Bacterial infection, food borne bacterial infection

1. 1.4 A BACTERIAL
INFECTIONS
SALMONELLA SPP, SHIGELLA SPP., E.COLI, VIBRIO SPP.,
CLAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI, LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
1
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

2. 4. FOOD AND MILK BORNE INFECTIONS: MICROORGANISM INVOLVED, SOURCE
OF INFECTION, (02)
INCUBATION PERIOD AND CHARACTERISTICS IN BRIEF:
A. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS: , SHIGELLA SP., E. COLI, VIBRIO SP.,
Campylobacter jejuni, LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
B. VIRAL INFECTIONS: ROTAVIRUSHEPATITIS A POLIOVIRUS
C. PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS: ENTAMOEBA
5. FOOD POISONING: (03)
A. ROLE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINIUM AND
SALMONELLA SPP
B. MOLDS AS POISONING AGENTS: ROLE OF MUSHROOM, ASPERGILLUS,
CLAVICEPS PURPUREA,
FUSARIUM MONILIFORMIS. 2
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

3. SALMONELLA SP.
THE SALMONELLAE CONSTITUTE A GROUP OF ORGANISMS WITH OVER 2500 DIFFERENT
SEROTYPES
THESE ORGANISMS ARE CAPABLE OF CAUSING DISEASE IN ANIMALS AND MAN WHEN
TAKEN INTO THE BODY IN SUFFICIENT NUMBERS
MANY SALMONELLA SPECIES HAVE A WIDE HOST RANGE. THESE ARE THE ORGANISMS
WHICH COMMONLY CAUSE FOOD POISONING. HOWEVER, SOME ARE RESTRICTED TO A
SINGLE HOST SPECIES E.G. SALMONELLA ABORTUSOVIS CAUSING ABORTION IN EWES,
AND
SALMONELLA GALLINARUM THE CAUSE OF FOWL TYPHOID.
CONVERSELY, SOME SALMONELLA SEROTYPES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN DISEASE
AND ARE NOT KNOWN TO AFFECT ANIMALS E.G. S. TYPHI AND SALMONELLA PARATYPHI.
SALMONELLAE ARE UBIQUITOUS IN THE GUT OF HUMAN AND ANIMALS AND ACT AS
3
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

4. 1. CHARACTERISTICS
FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC GRAM-NEGATIVE RODS
HEAT RESISTANCE
THE SALMONELLAE ARE KILLED BY TEMPERATURES ATTAINED IN
COMMERCIAL PASTEURIZATION.
THEY CAN REMAIN ALIVE IN MOIST EARTH FOR ONE YEAR AND IN DRY
EARTH FOR 16 MONTHS.
THEY ARE NOT DESTROYED IN CARCASSES OR OFFAL MAINTAINED AT
CHILLING OR FREEZING TEMPERATURES, OR IN THE USUAL PICKLING :
4
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

5. SOURCE
• CONSUMPTION OF INADEQUATELY COOKED OR THAWED
MEAT OR
POULTRY,
• CROSS-CONTAMINATION OF FOOD FROM INFECTED
FOOD HANDLERS.
• PRESENCE OF FLIES, COCKROACHES, RATS, IN THE
FOOD ENVIRONMENT
THAT ACT AS VECTORS OF THE DISEASE.
5
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

6. SOURCE
• SALMONELLAE REACH FOOD IN MANY DIFFERENT WAYS;
A) DIRECTLY FROM SLAUGHTER ANIMALS TO FOOD
B) FROM HUMAN EXCRETA, AND TRANSFERRED TO FOOD THROUGH
HANDS, UTENSILS, EQUIPMENTS, FLIES ETC.
• FOOD POISONING IS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR IF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF
MICROORGANISMS PRESENT IS HIGH. A SMALLER NUMBER MAY HAVE NO
ILL EFFECT.
6
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

7. INCUBATION PERIOD
• THE INCUBATION PERIOD FOR SALMONELLOSIS IS
APPROXIMATELY 12–72 HOURS, BUT IT CAN BE LONGER.
SALMONELLA GASTROENTERITIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY
THE SUDDEN ONSET OF
• DIARRHEA (SOMETIME BLOOD-TINGED),
• ABDOMINAL CRAMPS • FEVER, AND • OCCASIONALLY
NAUSEA AND VOMITING. ILLNESS USUALLY LASTS 4–7
DAYS.
7
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

