Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) occurs when the kidneys become inflamed after a streptococcal infection. Certain strains of streptococci bacteria contain antigens and virulence factors that can trigger an immune response where antibodies complex with the bacteria in the glomeruli of the kidneys, damaging the podocytes and causing hematuria and proteinuria. This can lead to reduced urine production, fluid retention, and potentially renal failure if not properly treated.

1. BY
ROBERT IGBEDE

2. INTRODUCTION
 PSGN occurs when the kidney’s glomeruli responsible
for filtering particles out of the blood and into the
urine become inflamed after an infection of
streptococci bacteria

3. Cause
 PSGN starts with an infection by strains of group A, B-
hemolytic streptococci
 This group presents specific antigens on their surface
that enables its identification by antibodies
 There also produce an enzyme called streptolysin,an
enzyme which completely lysis rbc.(this is called B-
hemolysis)

4. Additionally
 this strains are also called nephritogenic strains,
because there carry the M-protein virulence factor(a
protein which helps them get around host’s defenses)

5. Mechanisms
 An infection from this bacteria causes type III
hypersensitivity complex where the immune
complexes (usually IgG or IgM) are transported and
end up being trapped in the glomerulus
 Glomerular basement membrane(GBM) is the specific
site of this deposit, and mostly between the sub-
epithelium and epithelium(podocytes)

6.  This complexes triggers an inflammatory response
 The proteins involved in this inflammatory response
(c3 complements, cytokines, oxidants and proteases)
severely damage the podocytes
 This damage allows larger molecules to filter through
eg. RBCs and proteins

7.  This RBCs and proteins go into the urine and cause
hematuria and proteinuria respectively
 The former actually makes urine darker or cola color
 There is also less urine produced called oliguria
 This causes fluid retention and peripheral edema and
periorbital edema

8. Summary
 Blood tests might show an increased level of the
antibody anti-DNAsed B
 Depletion of complement levels

9. Conclusion
 Children are usually affected by this disease which is
usually further complications from impetigo or
pharyngitis
 It is mild and treatment is usually supportive,and lasts
about a month
 This disease, if not managed properly, can lead to
renal failure