2. ➔ Old English (450-1150 AD)
• Grammatical Case System: highly inflectional system with several
cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. This made word order
more flexible.
◆ Nominative Case (subject form):
● Old English: "Se cyning rīxþ." (The king reigns.)
● Translation: The subject "se cyning" (the king) is in the nominative case.
◆ Accusative Case (direct object form):
● Old English: "Hē lufaþ þone wīfmann." (He loves the woman.)
● Translation: The direct object "þone wīfmann" (the woman) is in the accusative case.
◆ Dative Case (indirect object form):
● Old English: "Hē sealde þǣm cildum bōc." (He gave the book to the children.)
● Translation: The indirect object "þǣm cildum" (to the children) is in the dative case.
◆ Genitive Case (possessive form):
● Old English: "Sēo ēage þæs cyninges" (The king's eye)
● Translation: The genitive form "þæs cyninges" (the king's) shows possession.
Language Change: Grammar and Style
3. ➔ Old English (450-1150 AD)
• Strong and Weak Verbs: had a complex system of verb conjugations
with strong and weak verbs, which affected how verbs were formed in
different tenses and moods.
◆ Weak Verb - "Lufian" (to love):
● Present Tense: "Ic lufie" (I love)
● Past Tense: "Ic lufode" (I loved)
● Past Participle: "Gelufod" (loved)
• Pronouns: had a distinction between singular and plural second-
person pronouns (thou/thee/ye/you) and a dual form (for referring to
two individuals).
◆ Plural Second-Person Pronoun (Formal):
● "Ēow" (You) - Also used for addressing multiple individuals but in a more formal or
respectful manner.
● Example: "Ēow ic þancie" (I thank you) - Addressing multiple people formally.
Language Change: Grammar and Style
4. ➔ Old English (450-1150 AD)
• Word Endings: Nouns, adjectives, and articles changed their endings
depending on gender, case, and number.
● Nouns - "Sē cyning" (The king) "Sēo cwēn" (The queen)
● Adjectives - "Sē swifta hors" (The swift horse)
• Vocabulary: contained a considerable number of Germanic words
and lacked many Latin and Romance borrowings.
◆ Old English (Germanic Origins): "Mann" – Man, "Hūs" – House, "Cild" – Child, "Sunne" – Sun
◆ Latin/Romance Borrowings (not present in Old English):
● "Religion" - Religion
● "Hospital" - Hospital
● "Government" - Government
● "Influence" - Influence
● "Music" - Music
Language Change: Grammar and Style
5. ➔ Middle English (1150-1500 AD)
• Simplification of the Case System: started to lose its complex case system,
and word order became more fixed
• Loss of Old English Inflections: noun and adjective inflections disappeared
or merged, resulting in a simpler system
• Pronouns: The second-person singular pronouns "thou/thee" fell out of use in
favor of "you" for both singular and plural. The dual form disappeared.
• Vocabulary: influx of loanwords from Norman French due to the Norman
Conquest, which enriched the language and added more Latin-based
vocabulary
• Chaucer's Influence: Geoffrey Chaucer's works, such as "The Canterbury
Tales," greatly impacted the development of Middle English and played a
crucial role in establishing the London dialect as the standard.
Language Change: Grammar and Style
6. ➔ Early Modern English (1500-1700 AD)
• Standardization and Printing: The introduction of the printing press by
William Caxton in the late 15th century contributed to the standardization
of the English language.
• Loss of Verb Endings: simplified its verb conjugation system by reducing
the number of endings and adopting more regular verb forms.
• Development of the Progressive Tenses: introduced the progressive
aspect (e.g., "I am reading") as a way to express ongoing actions.
• Development of the Modal Verbs: Modal verbs like "will," "shall," "can,"
and "may" took on distinct roles to express probability, necessity, or
permission.
• Vocabulary: continued to absorb Latin and Greek loanwords, especially in
the fields of science, literature, and religion.
Language Change: Grammar and Style
7.
8. Social Media and Language Change
01
Take into account the structure
that characterizes a text:
introduction, development
and conclusion
Basic structure
of texts
Do it according to the
deductive (from the general to
the particular) or inductive
(from the particular to the
general) model of reasoning. It
can also be organized
chronologically
Organize the
text coherently
Plan what you are going to
write, take some time to know
if you want it to be a short text
or a longer one
Before we begin...
02 03
9. 03. What is the structure of a text?
The author's purpose,
procedures to be followed and
facts to be developed are
expressed here
The ideas are ordered, the
information is hierarchized and
an analysis of the facts is
carried out by providing data,
examples, opinions, etc.
Finally, the most important
aspects of the topic are
recapitulated and a conclusion
is drawn based on all the
information provided. It can
take the form of an opinion
Introduction Development Conclusion
The basic structure of a text consists of three parts:
➔ Let us not forget that every text has a title, which must be attractive enough to capture the reader's
attention as it shows an overall summary of the content
10. 04. Steps to organize a text
04
Ideas and data should be
presented gradually. The
reader must be attracted to
know more and more about
what you are telling them
Hierarchize
information
Connectors are words or
expressions that link ideas. In
order to produce a good text,
they must be used to give
coherence to the discourse
Use
connectors
The conclusion should
convince or make the reader
think about the ideas
presented in the text
Write a
good closing
05 06
