Gender Roles In Australian Maritime Archaeology

Gender Roles In Australian Maritime Archaeology
Maritime archaeology has been established over the past two decades, and especially, Australian maritime archaeologists have played global
leadership roles. This book, one of the Plenum Series in Underwater Archaeology, summarises significant maritime archaeological investigations and
innovative approaches by Australian archaeologists and underwater cultural heritage managers. Staniforth and Nash composed this book with not
only a rage of people who work in a variety of organizations in Australia, but also a diversity of views from different generations; however, as the
editors remark, 11 people out of the 13 authors are male, the gender imbalance is an issue that maritime archaeologists should address. The papers are
organised into sections
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Analysis Of Marija Gimbutas 's ' The Living Goddess '
Archeology like any other science is prone to uncertainty and a couple mistakes. However, when an idea is presented as a fact, it is outrageous,
nothing is completely definite and everything is basically a theory. Marija Gimbutas was very passionate about the Goddess, in The Living Goddess,
she says, "The role of the father in prehistoric antiquity was either not fully understood or not as highly valued as that of the mother," (112).
Nevertheless, the way that she presented her argument was not convincing. Gimbutas acted as though she knew the history of a civilization just by
looking at the artifacts she found, she used her own research as her evidence to support her claims, and lastly she is guilty of letting her own ideas
cloud her judgment. Throughout her work, Gimbutas appears to be omniscient claiming to know that there was a civilization in Old Europe that was
matrifocal, peaceful and offered its citizens a higher quality of life. She paves the road for her peaceful utopia by defining the word civilization
through the eyes of an archeologist, "Historians have assumed that civilization implies a hierarchical political and religious organization, warfare, a
class stratification, and a complex division of labor," (Gimbutas, The Civilization viii). Once she introduced the barbaric society that revolved around
males she contrasts this by saying that gynocentric cultures did not revolve around petty superficial things that mattered in a patriarchal society
(Gimbutas, The

Appropriate Observation
Out of every given site, site E was most likely to have fossils because it has the traits that are needed to find fossils. There is no vegetation, lots of
sedimentary rock, and shows evidence of erosion. In this project, our group evaluated every site to find the most fossils and narrowed it down to site
"E." To start it off, there is an absence of vegetation. This makesfossil finding easier because the paleontologists don't need to dig under trees, roots,
and other assorted plants to get to fossils that may have been hidden under vegetation. This makes digging much harder as opposed to sedimentary
rocks. When vegetation lies on the ground, it is much harder to find fossils as the time spent uncovering the ground of plants will take up more

Archaeology : The Field Of Archaeology
Archaeologists:
The field of archaeology is a sub–discipline of anthropology. People, who study archaeology, are called archaeologists. What they do in this field is
that they find and study the artifacts of past civilizations like tools and weapons, pottery, jewelry, and clothing (if it survived that passage of time).
From analyzing artifacts, archaeologists are able to form hypothesizes of how that ancient culture would have lived and behaved, even if there is no
written record.
The field of archaeology helps, especially, with decoding the unknown history of the Native Americans before European contact. From the
archaeological sites to the different dates of artifacts collected over the decades, archaeologists have grouped pre–European contact in Native American
history four periods of time, Paleo (Prehistory) (more than 10,000 years ago), Archaic (roughly 10,000–2,500 years ago), Woodland (roughly 3,000
years ago– early 1600s), and then Euro–American (1600s to present)*. *These time frames are a rough estimate, which means that there is potential
overlapping, and it is theorized that there is not a distinct beginning and end, just one continuous growth of culture throughout time. Most Native
American communities will accept western time periods of their culture, however, there are some that refuse to acknowledge them because they are
western times about their life.
Paleo: Post–Glacial Native Americans:
When did Paleo–Indians arrive?
Archaeologists believe that

Catalhuyuk Women Analysis
Part 1: During the 1960's an archeological dig conducted by James Mellaart took place in what is now modern day Turkey. Mellaart was just one
of many archeologists who wanted to understand the civilizations of the Neolithic age, and Catalhuyuk (an early civilization which lived in what
is now modern day Turkey) in particular. The dig led to a discovery of multiple female figurines made from baked clay called Venus figurines.
These figurines were most likely created around 5,000 B.C.E. Part 2: The Venus figurines could have been made to express the way the Catalhuyuk
people viewed women. Considering how plentiful the figurines are, historians can infer that women were most likely worshipped. Women in the
Catalhuyuk civilization could have been worshipped for many reasons. They were capable of pregnancy which people may have thought connected
them to the earth. If they had a direct connection to the earth, they were goddesses or special beings which would have be celebrated and praised.
Because religion played such a huge part in their everyday lives, perhaps the people created the figurines to call upon the earth goddesses for rain,
crops, or protection from illness. Looking... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This change could have been due to the rise of agriculture. The rise of agriculture meant that men didn't have to hunt for food and women didn't have
to gather food. Naturally the men decided that women were too weak to participate in farming so the gender roles began to become imbalanced. The
women, not having to participate in food production were now viewed purely as tools for expanding their population. Because the clock never ticked
back in time, women still remain unequal to men this day. If women could have played a part in the agricultural revolution, would gender roles would
be more

