accurately simulate real-life
situations and behaviors, but good for testing causal relationships
between variables.
ā€“ Unstructured interviews provide a more in-depth understanding of
participantsā€™ perceptions, motivations and emotions
Tips for writing a strong methodology
ā€¢ Remember that your aim is not just to describe your methods
ā€¢ Show how and why you applied them and to demonstrate that your
research was rigorously conducted
ā€¢ Focus on your objectives and research questions
ā€“ Shows why your methods suit your objectives and convince the
reader that you chose the best possible approach to answering
your problem statement and research questions.
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Cite relevant sources
ā€“ Confirm that you followed established practices for this type of
research
ā€“ Discuss how you evaluated different methodologies and decided on
your approach
ā€“ Show that you took a novel methodological approach to address a gap
in the literature
ā€“ Citations style like MLA citations and APA citations.
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Write for your audience
ā€“ Consider how much information you need to give, and donā€™t go into
unnecessary detail
ā€“ If you are using methods that are standard for your discipline, you
probably donā€™t need to give lots of background or justification
ā€“ But if you take an approach that is less common in your field, you
might need to explain and justify your methodological choices
ā€“ In either case, your methodology should be a clear, well-structured
text not just a list of technical details and procedures
Contā€¦
ā€¢ Discuss obstacles
ā€“ If you encountered difficulties in collecting or analyzing data, explain
how you dealt with them
ā€“ Show how you minimized the impact of any unexpected obstacles
ā€“ Pre-empt any major critiques of your approach and demonstrate that
you made the research as rigorous as possible.
Verb tenses in methodology
ā€¢ Verbs used
ā€“ Verb tenses in Methodology generally take two forms:
ā€¢ simple present tense
ā€¢ and simple past tense
ā€“ When we are describing samples selected for the study or specially
designed or chosen materials or equipment, we use simple past tense
Examples:
ļƒ˜All wood samples were harvested from one single tree and flat sawn so as
to minimize the extraneous variability.
ļƒ˜Plastic balcony pots being in size of 75cmƗ16cmƗ14cm were used as a
seed planting place.
Contā€¦
When we are describing general populations from which the samples
were taken or conventional material or equipment, we use simple present
tense.
Examples:
ļƒ˜ The wood species selected in this program is the Canadian pine, which is
widely used in construction industry.
ļƒ˜ The study plant, Pedicularis torta, grows only in China.
Contā€¦
ā€¢ When we are describing the procedural steps conducted in the research,
we use simple past tense
Examples:
ļƒ˜The species composition was recorded within 48 plots in four
replicates of each heap age class over 10 years
ļƒ˜The two blocks were done in random order
Bad example
Method section
ā€¢ Growth rates were determined by
estimating the number of bacteria in a
culture at zero time and after 1 hour of
growth at 37Ā°C. In order to make this
estimation, a dilution series was
performed by diluting aliquots of the
bacterial culture, at each incubation time,
by a factor of 10, 100, and 10 000 with
nutrient broth, and then plating out
0.01ml of each of these dilutions onto
quadrants of a sterile agar plate. Following
one weekā€™s incubation at 25Ā°C, the
colonies of the plate were counted
manually.
Comment
ā€¢ In this excerpt no amounts or
descriptions of equipment have been
included nor would they have been
necessary, as someone wishing to
repeat the experiment could change
these and still get the same effect.
Bad example
Method section
ā€¢ We did a serial dilution by
pipetting 0.9 ml broth into
labelled tubes, then adding 2
drops (0.1ml) of the original
culture to tube 1, 2 drops of tube
1 to tube 2, 2 drops of tube 2 to 3
and 2 drops of tube 3 to tube
4. Mix the tubes and spread a
loopful (0.01 ml) of each tube
onto a different quadrant of a
labelled agar plate.
Comment
ā€¢ The personal pronoun we could
have been avoided by using the
passive voice (a serial dilution
was carried out). Keep
explanations as simple as
possible. Avoid unnecessary
repetition. In the present tense,
this reads like an instruction, not
a description of what you did. The
past tense should be used (The
tubes were mixedā€¦)
Good example
Method section
ā€¢ All the students were randomly assigned to
either the isolated-interacting elements
instruction or the interacting elements only
group with 11 students in each group. They were
tested individually, in a quiet room. ā€¦.. At the
completion of the study phase, the students
were provided with a subjective mental load
rating scale, the format of which was explained
to both groups. They were asked to rate the
mental effort involved in understanding all of the
electrical tests described in their training booklet
on the scale ā€¦..
