This document provides an overview of Module 1 of a training on safe hospital concepts. The module objectives are to teach participants about risk management concepts and frameworks, the role of hospitals in emergencies and disasters, concepts of safe hospitals, and the roles of stakeholders in ensuring safe hospitals. It consists of 4 sessions that cover risk management frameworks, the roles of hospitals, concepts of safe hospitals, and stakeholder roles. The first session defines key risk management terms and concepts and presents a framework for community risk management that relates hazards, vulnerabilities, capacities and risks. An exercise is used to demonstrate these concepts.

1. Module 1:
Safe Hospital Concepts

2. Module 1 Objectives

3. Module 1 Objectives
At the end of this module, participants will be able
to:
1.Use correctly the basic terms and concepts in risk
management.
2.Discuss the risk management framework.
3.Advocate for safe hospitals.
4.Initiate campaign for safe hospitals in their own
context.

4. Module 1 Expected
Outcomes

5. Module 1 Expected Outcomes
At the end of this module,
each hospital team members must have agreed on
the roles they have to play
and
the strategies they can do together
to ensure that their hospital is safe.

6. Module 1 Sessions
Session Number and Title Topics Time
Allotment
Session 1:
Risk Management
Framework
- 7 Fundamental Terms
- Framework for Community Risk
Management
- Risk Management Framework
~2 hours
Session 2:
Role of Hospitals in
Emergencies and Disasters
Roles of Hospitals in Different
Contexts
~1 hour
Session 3:
Concepts of Safe Hospitals
- Safe Hospital Campaign
- Concepts of a Safe Hospital
- Elements of a Safe Hospital
~2 hours
Session 4:
Ensuring Safe Hospitals:
Roles of Stakeholders
- Stakeholders’ Roles
- Advocacy for Safe Hospitals
~1 hour

7. Mod 1 Session 1:
Risk Management
Framework

8. Mod 1 Session 1
Objectives

9. Mod 1 Session 1 Objectives

10. Mod 1 Session 1 Objectives
At the end of the session, the participants will be
able to:
2. Discuss the risk management framework.
a. Reducing hazards
b. Reducing vulnerabilities
c. Increasing capacities
d. Decreasing risks

11. Topic 1:
The Seven Most
Important Concepts and
Terms

12. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
EXERCISE

13. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
EXERCISE
Instructions:
•Divide into groups preferably according to hospital
affiliation.
•You will be given seven sheets of cut paper by your
facilitator.

14. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
EXERCISE
Instructions:
Do the following:
For the first sheet of paper, write three (3) examples of
hazards.
For the rest of the sheets write the following:
3 examples of emergencies
3 examples of disasters
3 examples of risks
3 examples of vulnerabilities
3 examples of capacities
For your last sheet, define community.

15. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
EXERCISE
Instructions:
•Identify a facilitator and a spokesperson to present your
group outputs.
•Process your group’s answers, organize your outputs, and
write them on a flip chart.
•Post your answers. You have 2 minutes to present your
output.

16. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
EXERCISE

17. Session 1 Objective 1
Use correctly the basic
terms and concepts in risk
management.
a. Hazards
b. Emergencies
c. Disasters
d. Risks
e. Vulnerabilities
f. Capacities
g. Community
Commonly misused
Knowing these terms
correctly is essential not
only in understanding
risk management
framework but also in
formulating emergency
and disaster plans.

18. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
HAZARDS
Any potential threat to public safety and/or
public health
RISKS
Anticipated consequences of a specific
hazard interacting with a specific
community (at a specific time)

19. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
Classes of Hazards
•Natural Hazards
•Technological Hazards
•Biological Hazards
•Societal Hazards
•Others – workplace, specifics
HAZARDS
Any potential threat to public safety
and/or public health

20. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
HAZARDS
Any potential threat to public safety
and/or public health

21. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
HAZARDS
Any potential threat to public safety
and/or public health
Classes of Hazards
•Natural Hazards
•Technological
Hazards
•Biological Hazards
•Societal Hazards
•Others – workplace,
specifics
Examples of Hazards
•Earthquakes
•Factory explosions
•Medical wastes
•Civil unrests
•Fire

22. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
RISKS
Anticipated
consequences
of a specific
hazard
interacting
with a specific
community (at
a specific
time)
Examples of Risks (Consequences):
•Dead and missing
•Injury (mental and physical)
•Disease (mental and physical)
•Secondary hazards (fire, disease
etc.)
•Contamination of the environment
•Displacement of people
•Breakdown in security
•Damage to infrastructure
•Breakdown in essential services
•Loss of property
•Loss of income

23. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
RISKS
Examples of Risks
(Consequences):
•damage to
infrastructure
•loss of property
Anticipated consequences of a specific
hazard interacting with a specific
community (at a specific time)

24. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
RISKS
Examples of Risks
(Consequences):
•Displaced people
Anticipated consequences of a specific
hazard interacting with a specific
community (at a specific time)
Armed
conflic
t

25. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
HAZARDS
Any potential threat to public safety and/or
public health
RISKS
Anticipated consequences of a specific
hazard interacting with a specific
community (at a specific time)

26. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
EMERGENCY
An actual threat to public safety and/or
public health
DISASTER
Any actual threat to public safety and/or
public health where local government and
the emergency services are unable meet the
immediate needs of the community

27. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
EMERGENCY
An actual
threat to
public safety
and/or public
health
Examples of Emergencies:
My son hasn’t come home from
school.
A man is having a heart attack.
A plane is about to crash.
Gas is leaking from a factory.
Fire is occurring in a hospital.
An earthquake has happened in
Sri Lanka.

28. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
EMERGENCY
An actual threat to public safety and/or
public health
DISASTER
Any actual threat to public safety and/or
public health where local government and
the emergency services are unable meet the
immediate needs of the community

29. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
DISASTER
Examples of what must be done in an
emergency:
Any actual
threat to public
safety and/or
public health
where local
government and
the emergency
services are
unable meet the
immediate
needs of the
community
• Find and rescue victims
• Evacuate victims to safe place
• Provide first aid & medical transport
• Treat the injured
• Provide emergency shelter,
sanitation, food and water
• Provide care for the dead and
manage the missing
• Re-establish security
• Re-establish essential services
(water, energy, communications)
• Repair essential infrastructure
• Plan for recovery and reconstruction

30. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
EMERGENCY
An actual threat to public safety and/or public
health
Not all emergencies lead to disasters but all
disasters are emergencies!
DISASTER
Any actual threat to public safety and/or public
health where local government and the emergency
services are unable meet the immediate needs of
the community
IF WE MANAGE EMERGENCIES WELL, WE
PREVENT DISASTERS!

31. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
EMERGENCY
An actual threat to public safety and/or
public health
DISASTER
Any actual threat to public safety and/or
public health where local government and
the emergency services are unable meet the
immediate needs of the community

32. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
VULNERABILITIES
Factors which increase the risks arising
from a specific hazard in a specific
community (risk modifiers)
CAPACITIES
An assessment of ability to manage to an
emergency (a risk modifier) – total capacity
is measured as readiness

33. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
VULNERABILITIES
Factors which
increase the risks
arising from a
specific hazard in
a specific
community (risk
modifiers)
The characteristics and
circumstances of a community,
system or asset that make it
susceptible to the damaging
effects of a hazard.
Examples:
•Poor design and construction of
buildings
•Inadequate protection of assets
•Lack of public information and
awareness

34. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
VULNERABILITIES
Factors which
increase the risks
arising from a
specific hazard in
a specific
community (risk
modifiers)
VULNERABILITIES in
elements of a community:
1. People
2. Property
3. Services
4. Livelihoods
5. Environment

35. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
VULNERABILITIES
Factors which
increase the risks
arising from a
specific hazard in
a specific
community (risk
modifiers)
VULNERABILITIES in elements
of a community:
- People
• Access to health care
• Access to safe water
• Access to sanitation
• Access to adequate
housing
• Access to regular source
of income
• Nutrition index
• Literacy index

36. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
VULNERABILITIES
Factors which
increase the risks
arising from a
specific hazard in
a specific
community (risk
modifiers)
VULNERABILITIES in elements
of a community:
- Property
• Buildings
• Health infrastructure
• Vehicles
• Medical equipment /
supplies

37. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
VULNERABILITIES
Factors which
increase the risks
arising from a
specific hazard in
a specific
community (risk
modifiers)
VULNERABILITIES in elements
of a community:
- Services
• Curative care services
• Ambulance services
• Public health services
• Health information system

38. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
VULNERABILITIES
Factors which
increase the risks
arising from a
specific hazard in
a specific
community (risk
modifiers)
VULNERABILITIES in elements
of a community:
- Livelihoods
• Formal
• Informal

39. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
VULNERABILITIES
Factors which
increase the risks
arising from a
specific hazard in
a specific
community (risk
modifiers)
VULNERABILITIES in elements
of a community:
- Environment
• Natural / built
• Urban / rural
• Water / soil / air quality
Vector habitats
• Forestry, agriculture

40. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
CAPACITIES
An assessment of
ability to manage
to an emergency
(a risk modifier) –
total capacity is
measured as
readiness
Examples of Parameters of
Capacities:
•Laws, policies, plans, procedures
•Trained personnel; knowledge,
skills and attitudes
•Code alert systems
•Institutional arrangements
•Management structures
•Facilities, material resources
Readiness to respond to
and recover from
emergencies

41. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
VULNERABILITIES
Factors which increase the risks arising
from a specific hazard in a specific
community (risk modifiers)
CAPACITIES
An assessment of ability to manage to an
emergency (a risk modifier) – total capacity
is measured as readiness

42. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
COMMUNITY
people, property, services, livelihoods and
environment i.e. the elements exposed to
hazards

43. Topic 1: The Seven Most Important Concepts and Terms
COMMUNITY
people,
property,
services,
livelihoods and
environment
i.e. the
elements
exposed to
hazards
1. the people
2. their property (infrastructure,
possessions and assets; public,
private and cultural)
3. their services (government and
non-government, commercial
and voluntary)
4. their livelihoods (urban and
rural, formal and informal)
5. their environment (air, water and
soil; urban and rural, built and
natural)

44. Session 1 Objective 1
Use correctly the basic
terms and concepts in risk
management.
a. Hazards
b. Emergencies
c. Disasters
d. Risks
e. Vulnerabilities
f. Capacities
g. Community
Commonly misused
Knowing these terms
correctly is essential not
only in understanding
risk management
framework but also in
formulating emergency
and disaster plans.

45. Mod 1 Session 1 Topic 1
Any questions?

46. Topic 2:
Risk Management
Framework

47. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
Framework for
Community Risk
Management

48. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
Framework for Community Risk Management
Using basic concepts
in risk management:
a. Hazards
b. Emergencies
c. Disasters
d. Risks
e. Vulnerabilities
f. Capacities
g. Community
Community Risk
(Emergency / Disaster)
(proportional to)
Hazard x Vulnerabilities
Capacities

49. Framework for Community Risk Management

50. Framework for Community Risk Management

51. Framework for Community Risk Management

52. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
Preparedness
Response
Relief &
Recovery
Development
Mitigation
Prevention
Disaster Impact

53. Hazard mitigation
and prevention
Vulnerability
Recovery
Emergency reduction
management
Emergency
preparedness activities
& Readiness
Disaster
+
+
+
Risk Management
Positive
contribution
Safer Communities & Sustainable Development
Negative
impact

54. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
Framework for Community Risk Management
Risk Reduction or
Management
•Hazard Reduction Plans
(reduce exposure)
•Vulnerability Reduction Plans
(reduce consequences)
•Emergency Preparedness
Plans (increase capacity for
response and recovery)

55. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
Risk Management Framework
Using basic concepts
in risk management:
a. Hazards
b. Emergencies
c. Disasters
d. Risks
e. Vulnerabilities
f. Capacities
g. Community
Risk (Emergency / Disaster)
(proportional to)
Hazard x Vulnerabilities
Capacities

56. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
Risk Management Framework
Risk Reduction or
Management
•Hazard Reduction Plans
(reduce exposure)
•Vulnerability Reduction Plans
(reduce consequences)
•Emergency Preparedness
Plans (increase capacity for
response and recovery)

57. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
EXERCISE
Hazards, Vulnerabilities, Capacities and Risks

58. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
EXERCISE
Hazards, Vulnerabilities, Capacities and Risks
Instructions:
•Observe closely the procedure that your facilitator
will demonstrate and be ready to answer the
following questions such as “What glass will be
affected the most if I will shake the table?”
•Also, observe events or changes that are going on
as the procedure is being conducted.

59. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
EXERCISE
Hazards, Vulnerabilities, Capacities and Risks

60. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
EXERCISE – Simulating Earthquake!
Hazards, Vulnerabilities, Capacities and Risks
Procedure 1: Very slight shaking of the table
Possible effect:
•No effect to the table with glasses
Processing:
•Hazard should interact with a community to have effects
•Location of a community is an example of vulnerability
(susceptibility)

61. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
EXERCISE – Simulating Earthquake!
Hazards, Vulnerabilities, Capacities and Risks
Procedure 2: Minor shaking of table (Theme: Hazard analysis)
Possible effect:
•Glasses made of light material might tumble
•Glasses made of heavier and stronger material will shake
but may not tumble
Processing:
•Earthquake is an example of hazard
•Types of glasses as examples of vulnerabilities

62. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
EXERCISE – Simulating Earthquake!
Hazards, Vulnerabilities, Capacities and Risks
Hazard Analysis:
•Analyzing exposure
•Cannot define vulnerability unless you have identified the
hazards
•You need exposure before risks become relevant
•Vulnerability without hazard
•Cannot define outcome without defining vulnerability

63. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
EXERCISE – Simulating Earthquake!
Hazards, Vulnerabilities, Capacities and Risks
Procedure 3 and 4: Moderate and strong shaking of table
(Theme: Hazard reduction, capacity respond, recovery)
Possible effect:
•Even with reinforcement or good quality glasses, they may
all tumble or fall
•Even with the best effort, we cannot respond to all affected
( e.g. we cannot catch all the glasses when they fall)

64. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
EXERCISE – Simulating Earthquake!
Hazards, Vulnerabilities, Capacities and Risks

65. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
EXERCISE – Simulating Earthquake!
Hazards, Vulnerabilities, Capacities and Risks
Procedure 3 and 4: Moderate and strong shaking of table
(Theme: Hazard reduction, capacity respond, recovery)
Processing:
Capacity to respond
•Exemplified by readiness of the presenter to catch a falling
glass
•Ready to respond with skills, knowledge, resources

66. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
EXERCISE – Simulating Earthquake!
Hazards, Vulnerabilities, Capacities and Risks
Procedure 3 and 4: Moderate and strong shaking of table
(Theme: Hazard reduction, capacity respond, recovery)
Processing:
Recovery
•Cleaning up, you cannot respond to everyone
•So clean up the mess

67. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
EXERCISE – Simulating Earthquake!
Hazards, Vulnerabilities, Capacities and Risks

68. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
Framework for Community Risk Management
Risk Reduction or
Management
•Hazard Reduction Plans
(reduce exposure)
•Vulnerability Reduction Plans
(reduce consequences)
•Emergency Preparedness
Plans (increase capacity for
response and recovery)

69. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
Risk Management Framework
Risk Reduction or
Management
•Hazard Reduction Plans
(reduce exposure)
•Vulnerability Reduction Plans
(reduce consequences)
•Emergency Preparedness
Plans (increase capacity for
response and recovery)

70. Mod 1 Session 1 Topic 2
Any questions?

71. Closing:
Mod 1 Session 1

72. Session 1 Objectives

73. Session 1 Objectives
At the end of the session, the participants will be
able to:
2. Discuss the risk management framework.
a. Reducing hazards
b. Reducing vulnerabilities
c. Increasing capacities
d. Decreasing risks

74. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
Framework for Community Risk Management
Risk Reduction or
Management
•Hazard Reduction Plans
(reduce exposure)
•Vulnerability Reduction Plans
(reduce consequences)
•Emergency Preparedness
Plans (increase capacity for
response and recovery)

75. Topic 2: Risk Management Framework
Risk Management Framework
Risk Reduction or
Management
•Hazard Reduction Plans
(reduce exposure)
•Vulnerability Reduction Plans
(reduce consequences)
•Emergency Preparedness
Plans (increase capacity for
response and recovery)

76. Mod 1 Session 1
Any questions?

77. Mod 1 Session 1:
Risk Management
Framework
The End