1. System
• An integrated set of interoperable elements,
each with explicitly specified and bounded
capabilities, working synergistically to perform
value-added processing to enable a user to
satisfy mission-oriented operational needs in a
prescribed operating environment with a
specified outcome and probability of success.

2. Elements of a system
• Input/Output
• Processor(s)
• Control
• Feedback
• Environment
• Boundaries and Interfaces

3. Admission System
Fulfills academic requirements
Merit
Student
List
Admitted
Seat available
Fees Paid
Waiting
List
All requirements complete
Certificates Fees
Update
No Seat available
Waiting List
Rejected

4. System Structure
System structure consists of the following
components:
• Organization: organized group of elements
• Interaction: Elements should be able to interact among
themselves.
• Interdependence: Unless there is interdependence they
may be considered separate systems.
• Integration: All the elements should be able to combine to
become a system.
• Central Objective: The whole system must have a central
mission to achieve something.

5. Presentation Topics
• Importance of Interaction in a system
• Interdependence in a system.
• Integration is necessary to form a system
• Library as a system
• Human as a system
• Car as a system
• College as a system
• Home as a system
• Industry as a system

6. Types of Systems
• Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) TPS
• Office Automation Systems (OAS) OAS
• Management Information Systems
(MIS) MIS
• Decision Support Systems (DSS) DSS
• Expert Systems & Artificial Intelligence ES
• Group Decision Support System (GDSS)
GDSS

7. Transaction Processing
• Transaction processing is designed to maintain
a computer system (typically, but not limited
to, a database (or some modern file systems)
in a known, consistent state, by ensuring that
any operations carried out on the system that
are interdependent are either all completed
successfully or all canceled successfully.
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8. Office Automation
• Data storage
• Text handling
• Desktop publishing
• Image handling
• Data Exchange
• Data Management
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9. Management Information System
• Management Decisions are based on correct and
complete information.
• Needs of information are different at different
management levels.
• Planned system to fulfill informational needs of
management to carry out its functions. It
includes:
– Collecting the data
– Processing data
– Storing data
– Disseminating data in the required form
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10. Decision Support Systems
• Specific class of computerized information systems
that supports business and organizational decision-
making activities.
– Administrative decisions are based on rules, precedence
and prudence keeping in view the best interest of the
society or organization.
– Business decisions are based on rules of law and
information which should be:
• Accurate
• Concise
• Viewable from various angles and at various levels
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11. Expert System
• It is a software that attempts to reproduce the
performance of human experts. It involves:
1. creation of a knowledge base which captures the Subject
Matter Expert's (SME) knowledge.
2. A process of gathering that knowledge from the SME and
codifying it to develop the computer based system which
emulates human expert.
Expert Systems are an attempt to replace human experts.
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12. Group Decision Support System
• Allows group members to interact with electron support like:
– Polling
– Questionnaires
– Brainstorming
– Scenario creation
• Software supports electronic conferencing over extended
period to encourage meaningful contribution, avoid
dominance and vocal exuberance, expressing unpopular views
etc.

13. Presentation Topics
 Explain the topic. In each case
• Transaction Processing do the following:
• Office Automation  Take a live example
• Management Information System  Explain the system with flow
diagrams
• Decision Support System  Point out possible problems
• Group Decision Support System at each stage
 Suggest solutions in each case
• Expert System  Suggest alternative methods
of handling the same example
and briefly explain the
strengths and weaknesses of
the suggested system

14. Roles of System Analyst
• As a Consultant
– Ascertaining the requirements of the organization and limitations of
technology in developing new systems
– Analyzing the organizations needs and convincing the management to
adopt new systems
– Interface between the developers and management
– Leading the development group to ensure they deliver end product as
per organizations requirements and aspirations
• As a Support Expert
– Interacting with outside agencies providing new systems
– Providing support to developers by explaining the existing systems and
new requirements
• As Agent of Change
– To overcome resistance to change
– Bringing in new ideas and systems
– Adopting new systems and training others

15. Impetus for Change
Internal Impetus
• Organization
• Top Management
• User
• System Analyst
Outside Impetus
• Govt. rules and regulation
• Consumers
• Unions
• Competition

16. System Development Life Cycle
• Recognition of Need
• Feasibility Study
– Technical
– Financial
– Behavioral
• Results of feasibility Study
– Summary of findings
– Details of findings
– Recommendations
• Analysis
• Design
• Implementation
• Post-Implementation and Maintenance

17. Classifications of Costs & Benefits
• Tangible Costs and Benefits
– Costs which can be directly calculated in terms of money
• Example: Costs like Machines, Salaries, Building Etc.
• Benefits like Reduced staff, Increase in Income
• Intangible Costs and Benefits
– Costs and benefits which cannot be directly calculated in terms of
money
• Example: Morale of Staff
• Efficiency
• Company Image
• Customer Satisfaction

18. Cost Benefit Analysis
• Costs • Benefits
– Hardware
– Improved Efficiency
• Computers, Network
Hardware, Peripherals etc – Reduction in staff
– Software – Improved Corporate Image
• System Software, Application – Reliability of Outputs
Software
– Staff – Improved customer
• Salaries relationship
• Other Benefits – Proper maintenance of
– Facilities Accounts resulting in less
• Building losses and better revenue
– Operating Costs collection
• Electricity – In-time payment of
• Security Creditors and Govt. levies
• Petrol
• Office Expenses (Paper etc)

19. Mini Project- Office
Automation
• Class is divided into 5 groups
• Group-1 studies what areas of office
automation can be undertaken.
• Group-2 studies the financial feasibility
under the constraint of Rs. 25,000/-
• Group-3 analyses the reports and prepares
analysis report.
• Group -4 studies the analysis reports and
makes recommendations
• Final discussion with the teacher of all the
groups