Call Girl Bangalore Nandini 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Bangalore
Structure and function of kidney & Renal Circulation (2).pptx
1. Structure and function
of kidney &
Renal circulation
Dr. Sai Sailesh Kumar G
Associate Professor
Department of Physiology
R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh.
Email: dr.goothy@gmail.com
2. The student should be able to
Describe the structure and function of the kidney
Describe the structure and function of the Juxta Glomerular apparatus
Explain the physiological and clinical significance of the renin-angiotensin
system
Explain special features of renal circulation
3. Introduction
Metabolic waste products are generated continuously in the body.
They have to be excreted out to prevent their accumulation.
Urinary system is responsible for
1. Formation
2. Storage
3. Expulsion of urine through which water-soluble wastes are excreted.
4. Urinary system
The urinary system consists of
1. Kidney
2. Ureters
3. Urinary bladder
4. Urethra
Kidney is the primary excretory organ
5.
6. Functions of kidney
Excretory functions
1. Excretes waste water-soluble metabolic products like urea, uric acid,
creatinine, ammonium chloride, urobilinogen, etc.
2. Some drugs and environmental toxins consumed are also excreted into the
urine
3. In Diabetes mellitus, glucose is excreted in the urine
7. Functions of kidney
Non-excretory functions
1. Regulation of blood electrolytes
2. Regulates levels of several electrolytes and ions like sodium, potassium,
calcium, chloride and phosphates.
8. Functions of kidney
Non-excretory functions
1. Regulation of blood pH
2. Acid-base balance
3. Excretes variable amount of hydrogen into the urine
4. Conserves bicarbonate ions
9. Functions of kidney
Non-excretory functions
1. Regulation of blood volume
2. By conserving or eliminating water in the urine.
3. Changes in blood volume affects blood pressure.
10. Functions of kidney
Non-excretory functions
1. Regulation of blood pressure
2. Adjust the level of blood volume which in turn influences B.P.
3. Secretes renin
4. Renin activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
5. This system increases blood pressure
11. Functions of kidney
Non-excretory functions
1. Maintain blood osmolality
2. Regulates levels of solutes in the blood
3. Regulates the water content of the blood
4. Kidney maintains blood osmolality of around 290 milliosmoles
12. Functions of kidney
Non-excretory functions
1. Kidney produces hormones
2. 1,25(OH) cholecalciferol (calcitriol) – regulates the blood calcium level
3. Erythropoietin- regulates the production of RBC
4. Renin- activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
5. Bradykinin and prostaglandins- regulate B.P
6. Thrombopoietin- regulates platelets production
14. If 75% of renal tissue removed??
After the loss of one kidney, the left-out kidney produces a renal growth
factor which increases the size of glomeruli and length of the nephron
causing the increase in the size of the kidney.
15. Structure of kidney
Two kidneys are situated in the abdominal cavity.
Each kidney weighs about 150 grams.
Bean shaped
Left kidney is placed slightly higher level than the right kidney
Longitudinal slit in the middle third of medial border- hilum/hilus
Renal artery and nerves enter, renal vein, lymphatics and ureter leave the kidney
through the hilum.
Hilum leads to a wide space called the renal pelvis.
Pelvis continues as ureter.
16.
17. Structure of kidney
Pelvis divides into the calyceal system
Each kidney contains 8-10 calyces
The space between two calyces is called a pyramid
Pyramid contains numerous pores- papillae
Ducts of Bellini drain the urine through these pores into the calyx and then
into the pelvis
The ducts of Bellini are formed by collecting ducts
In the LS section, the kidney shows an outer cortex and inner medulla
18. Nephron
Functional and anatomical unit of the kidney
Each kidney has 1-1.5 million nephrons
The length of the nephron varies from 45-65mm
Parts of the nephron
1. Renal of malphigian corpuscles
2. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
3. Loop of Henle (LH)
4. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
5. Collecting duct (CD)
19.
20. Renal or malphigian corpuscle
Consist of Bowman’s capsule, Glomerulus
Present in the cortex
Blind cup like the beginning of the nephron is called Bowman’s capsule
It consists of squamous epithelial cells
The parietal layer of BC is continuous with PCT
The visceral layer epithelium is in close contact with the glomerulus
The whole membrane consists of capillary endothelial layer, basal lamina, an
epithelial cell layer
21. Renal or malphigian corpuscle
There are pores in between endothelial cells (70-90 nm)
The epithelial cell layer has pores (25 nm)
The basal lamina prevents filtration of proteins
22. Renal or malphigian corpuscle
Glomerulus
Afferent arteriole divides and forms a tuft of capillaries called the glomerulus
These occupy the space of Bowman’s capsule
The capillaries join and form the efferent arterioles
Glomerular capillaries are 50 times more permeable than capillaries in the
skeletal muscle
23.