8. SHIGELLOSIS IS CAUSED BY MEMBERS OF THE GENUS SHIGELLA.
• GRAM -, ROD SHAPED, NON-ENCAPSULATED, NON-MOTILE, NON-SPORE FORMING,
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBIC, FACULTATIVE INTRACELLULAR, OBLIGATE PATHOGEN
• ALL FERMENT GLUCOSE, SOME FERMENTS MANNITOL
• THE SPECIES INVOLVED INCLUDE SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE, SHIGELLA
FLEXNERI, SHIGELLA BOYDII AND SHIGELLA SONNEI.
SEROGROUP A: S. DYSENTERIAE (15 SEROTYPES)
SEROGROUP B: S. FLEXNERI (SIX SEROTYPES)
SEROGROUP C: S. BOYDII (19 SEROTYPES)
SEROGROUP D: S. SONNEI (ONE SEROTYPE)
• ALL STRAINS OF SHIGELLA POSSES POTENT EXOTOXINS (SHIGA TOXIN WHICH IS
SIMILAR TO VEROTOXINS) WHICH ARE CARBOHYDRATE-LIPID PROTEIN COMPLEXES.
• THE INFECTIVE DOSE IS SMALLER THAN THAT OF SALMONELLAE, EXCEPT S. TYPHI.
8
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

9. INCUBATION PERIOD
• THE INCUBATION PERIOD IS 12-96 HOURS, MEANING
THAT ILLNESS USUALLY STARTS BETWEEN 12 AND 96
HOURS AFTER SHIGELLA BACTERIA ENTER THE BODY.
THE MAIN SIGN OF SHIGELLA INFECTION IS DIARRHEA,
WHICH CAN BE WATERY, BLOODY, OR BOTH. MANY
PEOPLE WITH SHIGELLA ALSO GET FEVER, STOMACH
ACHES, AND NAUSEA.
9
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

10. SOURCE OF INFECTIONS
THE SHIGELLA BACTERIUM IS SPREAD THROUGH
CONTAMINATED WATER AND FOOD OR THROUGH
CONTACT WITH CONTAMINATED FECES. THE BACTERIA
RELEASE TOXINS THAT IRRITATE THE INTESTINES. THE
PRIMARY SYMPTOM OF SHIGELLOSIS IS DIARRHEA.
10
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

11. E.Coli
• COLI (ESCHERICHIA COLI), IS A TYPE OF BACTERIA THAT
NORMALLY LIVES IN YOUR INTESTINES. IT'S ALSO
FOUND IN THE GUT OF SOME ANIMALS. MOST TYPES
OF E. COLI ARE HARMLESS AND EVEN HELP KEEP YOUR
DIGESTIVE TRACT HEALTHY. BUT SOME STRAINS CAN
CAUSE DIARRHEA IF YOU EAT CONTAMINATED FOOD OR
DRINK FOULED WATER
11
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

12. INCUBATION PERIOD
• THE TIME BETWEEN INGESTING THE STEC BACTERIA
AND FEELING SICK IS CALLED THE “INCUBATION PERIOD.”
THE INCUBATION PERIOD IS USUALLY 3-4 DAYS AFTER THE
EXPOSURE, BUT MAY BE AS SHORT AS 1 DAY OR AS LONG
AS 10 DAYS. THE SYMPTOMS OFTEN BEGIN SLOWLY WITH
MILD BELLY PAIN OR NON-BLOODY DIARRHEA THAT
WORSENS OVER SEVERAL DAYS.
12
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

13. Vibrio sp.
VIBRIO IS A GENUS OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA,
POSSESSING A CURVED-ROD (COMMA) SHAPE, SEVERAL
SPECIES OF WHICH CAN CAUSE FOODBORNE INFECTION,
13
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

14. INCUBATION PERIOD
THE INCUBATION PERIOD FOR VIBRIOSIS RANGES FROM
4–96 HOURS (72 MAXIMUM FOR V. VULNIFICUS), USUALLY
12–24 HOURS. SINCE VIBRIO INFECTION IS NOT
CONSIDERED TO BE TRANSMISSIBLE PERSON-TO-
PERSON, THERE IS NO CARRIER STATE AND NO DEFINED
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY.
14
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

15. CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI
• IS IN A GENUS OF BACTERIA THAT IS AMONG THE MOST
COMMON CAUSES OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS IN HUMANS
WORLDWIDE. CAMPYLOBACTER MEANS "CURVED ROD",
DERIVING FROM THE GREEK KAMPYLOS (CURVED) AND
BAKTRON (ROD).
• PEOPLE CAN GET CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTION BY EATING
RAW OR UNDERCOOKED POULTRY OR EATING SOMETHING
THAT TOUCHED IT. THEY CAN ALSO GET IT FROM EATING
OTHER FOODS, INCLUDING SEAFOOD, MEAT, AND PRODUCE,
BY CONTACT WITH ANIMALS, AND BY DRINKING UNTREATED
WATER.
15
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

16. INCUBATION
• INCUBATION PERIOD IS TYPICALLY TWO TO FIVE DAYS.
CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTION IS CHARACTERIZED
BY DIARRHEA (FREQUENTLY BLOODY), ABDOMINAL PAIN, FEVER,
NAUSEA, AND SOMETIMES VOMITING. MORE SEVERE ILLNESS CAN
OCCUR, INCLUDING BLOODSTREAM INFECTION AND SYMPTOMS
MIMICKING ACUTE APPENDICITIS OR ULCERATIVE COLITIS.
• CHARACTERISTICS: CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI IS A
MICROAEROBIC, NON-SPORE FORMING, GRAM-
NEGATIVE BACTERIA OF THE CAMPYLOBACTERACEAE FAMILY.
THEY FORM MOTILE, SPIRAL SHAPED RODS THAT ARE 0.2-0.9 ΜM
WIDE AND 0.5-5 ΜM LONG, AND MOVES BY A CORKSCREW-LIKE
16
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

17. LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
• IS A GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIUM, IN THE DIVISION
FIRMICUTES, NAMED AFTER JOSEPH LISTER. ITS ABILITY
TO GROW AT TEMPERATURES AS LOW AS 0 °C PERMITS
MULTIPLICATION AT TYPICAL REFRIGERATION
TEMPERATURES, GREATLY INCREASING ITS ABILITY TO
EVADE CONTROL IN HUMAN FOODSTUFFS.
• SPECIES: L. MONOCYTOGENES
• PHYLUM: FIRMICUTES
17
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

18. SOURCE
• LISTERIOSIS IS CAUSED BY LISTERIA, A TYPE OF BACTERIA THAT
IS COMMONLY FOUND IN WATER, SOIL, AND FECES. HUMANS
ARE INFECTED WHEN THEY CONSUME FOODS THAT HARBOR
THE BACTERIA. THE MOST COMMON FOODS TO CAUSE
LISTERIOSIS OUTBREAKS ARE DELI MEATS AND UNPASTEURIZED
DAIRY PRODUCTS.
18
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

19. INCUBATIO
• THE SYMPTOMS INCLUDE FEVER, MYALGIA (MUSCLE
PAIN), SEPTICEMIA, MENINGITIS. THE INCUBATION
PERIOD IS USUALLY ONE TO TWO WEEKS BUT CAN VARY
BETWEEN A FEW DAYS AND UP TO 90 DAYS.
19
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

20. VIRAL INFECTION
• ROTAVIRUS IS A VIRUS THAT SPREADS EASILY AMONG INFANTS AND YOUNG
CHILDREN. THE VIRUS CAN CAUSE SEVERE WATERY DIARRHEA, VOMITING,
FEVER, AND ABDOMINAL PAIN.
20
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

21. SOURCE
• ROTAVIRUS USUALLY SPREADS FROM FECAL-ORAL CONTACT.
THIS NORMALLY HAPPENS BECAUSE OF POOR HAND-WASHING
OR FROM CONSUMING CONTAMINATED FOOD OR WATER. IN
ADDITION, THE VIRUS: MAY ALSO BE SPREAD FROM SNEEZING OR
COUGHING, THOUGH IT'S LESS COMMON.
• THE INCUBATION PERIOD FOR ROTAVIRUS DISEASE IS
APPROXIMATELY 2 DAYS. CHILDREN MAY DEVELOP ROTAVIRUS
DISEASE MORE THAN ONCE BECAUSE NEITHER VACCINE NOR
NATURAL INFECTION PROVIDE FULL IMMUNITY FROM
FUTURE INFECTIONS. A CHILD'S FIRST INFECTION WITH
ROTAVIRUS TENDS TO CAUSE THE MOST SEVERE SYMPTOMS.
21
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

