Stem cells:A topic related to genetics Slides cover all the aspects of stem cells Classification of stem cells Location of stem cells in Human body Uses of stem cells in the treatment of diseases Characteristics of stem cells Basic terms related to stem cells

1. Stem Cells
Saima Shafique
BS III
Semester V
Roll No. 1825138049
Session: 2018 - 2022
Submitted to: Dr. Shagufta Naz
Genetics (Maj/Zoo-303)
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
LAHORE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY, LAHORE
2020

2. Definition
Undifferentiated cells
Serve as the repair system for body
Unspecialized
Two main characteristics of stem cells:
Self renew
Differentiate
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=xlcontentsEwjdiMLqvobtAhUCd
Fig. 01 Stem cells

4. Basic terms related to stem cells:
1. Bone marrow
2. Umbilical cord
3. Hematopoiesis
1.Bone Marrow
Factory that produces blood cells in our body.
Spongy bone and liquid marrow.
It contains:
Tissue specific stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells)
Mesenchymal stem cells.

5. 2.Umbilical Cord:
A tube between baby and mother.
Wharton’s Jelly.
Richest and purest source of stem cells.
It contains
Tissue specific stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells).
Mesenchymal stem cells.
https://scx2.b-cdn.net/gfx/news/2019/rudnmedicsde.jpg

6. 3.Hematopoiesis:
Process of blood cell production.
It occurs in:
 Bone marrow
Liver
Spleen
It uses:
Hematopoietic stem cells.
https://www.news-medical.net/image.ax8%2F6%2Fshutterstock_126432626.jpg
Fig. 03 Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

7. Four main types of stem cells on the
basis of their source:
1. Embryonic stem cells
2. Tissue specific stem cells
3. Mesenchymal stem cells
4. Induced Pluripotent stem cells

8. 1.Embryonic stem cells:
Obtained from inner cell mass of blastocyst.
In normal development:
Give rise to entire body.
However, in special laboratory conditions:
Retain properties of embryonic stem cells.
Pluripotent
Location: Found only in the embryo.

9. https://static.bio-rad-antibodies.com/2018/stem/pluripotent-stem-cell.jpg
Fig. 02 Embryonic Stem Cells in Blastocyst

10. 2.Tissue specific stem cells:
Somatic or adult stem cells.
Multipotent.
More specialized than embryonic stem cells.
Generate specific cell types for the specific tissue in which they
live.
Examples:
a. Hematopoietic stem cells.
b. Small stores of tissue specific stem cells in some organs.

11. https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959804914001737-gr1.jpg
Fig. 03 Tissue specific stem cells

12. Location of tissue specific stem cells in our body:
In adults, located throughout the body.
Differences of tissue stem cells from embryonic
stem cells:
Difference in locations.
Tissue specific stem cells don't easily self-renew.

13. Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC):
Discovered In June 2006.
Engineered in the laboratory by using tissues specific stem
cells such as:
Skin fibroblasts
Or embryonic stem cells.
Behave like embryonic stem cells.
Pluripotent.

14. https://resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/16385.png
Fig. 04 Method of production of induced pluripotent stem cells.

15. Method of their production
Genetic reprogramming.
Forced introduction of reprogramming genes.
Difference of the induced pluripotent stem cells
from embryonic stem cells:
Both are not exactly the same.
Scientists are eploring what these difference are and what
they mean.

16. https://png2.cleanpng.com/sh/2MEW0SLa8VsAvO2Q6TKQEM0O0RYS5VMI1PGY4SaI7LoDxd1==/kisspng-induced-pluripote
Fig. 05 various cell types into which induced pluripotent stem cells can differentiate

17. Mesenchymal stem cells
Adult stem cells.
Multipotent.
Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
Skeletal stem cells.
They can form
oCartilage and bone.
oAdipose tissue (fat cells).
oMuscles.
oBlood.

18. https://www.researchgate.net/profilen/publication/302963558/figure/fig3/AS:667065673347082@population-of-
skeletal-stem-cells.jpg
Fig.06 Bone marrow stromal cells.

19. https://u4a41e222995e15b/5df3e5bce2fb7e5258abc022_stem%20cells%20chart_opt.jpg
Fig. 07 various cell types into which Mesenchymal Stem Cells can differentiate

20. Location of Mesenchymal stem cells in our body:
Found in multiple tissues like in:
Umbilical cord.
Fat tissue.
Bone marrow.
Amniotic fluid.

21. Which type of stem cells produce which type of
cells in our body?
1.Tissue specific stem cells:
Blood cells.
Repair system of body.
2.Mesenchymal stem cells:
Blood cells, Fat cells, Bone, Cartilage, Muscles.
3.Embryonic stem cells:
Any type of cell.
4.Induced pluripotent stem cells:
Any type of cell.

22. Diseases that can be cured using stem cells:
1. Spinal cord injuries
2. Type 1-diabetes
3. Parkinson’s disease
4. Heart diseases
5. Stroke
6. Cancer
7. Osreo-arthritus
8. Alzeimers disease and many others.

23. One Example:
Treatment of heart diseases with stem cells:
During a heart attack, blood flow is interrupted by a blockage
in an artery.
As a result, heart tissue dies.
Stem cells repair and regenerate damaged tissues.
Researchers treated 17 heart attack patients by using stem
cells.

24. https://www.fanews.co.za/images/cmsimages/big/heart1_news_15621_6389.jpg
Fig. 08 Damaged Coronary Artery in heart

25. http://www.health.harvard.edu/media/2129
Fig. 09 Stem Cell Therapy to cure Heart Diseases

26. Stem cells should not be confused with Cancer
stem cells:
Cancer stem cells are the cancer cells.
Characteristics similar to normal stem cell like they can:
Self-renew
Differentiate
Cancer stem cells are Bad cells.
Capable of forming tumors.
Cancer relapse.
Cancer stem cells targeted cancer therapy.

27. https://upload.wikimedia.org/ext_resized.svg/1200px-Cancer_stem_cells_text_resized.svg.png
Fig. 10 Cancer Stem Cell Specific Therapy vs. Conventional Therapy