The document provides information on essay writing and paragraph structure. It states that an essay expresses a writer's opinion on a topic through logical paragraphs that attempt to prove a stance. It also notes that paragraphs should revolve around a single central idea, maintain unity, coherence, development and organization. The document outlines the different types of paragraphs in an essay and provides examples of topic sentences. It emphasizes the importance of learning to write good paragraphs before attempting to write an essay. Finally, it offers tips on maintaining unity, coherence, and developing paragraphs with examples, quotations and organization.

1. ESSAY WRITING
• An essay is an opinion of the writer on a given topic
• It is different from other academic writings such as research thesis,
dissertation etc.
• An essay is a logical whole divided into paragraphs attempting to
prove the stance of writer on a given topic
• You cannot learn essay unless you learn writing good paragraphs
• Writing paragraph requires different techniques as per the type of
paragraph you are writing
• Introductory paragraph, body paragraph, concluding paragraph
are general types in essay. They can further be categorized.

2. Before you learn essay, learn paragraph!
What is a paragraph?
• A group of sentences that
revolves around a single
central idea
• The central idea is contained
in the topic sentence
• All the subsequent sentences
need to support the topic
sentence
Topic Sentence Examples
1. Music revitalizes human soul
2. Football is the most popular
game in the world
3. America is a nation of
immigrants
4. Planet earth’s survival is
endangered by unscrupulous
human activity

3. Requirements of a paragraph
1. UNITY
2. COHERENCE
3. Development
4. Organisation

4. HOW TO MAINTAIN UNITY IN A PARAGRAPH?
1. Music revitalizes
human soul. Football
also helps maintain
good mood.
Recreation is yet
another way of
keeping oneself happy.
. . . . . . . . . .
2. Music revitalizes human soul. In
the times of doom and gloom, a
single melodious note, can
scratch out all the bad feelings
from your soul and usher you in a
world of joy and happiness. Many
a saints have believed in curing
certain ailments with music. It is
even used in sufi teachings for
healing wounded souls. . . . .

5. Coherence in Paragraph
• Music revitalizes human soul. In
the times of doom and gloom, a
single melodious note, can
scratch out all the bad feelings
from your soul and usher you in
a world of joy and happiness.
Many a saints have believed in
curing certain ailments with
music. It is even used in sufi
teachings for healing wounded
souls. . . . .
• Music revitalizes human soul. In
fact, in the times of doom and
gloom, a single melodious note,
can rub off all the bad feelings
from your soul and usher you in
a world of joy and happiness.
Interestingly, Many a saints
have believed in curing certain
ailments with music. Reportedly,
It is even used in sufi teachings
for healing wounded souls. . . . .

6. Example of Transition Words

7. Development & Organisation
• It refers to the ideas you put in a paragraph
• These ideas include examples, quotations, information, compare
and contrast, history etc.

8. Example
• Music revitalizes human soul. In fact, in the times of doom and gloom, a
single melodious note, can scratch off all the bad feelings from your
soul and usher you in a world of joy and happiness. Interestingly, many
a saints have believed in curing certain ailments with music. In this
context, Imam Ghazali is reported to have said whoever says that all
music is prohibited, let him also claim that the songs of birds are
prohibited. It is, evidently, used in sufi teachings for healing wounded
souls. In addition, Mawlana Rumi’s heart touching words, When I am
silent, I fall into place where everything is music, highlight utility of
music in more ways than one. Similarly, in modern times institutions
such as American Music Therapy Association are training music
therapists to heal wounded sould through music. Hence, music is a
powerful instrument of reviving inner energies of man.

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Safiullah Shahwani