The test section of the experiment followed. The
students were asked to complete the written
test, described in the materials section, ā€¦..
Comment
ā€¢ Procedure section describes HOW the
experiment was done and how the
data was collected.
References
1. https://www.wikihow.com/Write-Research-Methodology
2. http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/methodology
3. https://explorable.com/research-methodology
4. https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/methodology/
5. http://www.socscidiss.bham.ac.uk/methodologies.html
6. http://expertjournals.com/how-to-write-a-research-methodology-for-
your-academic-article/
Thank you !!!

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Methodology in scientific writing

  • 1. METHODOLOGY Group 9 Members Suraj Shah Samuel Daniel Anik Dash Maleeha Saifi Tariku Bekele Nimra Shahzad M.Waseem Rasheed
  • 2. Outlines ā€¢ Introduction ā€¢ Methodological approach ā€¢ Methods of data collection ā€¢ Methods of analysis ā€¢ Justification of Methodological choices ā€¢ Tips for writing a strong methodology ā€¢ Examples
  • 3. What is Research Methodology? ļ¶Methodology is a framework which is associated with a particular set of paradigmatic assumptions that researchers will use to conduct their research ļ¶Allan and Randy (2005) insist that when conducting a research methodology should meet the following two criteria: ļƒ¼Firstly, the methodology should be the most appropriate to achieve objectives of the research ļƒ¼Secondly, it should be made possible to replicate the methodology used in other researches of the same nature
  • 4. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Type of research had been done ā€¢ How data were collected and/or selected ā€¢ How data were analyzed ā€¢ Any tools or materials used during the research ā€¢ Rationale for choosing those methods
  • 5. Why methodology? ļƒ¼ Allow any researchers to replicate the experiment with an equal likelihood of obtaining similar results ļƒ¼ To enable readers to evaluate the research work ļƒ¼ Ensure that enough details is provided to verify your findings
  • 6. Steps for writing methodology
  • 7. Step 1 Explain your methodological approach ā€“ Begin by introducing the overall approach to the research. What research problem or question you investigated and what types of data had been analyzed ā€“ Quantitative methods are best for measuring, ranking, categorizing, identifying patterns and making generalizations ā€“ Qualitative methods are best for describing, interpreting, contextualizing, and gaining in-depth insight into specific concepts or phenomena ā€“ Mixed methods allow for a combination of numerical measurement and in-depth exploration
  • 8. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Depending on your discipline and approach, you might also begin with a discussion of the rationale and assumptions underpinning your methodology. ā€“ Was your aim to address a practical or a theoretical research problem? ā€“ Why is this the most suitable approach to answering your research questions? ā€“ Is this a standard methodology in your field or does it require justification? ā€“ What are the criteria for validity and reliability in this type of research?
  • 9. Contā€¦ ā€¢ In a quantitative experimental study, ā€“ Aim to produce generalizable knowledge about the causes of a phenomenon ā€“ Designed study with a representative sample and controlled variables that can be replicated by other researchers ā€¢ In a qualitative ethnographic case study ā€“ Methodology is less controlled and more interpretive, you will need to reflect on your position as researcher ā€“ account how your participation and perception might have influenced the results
  • 10. Step2 ā€¢ Describe your methods of data collection ā€“ Once you have introduced your overall methodological approach, you should give full details of the methods you used to conduct the research ā€“ Outline the tools, procedures and materials you used to gather data, and the criteria you used to select participants or sources. ā€“ Quantitative methods ā€¢ Surveys Describe where, when and how the survey was conducted. ā€¢ How did you design the questions and what form did they take (e.g. multiple choice, rating scale) and sampling method ā€¢ What was the sample size and response rate?
  • 11. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Experiments Give full details of the tools, techniques and procedures you used to conduct the experiment. ā€¢ How did you design the experiment ? ā€¢ What tools or technologies did you use in the experiment? ā€¢ In this research , enough information is needed for reproduction by other researcher ā€¢ Existing data Explain how you gathered and selected material (such as publications or archival data) for inclusion in your analysis. ā€“ Where did you source the material? ā€“ How was the data originally produced? ā€“ What criteria did you use to select material (e.g. date range)?