22. • ROTAVIRUS DISEASE IS CHARACTERIZED BY VOMITING
AND WATERY DIARRHEA FOR 3 TO 8 DAYS. FEVER AND
ABDOMINAL PAIN ALSO ARE COMMON. ADDITIONAL
SYMPTOMS INCLUDE LOSS OF APPETITE AND
DEHYDRATION. UNUSUAL SLEEPINESS OR FUSSINESS.
22
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

23. HEPATITIS A
• HEPATITIS A IS PREVENTABLE BY VACCINE. IT SPREADS
FROM CONTAMINATED FOOD OR WATER OR CONTACT
WITH SOMEONE WHO IS INFECTED.
• SYMPTOMS INCLUDE FATIGUE, NAUSEA, ABDOMINAL
PAIN, LOSS OF APPETITE AND LOW-GRADE FEVER.
• THE CONDITION CLEARS UP ON ITS OWN IN ONE OR
TWO MONTHS. REST AND ADEQUATE HYDRATION CAN
HELP.
23
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

24. INCUBATION
• PEOPLE USUALLY GET HEPATITIS A BY HAVING CLOSE
CONTACT WITH A PERSON WHO IS INFECTED, FROM
FOOD OR DRINKS PREPARED BY SOMEONE WHO IS
INFECTED, OR BY EATING SHELLFISH HARVESTED FROM
SEWAGE-CONTAMINATED WATER. AFTER
THE VIRUS ENTERS THE BODY, THERE IS AN
INCUBATION PERIOD LASTING 2 TO 7 WEEKS UNTIL
ILLNESS BEGINS.
24
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

25. • HEPATITIS A IS A LIVER DISEASE CAUSED BY THE
HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV). THE VIRUS IS PRIMARILY
SPREAD WHEN AN UNINFECTED (AND UNVACCINATED)
PERSON INGESTS FOOD OR WATER THAT IS
CONTAMINATED WITH THE FAECES OF AN INFECTED
PERSON.
• PARENT DISEASE: LIVER DISEASE
• INFECTIOUS AGENT TYPE: VIRUS
25
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

26. CHARACTERISTICS
• SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS A RANGE FROM MILD TO
SEVERE, AND CAN INCLUDE FEVER, MALAISE, LOSS OF
APPETITE, DIARRHEA, NAUSEA, ABDOMINAL
DISCOMFORT, DARK-COLOURED URINE AND JAUNDICE
(A YELLOWING OF THE SKIN AND WHITES OF THE EYES).
NOT EVERYONE WHO IS INFECTED WILL HAVE ALL OF
THE SYMPTOMS.
26
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

27. POLIO
• POLIOVIRUS, THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF POLIO, IS A
SEROTYPE OF THE SPECIES ENTEROVIRUS C, IN THE
FAMILY OF PICORNAVIRIDAE. POLIOVIRUS IS COMPOSED
OF AN RNA GENOME AND A PROTEIN CAPSID. THE
GENOME IS A SINGLE-STRANDED POSITIVE-SENSE RNA
GENOME THAT IS ABOUT 7500 NUCLEOTIDES LONG.
27
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

28. SOURCE
• THE POLIO VIRUS USUALLY ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT
IN THE FECES OF SOMEONE WHO IS INFECTED. IN
AREAS WITH POOR SANITATION, THE VIRUS EASILY
SPREADS FROM FECES INTO THE WATER SUPPLY, OR,
BY TOUCH, INTO FOOD. IN ADDITION, BECAUSE POLIO IS
SO CONTAGIOUS, DIRECT CONTACT WITH A PERSON
INFECTED WITH THE VIRUS CAN CAUSE POLIO.
28
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar

29. INCUBATION
• THE INCUBATION PERIOD FOR NONPARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS IS
3-6 DAYS. FOR THE ONSET OF PARALYSIS IN PARALYTIC
POLIOMYELITIS, THE INCUBATION PERIOD USUALLY IS 7 TO 21
DAYS. THE RESPONSE TO POLIOVIRUS INFECTION IS HIGHLY
VARIABLE AND HAS BEEN CATEGORIZED ON THE BASIS OF THE
SEVERITY OF CLINICAL PRESENTATION.
• DISEASES OR CONDITIONS CAUSED: PARALYSIS
• SYMPTOMS: MUSCLE WEAKNESS 29
by - Dr. Rutvesh Borisagar