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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

non-linear problem-solving methods.

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The wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced to the earth’s rotation and differences in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects are mainly responsible for convection current either upwards or downwards. The wind generally blows horizontal to the ground at high speeds. Since vertical components of atmospheric motion are relatively small, the term ‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively the horizontal wind while ‘vertical winds’ are always identified as such. The wind speeds are assessed with the aid of anemometers or anemographs, which are installed at meteorological observatories at heights generally varying from 10 to 30 meters above the ground. Before BNBC 1993 a simple empirical formula is used to determine wind load which does not consider the effect of surrounding objects and structure height in wind pressure. This shortcoming has been overcome in BNBC 1993 by introducing the concept of exposure category and gust factor. The effect of surrounding objects and the height of structures is further upgraded in the proposed BNBC 2020. This thesis aims the comparison of provisions of wind load analysis given in existing BNBC 1993 to that in proposed BNBC 2020. Both are studied and compared in terms of wind load using parameters termed as Basic wind speed, Height and exposure coefficient, Gust factor, Sustained wind pressure, External pressure coefficient, and Design wind pressure. This study reveals that wind load in urban areas according to BNBC 2020 found considerably higher than BNBC 1993. But wind load in obstructed and unobstructed open terrain type areas according to BNBC 2020 is found significantly lower than BNBC 1993.

COMPARISON OF WIND LOAD ALONG WITH BNBC 1993, BNBC 2020.pptx

"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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"China Railway Construction Bridge Ebgineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd."

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Digital Communication: Digital communication refers to the transmission of information using digital signals, where data is represented by discrete symbols or values. It encompasses various techniques for encoding, transmitting, and decoding digital data, including text, images, audio, and video. Digital communication systems offer advantages such as improved signal quality, noise immunity, and the ability to multiplex multiple data streams. Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM): DPCM is a digital modulation technique used for encoding analog signals into digital form. In DPCM, the difference between the current sample and the predicted value of the sample is quantized and encoded, rather than encoding the absolute sample value directly. This technique can reduce the amount of data required for transmission compared to standard pulse code modulation (PCM), especially for signals with correlation between successive samples. Delta Modulation (DM): Delta modulation is a simple form of analog-to-digital conversion where the difference (delta) between the current sample and the previous sample is quantized and encoded. In DM, only the sign of the difference (positive or negative) is transmitted, which simplifies the encoding process. However, DM may suffer from quantization noise and limited signal fidelity, especially for rapidly changing or high-frequency signals. Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM): Adaptive delta modulation is an extension of delta modulation that dynamically adjusts the step size or quantization level based on the characteristics of the input signal. Unlike fixed-step delta modulation, ADM can adapt to changes in signal amplitude or frequency, resulting in improved signal fidelity and reduced quantization error. ADM is particularly useful for encoding signals with varying dynamics or signal-to-noise ratios

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In this relay, the armature is attracted to the pole of a magnet. The electromagnetic force exerted on the moving element is proportional to the square of the current flow through the coil. This relay responds to both the alternating and direct current. For AC quantity the electromagnetic force developed is given as equation-1The above equation shows that the electromagnetic relay consists two components, one constant independent of time and another dependent upon time and pulsating at double supply frequency. This double supply frequency produces noise and hence damage the relay contacts. The difficulty of a double frequency supply is overcome by splitting the flux developing in the electromagnetic relay. These fluxes were acting simultaneously but differ in time phase. Thus the resulting deflecting force is always positive and constant. The splitting of fluxes is achieved by using the electromagnet having a phase shifting networks or by putting shading rings on the poles of an electromagnet. The electromagnetic attraction relay is the simplest type of relay which includes a plunger (or solenoid), hinged armature, rotating armature (or balanced) and moving iron polarised relay.

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Although the Dark web was originally used for maintaining privacy-sensitive communication for business or intelligence services for defence, government and business organizations, fighting against censorship and blocked content, later, the advantage of technologies behind the Dark web were abused by criminals to conduct crimes which involve drug dealing to the contract of assassinations in a widespread manner. Since the communication remains secure and untraceable, criminals can easily use dark web service via The Onion Router (TOR), can hide their illegal motives and can conceal their criminal activities. This makes it very difficult to monitor and detect cybercrimes over the dark web. With the evolution of machine learning, natural language processing techniques, computational big data applications and hardware, there is a growing interest in exploiting dark web data to monitor and detect criminal activities. Due to the anonymity provided by the Dark Web, the rapid disappearance and the change of the uniform resource locators (URLs) of the resources, it is not as easy to crawl the Drak web and get the data as the usual surface web which limits the researchers and law enforcement agencies to analyse the data. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the technology behind the Dark web, its widespread abuse, its impact on society and the existing systems, to identify the sources of drug deal or terrorism activities. In this research, we analysed the predominant darker sides of the world wide web (WWW), their volumes, their contents and their ratios. We have performed the analysis of the larger malicious or hidden activities that occupy the major portions of the Dark net; tools and techniques used to identify cybercrimes which happen inside the dark web. We applied a systematic literature review (SLR) approach on the resources where the actual dark net data have been used for research purposes in several areas. From this SLR, we identified the approaches (tools and algorithms) which have been applied to analyse the Dark net data, the key gaps as well as the key contributions of the existing works in the literature. In our study, we find the main challenges to crawl the dark web and collect forum data are: scalability of crawler, content selection trade off, and social obligation for TOR crawler and the limitations of techniques used in automatic sentiment analysis to understand criminals’ forums and thereby monitor the forums. From the comprehensive analysis of existing tools, our study summarizes the most tools. However the forum topics rapidly change as their sources changes; criminals inject noises to obfuscate the forum’s main topic and thus remain undetectable. Therefore supervised techniques fail to address the above challenges. Semi-supervised techniques would be an interesting research direction.