  • 12. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Example ā€“ The survey consisted of 5 multiple-choice questions and 10 questions that the respondents had to answer with a 7-point Likert scale ā€“ The aim was to conduct the survey with 350 customers of Company X on the company premises in The Hague from 4-8 July 2017 between 11:00 and 15:00 ā€“ A customer was defined as a person who had purchased a product from Company X on the day of questioning ā€“ Participants were given 5 minutes to fill in the survey anonymously, and 408 customers responded ā€“ Because not all surveys were fully completed, 371 survey results were included in the analysis
  • 13. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Qualitative methods ā€“ Interviews or focus groups Describe where, when and how the interviews were conducted ā€¢ How did you find and select participants? ā€¢ How many people took part? ā€¢ What form did the interviews take (structured, semi-structured, unstructured)? ā€¢ How long were the interviews and how were they recorded?
  • 14. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Participant observation Describe where, when and how you conducted the observation. ā€“ How long did you spend in community or group to conduct the research and where was it located? ā€“ How did you record your data (e.g. audiovisual recordings, note-taking)? ā€¢ Existing data Explain how you selected case study materials (such as texts or images) for the focus of your analysis. ā€“ What type of materials did you analyze? ā€“ How did you collect and select them?
  • 15. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Example ā€“ In order to gain a better insight into the possibilities for improvement of the product range, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 returning customers from the main target group of Company X ā€“ A returning customer was defined as someone who usually bought products at least twice a week from Company X ā€“ The surveys were used to select participants who belonged to the target group (20-45 years old). Interviews were conducted in a small office next to the cash register, and lasted approximately 20 minutes each ā€“ Answers were recorded by note-taking, and seven interviews were also filmed with consent ā€“ One interviewee preferred not to be filmed
  • 16. Step 3 ā€¢ Describe your methods of analysis ā€“ Avoid going into too much detail ā€¢ you should not start presenting or discussing any of your results at this stage. ā€“ Quantitative methods ā€¢ In this methods section you might include: ā€“How you prepared the data before analyzing it (e.g. checking for missing data, removing outliers, transforming variables) ā€“Which software you used to analyze the data (e.g. SPSS or Stata) ā€“Which statistical methods you used (e.g. regression analysis)
  • 17. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Example ā€“ Before analysis the gathered data was prepared ā€“ The dataset was checked for missing data and outliers. For this the ā€œoutlier labeling ruleā€ was used ā€“ The data was then analyzed using statistical software SPSS.
  • 18. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Qualitative methods ā€“ In qualitative research, your analysis will be based on language, images and observations ā€“ Methods might include: ā€¢ Content analysis: categorizing and discussing the meaning of words, phrases and sentences ā€¢ Thematic analysis: coding and closely examining the data to identify broad themes and patterns ā€¢ Narrative analysis: looking at storytelling structures and tropes and interpreting their meaning ā€¢ Discourse analysis: studying communication and meaning in relation to their social context
  • 19. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Example ā€“ The interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis was conducted ā€“ This involved coding all the data before identifying and reviewing six key themes ā€“ Each theme was examined to gain an understanding of participantsā€™ perceptions and motivations.
  • 20. Step 4 ā€¢ Evaluate and justify your methodological choices ā€“ Your methodology should make the case for why you chose these particular methods ā€“ Lab-based experiments canā€™t always accurately simulate real-life situations and behaviors, but good for testing causal relationships between variables. ā€“ Unstructured interviews provide a more in-depth understanding of participantsā€™ perceptions, motivations and emotions
  • 21. Tips for writing a strong methodology ā€¢ Remember that your aim is not just to describe your methods ā€¢ Show how and why you applied them and to demonstrate that your research was rigorously conducted ā€¢ Focus on your objectives and research questions ā€“ Shows why your methods suit your objectives and convince the reader that you chose the best possible approach to answering your problem statement and research questions.
  • 22. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Cite relevant sources ā€“ Confirm that you followed established practices for this type of research ā€“ Discuss how you evaluated different methodologies and decided on your approach ā€“ Show that you took a novel methodological approach to address a gap in the literature ā€“ Citations style like MLA citations and APA citations.