24. PCT
Continues down as LH
Lined by cuboidal epithelium
Luminous surface shows numerous microvilli giving brush border appearance
The microvilli increase the surface area for absorption
On luminal side tight junction
Basolateral space- most of the substances absorbed into this space and then
to the peritubular capillary blood
25.
26. LH
Descending limb – Thick and thin parts
Transverse limb
Ascending limb – Thin and thick parts
Thick descending limb is similar to PCT
Thick ascending limb is similar to DCT
LH is arranged like hairpin
Lined by flattened epithelial cells
27. DCT
Lined by cuboidal epithelial cells
Resembles like cells of PCT
But few microvilli
No brush border
Two parts
1. Early DCT/ diluting segment
2. Late DCT
30. Late DCT & Cortical collecting duct
Both have similar functional characteristics
Made up of two types of cells
Principal cells (P cells) – absorption of sodium and water and secretion of
potassium
Intercalated cells (I Cells)- H+ secretion and HCO3- and K+ absorption
31.
32. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
JG Apparatus is present at the point of contact of DCT with afferent and
efferent arteriole of the same NEPHRON
Three types of cells
Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)
Macula densa cells (MD)
Mesangial or Lacis cells
34. Juxtaglomerular cells
Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole present at its contact with DCT
They synthesize, and store proteolytic enzyme- Renin
Innervated by sympathetic nerves
Acts as baro receptors
Respond to hypovolemia and decrease the renal perfusion pressure
Renin act on angiotensinogen and convert it to angiotensin I
Angiotension I converts to Angiotensin II in the lungs by ACE
Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor
35. Functions of Angiotensin II
Powerful vasoconstrictor than nor epinephrine
Stimulates aldosterone secretion
Stimulates ACTH secretion
Increase release of norepinephrine
Increase BP
Increase water intake
Increase ADH secretion
Increase sodium, and chloride absorption
36. Macula Densa cells
Specialized tubular epithelial cells
Located at the beginning of DCT at its contact with mesangial cells
Act as chemoreceptors
Detects change in the concentration of sodium and chloride of the luminal
fluid of the tubule
Influence renin release from JG cells
37. Mesangial cells or Lacis cells
Supporting cells of JGA
Two types
Glomerular mesangial cells – present between the loops of the glomerulus
Extra glomerular mesangial cells – present between the glomerulus and
tubule
38. Applied Physiology
Renin-Angiotensin system is implicated in the genesis of hypertension
Drugs that block the action of RAS are used in the treatment of hypertension
(ACE inhibitors)
Two types of nephrons
1. Cortical nephrons
2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
39.
40. Renal blood flow
Arterial blood supply
Each kidney is supplied by a renal artery
It is a branch of the abdominal aorta
On entering the kidney, it divides into branches and passes between the pyramids –
interlobar arteries
The interlobar arteries finally give rise to the afferent arterioles
Afferent arterioles divide into a tuft of capillaries – glomerulus
These in turn join and form efferent arteriole
EA in cortical nephrons forms- peritubular capillary plexus
EA in juxta medullary nephrons gives vasarecta
42. Special features of renal circulation
Portal Circulation
Vein is interposed between capillaries
Venous portal system
In the kidney it is an arterial portal system
Arteriole is interposed between the capillaries
Glomerulus – EA- Peritubular capillaries/ vasa recta
43. Special features of renal circulation
High pressure in the glomerulus
Renal artery is a direct branch of the abdominal aorta
The pressure in the glomerular capillaries is 45 mmHg
Much higher compared to systemic capillary pressure 30mmHg
This high pressure and high permeability is responsible for the formation of
filtrate
44. Special features of renal circulation
High permeability
Glomerulus is 50 times more permeable than capillaries in skeletal muscle
45. Special features of renal circulation
Three types of capillaries
Glomerulus – Tuft of capillaries present in the Bowman’s capsule.
Peritubular capillary plexus
Vasa recta
46. Special features of renal circulation
Autoregulation
Kidneys regulate their own blood flow
Blood flow is maintained constant between the mean systemic pressure of
80-180 mmHg
47. Special features of renal circulation
High renal blood flow
RBF per minute is 1250 ml
25% of cardiac output
Highest blood flow when compared to other organs (except lungs)
48. Special features of renal circulation
Oxygen consumption
6mL/100g/min
Second to heart (8mL/100g/min)