TOEFL Structure (Meeting 3)

1. Analyze the errors the
sentences
 Each student eats pizza and watches movies.
 Whatever he did was misunderstood.
 The Pizza tastes good, but cookies taste better.
 Reading is fun but doing math problems is boring, and
therefore I hate math.
 The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals has done
much good by its teachings.
 One of the students is/are absent.

2. C.14 INVERTED
STRUCTURE (P. 219)
TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE

3. INVERTED STRUCTURE (P.
219)
 Question
They are troublemakers.
Who are they?
We knew who they are.
Example:
A pilot can tell you how far can a plane go
A B C
on one tank of fuel.
D
a plane can
The structure of a noun
clause derived from a
question is not inverted
(S+V).

4. INVERTED STRUCTURE (P.
219)
 Sentence initiated by expressions of place
Into the computer are fed the computer
programs.
There are many books about Phyllis Wheatley
today.
Example:
Next to the trees are an elephant that is
portrayed as
A B C
trees is

5. INVERTED STRUCTURE (P.
219-220)
 Omission of ‘If’ in Conditional Sentence
If I had used the computer, it would have been
finished now.
Had I used the computer, it would have been
finished now.
 Sentence initiated by negative expressions
I will never again write on a typewriter.
Never again will I write on a typewriter.

6. EXAMPLES:
 The report would have been accepted……… in
checking its accuracy.
A. if more care C. more care had been
taken
B. had taken more care D. had more care been
taken
 Rarely is observatories located near city lights or
A B C
at lower elevations.
D
are
Identify inversion markers. Pay
attention to subject & verb and their
agreement.

7. EXERCISE:
 Behind ………. located the two lachrymal
glands.
A. each eyelid C. each eyelid are
B. is each eyelid D. each eyelid
which is
 There are plenty of blankets in the closet if
A B
should you get cold during the night.
C D
you should
Identify inversion markers. Pay
attention to subject & verb and their
agreement.

8. INVERTED STRUCTURE
(NOTE)
 IN COMPARISON

9. EXERCISE

10. C.4 VERB (P. 127)
TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE

11. VERB (C. 4)
VERB
TENSES
Commonly used:
> Simple Present
> Simple Past
> Simple Future
> Present Perfect
VERB FORM
V1, V2, V3,
V-ing
ACTIVE-PASSIVE

12. TENSES (P. 127-129)
 Identify time expression.
Example:
Some of the city’s swimming pools were closed
since
A B C
the end of the last summer.
D
 Adjust to another verb’s tense in the sentence.
Example:
When a bee stings an animal, the insect’s stinger
A B
remaining in the wound.
have been
remains

13. TENSES (P. 127-129)
(Simple) Present
Always, everyday/week, etc., usually, sometimes, regularly, rarely, seldom,
often, once/two times a day/week, etc., generally, steadily, on and off, from
time to time
(Simple) Past
Yesterday, last week/month/etc, the day before, two days/one week/etc.
ago, at the time of…., in the early/end part of….
(Simple) Future
Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, later, next week/month/etc., tonight, for
the next two years/etc.,
Present Perfect
Since…, for…, already, just, yet, so far, (up) until now, up to now, …times,
lately, recently, today (unfinished), for years/days/etc., for as long as I can
remember, for sometimes now (also with Pr. Pf. Cont.)

14. > The most important period of physical growth
in
A B
humans occurred during their first two years.
C D
> Personal taxes for Americans have rose
sharply
A B C D
since 1945.
EXAMPLES:Identify time expression used.

15. VERB FORM
 V1
 Simple Present (V1+ ’-s’/’-es’)
 Simple Future (will/be going to + V1)
 Modal + V1 (P. 129)
Example:
Nail is commonly made of steel but also can
A B
contains substances such as aluminum or brass.
C D
contain
A modal is always followed by V1.

16. VERB FORM
 V2 (Regular & Irregular)
 Simple Past
Example:
John Chapman became famous in American
folklore
A
as “Johnny Appleseed” after he grown apple trees
B
throughout the northern part of the United States.
C D
he grew
Pay attention to the irregular V2 and
V3.

17. VERB FORM
 V3 (Regular & Irregular)
 Perfect Tenses (has/have/had + V3)
 Passive (to be + V3)
Example:
Alice in Wonderland, which was first published in
1865,
A
has been translating into thirty languages.
B C D
translated
As a verb, V3 cannot stand alone. Make sure
there is a proper auxiliary before it and vice
versa.

18. VERB FORM
 V-ing
 to be + V-ing (Active)
Example:
The officer has been duplicated the information of the
score
A B
on the back-up disk for an hour.
C D
duplicating
As a verb, V-ing cannot stand alone. Make sure
there is ‘to be’ before it and the sentence has
‘active meaning ’.

19. EXERCISE:
 As a novelty in the late nineteenth century, .
………. limited to the rich.
A. photography C. photography was
B. was photography D. when photography was
 Henry Adams, who was born in Boston in
1838,
A B
has became famous as a historian and
novelist.
become
Identify the tense marker, verb forms,
and active-passive structure.

20. GERUND & INFINITIVE (P.
133-135)
Gerunds (V-ing)
Infinitives (to + V1)
Example:
When several police officers came, the thief
A B
had found a place to hiding from them.
C D
hide
= Verbs