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Education system forms the backbone of every nation. And hence it is important to provide a strong educational foundation to the young generation to ensure the development of open-minded global citizens securing the future for everyone. Advanced technology available today can play a crucial role in streamlining education-related processes to promote solidarity among students, teachers and the school staff. School Management System(SMS) consists of tasks such as registering students, attendance record keeping to control absentees, producing report cards, producing official transcript, preparing timetable and producing different reports for teachers, officials from Dr.Mohiuddin Education foundation and other stakeholders. Automation is the utilization of technology to replace human with a machine that can perform more quickly and more continuously. By automating SMS documents that took up many large storage rooms can be stored on few disks. Transcript images can be annotate. It reduces the time to retrieve old transcripts from hours to seconds.

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We investigated the applicability and efficiency of the MLMC approach to the Henry-like problem with uncertain porosity, permeability and recharge. These uncertain parameters were modelled by random fields with three independent random variables. Permeability is a function of porosity. Both functions are time-dependent, have multi-scale behaviour and are defined for two layers. The numerical solution for each random realisation was obtained using the well-known ug4 parallel multigrid solver. The number of random samples required at each level was estimated by calculating the decay of the variances and the computational cost for each level. The MLMC method was used to compute the expected value and variance of several QoIs, such as the solution at a few preselected points $(t,\bx)$, the solution integrated over a small subdomain, and the time evolution of the freshwater integral. We have found that some QoIs require only 2-3 mesh levels and samples from finer meshes would not significantly improve the result. Other QoIs require more grid levels.

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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers: Interrupt controller 8259; The 8259 is known as the Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) microprocessor. In 8085 and 8086 there are five hardware interrupts and two hardware interrupts respectively. Bu adding 8259, we can increase the interrupt handling capability. This chip combines the multi-interrupt input source to single interrupt output. This provides 8-interrupts from IR0 to IR7. Let us see some features of this microprocessor. This chip is designed for 8085 and 8086. It can be programmed either in edge triggered, or in level triggered mode We can mask individual bits of Interrupt Request Register. By cascading 8259 chips, we can increase interrupts up to 64 interrupt lines Clock cycle is not needed. 8259 microprocessor can be programmed according to given interrupts condition and it can be provided either with level or edge-triggered interrupt level. It can be programmed to either work in 8085 or in 8086 microprocessors. Individual interrupt bits can be masked. By cascading Nine 8259’s in Master-Slave Configuration we can handle up to 64 interrupt pins. It contains 3 registers commonly known as ISR, IRR, IMR & there is 1 priority resolver (PR). Interrupt Request Register (IRR): It stores those bits which are requested for their interrupt services. Interrupt Service Register (ISR): It stores the interrupt levels which is currently being served. Interrupt Mask Register (IMR): It stores interrupt levels that have to be masked. These interrupt levels are already accepted by the 8259 microprocessor. Priority Resolver (PR): It examines all the 3 registers and sets the priority of interrupts and sets the interrupt levels in ISR which has the highest priority and the rest of the interrupt bit is IRR which is already accepted. SP/EN (low active pin): If its value is 1 it works in master mode & if its value=e is 0 then it works in slave mode. Cascade Buffer: It is used to cascade more number of Programmable Interrupt Controller to increase the interrupts handling capability up to 64 levels. Advantages: Interrupt management: The 8259 microprocessor is a specialized chip that is dedicated to managing interrupts, which can help to improve system performance and reduce the workload on the main CPU. Programmability: The 8259 microprocessor is programmable, which means that it can be customized to handle specific types of interrupts and to prioritize different interrupt requests. Compatibility: The 8259 microprocessor is compatible with a wide range of microprocessors, making it a popular choice for interrupt management in many different systems. Multiple interrupt inputs: The 8259 microprocessor can handle multiple interrupt inputs, which makes it a useful peripheral for managing complex systems with multiple devices. Ease of use: The 8259 microprocessor includes simple interface pins and registers, making it relatively easy to use and program.

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