ROBERT IGBEDE

1. ACUTE BRONCHIOLITIS
BY
ROBERT IGBEDE

2. INTRODUCTION
 It is a common respiratory tract infection in
young children
 It can be broken down in two parts,
bronchiole (an anatomical location in the
lungs) and itis (inflammation of)
 Definition: it is the inflammation of the
brochioles caused by a viral respiratory tract
infection in children 2 years and below

3. ETIOLOGY
 Although they are some viral infection that
cause bronchiolitis (eg. Parainfluenza virus,
meta-pneumo virus MPV, Adenovirus), the
major culprit of brochiolitis is RSV.
 RSV(respiratory syncitial virus) has about 50-
75% diagnose rate and is the most likely
cause of bronchiolitis

4. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 It can be spread cough or improper disposal
of contaminated sanitizing material and
inadequate hygiene
 It can be contracted by inhalation if around
diseased individual that are coughing
 Also, by touching contaminated materials
and self inoculating

5. PATHOPHYSILOGY
 Early stages: 1st sign of bronchiolitis is upper
respiratory tract infection (runny nose and
nasal congestion) mimicking the common
cold
 Late stages: the virus makes its way down the
tract to cause an infection in the bronchioles
and this what differentiates it from the
common cold

6. SIGNS
 Congestion
 Cough
 Fever (not always)
 Wheezing
 Air trapping
 Hypoxemia (O2 sats)
-Increased heart rate
-Increased breathing
-Fatigue
-Lethargy

9. RISK FACTORS
 Contact with the diseased children
 Season (fall and winter)
 Poor immune system
 Age (<2years)
 Prematurity (<35weeks gestation)
 Preexisting lung disease
 Smoke exposure

10. DIFFERETIAL DIAGNOSIS
 Asthma
 Allergic reactions
 Pneumonia
 Foreign body aspiration

11. LAB TESTS
 NAAT and PCR: Nasal swap of the
oropharynx to check for presence of RSV
 Chest x-ray: Peribronchiolar cuffing, Air
trapping (hyperinflation) by flattening of the
diaphragm

13. PREVENTION
 Handwashing
 Avoid sick children
 Improvement of immune system by breast
feeding
 Prevent smoke exposure
 Palivizumab (for high risk children alone)

14. TREATMENT
 Low risk children with O2 sats >92% and have
low chance of getting severe can be treated
at home
 Low risk children with O2 sats of <92% and
high risk children should be treated in the
hospital
 Supportive therapy: treating symptoms,
assisting the child’s system be effective in
fighting off the disease, NO MEDICATION

15. SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
 Hydration
 nutrition
 Improve breathing (oxygen*, beta
agonists**, hypertonic saline solution**,
corticosteroids***, epinephrine***)

16. THANK YOU