  • 23. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Write for your audience ā€“ Consider how much information you need to give, and donā€™t go into unnecessary detail ā€“ If you are using methods that are standard for your discipline, you probably donā€™t need to give lots of background or justification ā€“ But if you take an approach that is less common in your field, you might need to explain and justify your methodological choices ā€“ In either case, your methodology should be a clear, well-structured text not just a list of technical details and procedures
  • 24. Contā€¦ ā€¢ Discuss obstacles ā€“ If you encountered difficulties in collecting or analyzing data, explain how you dealt with them ā€“ Show how you minimized the impact of any unexpected obstacles ā€“ Pre-empt any major critiques of your approach and demonstrate that you made the research as rigorous as possible.
  • 25. Verb tenses in methodology ā€¢ Verbs used ā€“ Verb tenses in Methodology generally take two forms: ā€¢ simple present tense ā€¢ and simple past tense ā€“ When we are describing samples selected for the study or specially designed or chosen materials or equipment, we use simple past tense Examples: ļƒ˜All wood samples were harvested from one single tree and flat sawn so as to minimize the extraneous variability. ļƒ˜Plastic balcony pots being in size of 75cmƗ16cmƗ14cm were used as a seed planting place.
  • 26. Contā€¦ When we are describing general populations from which the samples were taken or conventional material or equipment, we use simple present tense. Examples: ļƒ˜ The wood species selected in this program is the Canadian pine, which is widely used in construction industry. ļƒ˜ The study plant, Pedicularis torta, grows only in China.
  • 27. Contā€¦ ā€¢ When we are describing the procedural steps conducted in the research, we use simple past tense Examples: ļƒ˜The species composition was recorded within 48 plots in four replicates of each heap age class over 10 years ļƒ˜The two blocks were done in random order
  • 28. Bad example Method section ā€¢ Growth rates were determined by estimating the number of bacteria in a culture at zero time and after 1 hour of growth at 37Ā°C. In order to make this estimation, a dilution series was performed by diluting aliquots of the bacterial culture, at each incubation time, by a factor of 10, 100, and 10 000 with nutrient broth, and then plating out 0.01ml of each of these dilutions onto quadrants of a sterile agar plate. Following one weekā€™s incubation at 25Ā°C, the colonies of the plate were counted manually. Comment ā€¢ In this excerpt no amounts or descriptions of equipment have been included nor would they have been necessary, as someone wishing to repeat the experiment could change these and still get the same effect.
  • 29. Bad example Method section ā€¢ We did a serial dilution by pipetting 0.9 ml broth into labelled tubes, then adding 2 drops (0.1ml) of the original culture to tube 1, 2 drops of tube 1 to tube 2, 2 drops of tube 2 to 3 and 2 drops of tube 3 to tube 4. Mix the tubes and spread a loopful (0.01 ml) of each tube onto a different quadrant of a labelled agar plate. Comment ā€¢ The personal pronoun we could have been avoided by using the passive voice (a serial dilution was carried out). Keep explanations as simple as possible. Avoid unnecessary repetition. In the present tense, this reads like an instruction, not a description of what you did. The past tense should be used (The tubes were mixedā€¦)
  • 30. Good example Method section ā€¢ All the students were randomly assigned to either the isolated-interacting elements instruction or the interacting elements only group with 11 students in each group. They were tested individually, in a quiet room. ā€¦.. At the completion of the study phase, the students were provided with a subjective mental load rating scale, the format of which was explained to both groups. They were asked to rate the mental effort involved in understanding all of the electrical tests described in their training booklet on the scale ā€¦.. The test section of the experiment followed. The students were asked to complete the written test, described in the materials section, ā€¦.. Comment ā€¢ Procedure section describes HOW the experiment was done and how the data was collected.
  • 31. References 1. https://www.wikihow.com/Write-Research-Methodology 2. http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/methodology 3. https://explorable.com/research-methodology 4. https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/methodology/ 5. http://www.socscidiss.bham.ac.uk/methodologies.html 6. http://expertjournals.com/how-to-write-a-research-methodology-for- your-academic-article/

Editor's Notes

  1. because an unreliable method produces unreliable results and, as a consequence, undermines the value of your analysis of the findings
  2. In quantitative research, your analysis will be based on numbers Next, you should indicate how you processed and analyzed the data
  3. Discuss why other methods were not suitable for your objectives, and show how this approach contributes new knowledge or understanding.