Caesarea Maritima Essay
The site of Caesarea Maritima contains many unique challenges for archaeological excavations. In spite of this, through pottery analysis,
archaeologists are able to learn about different aspects of the site. Nonetheless, Caesarea Maritima has a variety of specific challenges associated with
it for archaeologists. Not only does it cover a significant section of the coastal region, but the immense harbour, over time, has been completely
submerged in the sea. Along with geographical challenges, there are also historical ones. The site of Caesarea Maritima was inhabited from Hellenistic
time until the Crusaders, a period spanning over 900 years. As it was continuously inhabited, the archaeological layers contain the remnants of many
different cultures.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the site of Tell el–Hesi, Petrie noticed specific styles of pottery at different stages of the dig (Petrie 1890). By a comparison of the different pottery
forms with similar pieces dated from previous sites, Petrie was able to date the surrounding material through the pottery. Significantly, by studying the
pottery forms, Petrie created an association between specific dates and forms of pottery (Petrie 1891) thus created a chronology which revolutionised the
archaeology of the Levant. To give an illustration of the impact which Petrie's discovery has had upon archaeology in the Levant, his chronology
has been used on archaeological sites in the region throughout the past century (Cole 1984; Tushingham 1986). In Caesarea Maritima Petrie's
discovery of dating a site through the pottery has assisted with dating both the city and the harbour of Sebastos. In the harbour, the discovery of
pottery was interpreted as evidence that the city was importing goods via sea trade, during the 3rd century AD (Hohlfelder 1988). While excavating
Caesarea Maritima the Department of Antiquities in Israel discovered that an area they were excavating was abandoned during the Arab conquest
(Yeivin 1955, p. 123). Yet, because there was evidence of pottery from the eighth and ninth centuries in addition to some lamps, it was evidence that
after the site had been abandoned it was resettled. Because of the discovery of Mameluke pottery, it became apparent that the site was superceded
during the Crusader period (Yeivin 1955, p. 123). Petrie's discovery of the association between pottery and dating, therefore, has assisted in the
archaeology of Caesarea

Pompeii And Herculaneum: Archaeology Analysis
The different methods used by archaeologists over time to investigate the sites of Pompeii and
Herculaneum proved to be beneficial and assisted in the conservation, protection and reconstruction of the sites.
In source 5, Steven Ellis stated that 'Pompeii as an archaeological site is the longest continually excavated site in the world ... the development in the
science of archaeology was tested out in Pompeii – with mixed results' indicates that scientific methods used in Pompeii revealed details that were
either conclusive or inconclusive.This method changed and challenged archaeologists as some viewed it as positive in the sense that it could provide
insight about the site or it could be negative as the method could impact the artefacts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In relation to source 10, The House of the Gladiators collapsed in 2010 (this may not link to source 10), however it is one of the major buildings in
Pompeii that have collapsed.This brought worldwide attention and made radical reforms and outlined the corrupt nature of conserving the sites of
Pompeii and Herculaneum.The cause was due to heavy rain, the decaying restored concrete roof, management incompetence and political neglect.
Tsao Cevoli, president of Italy's National Association of Archaeologists, called the collapse 'an irreparable wound to the world's most important
archaeological site
Yet again, in source 9 Hadrill quoted "The greatest challenge is to understand why this happens, and to set up procedures and practices to ensure it does
not happen again future"
The impact of tourism
'Today the biggest danger for the old town is the increasing number of visitors ...' Dr Salvatore Nappo
Pompeii attracts around 2 million people every

Alistair Macleod- Modern World Versus Traditional World Essay
Modern World versus Traditional World
The stories from Alistair Macleod's The Lost Salt Gift of Blood are often related to the lives of the people of the Maritimes who are commonly miners,
fishermen and farmers. The author repeatedly examines similar themes and issues in his short stories such as isolation, choices versus consequences
and the concept of dying culture. However, the most prominent theme deals with the contrast between the rural ways of life and the more modern city
life. This theme is not only limited to the Maritime culture; it is something that can be universally understood. His reason for utilizing this theme is to
prove that the modern way of life is not always better then the traditional ways. Alistair Macleod ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This shows the difference between their lives in Montreal versus Cape Breton. Frequently throughout Macleod's stories he presents a conflict between
modernity and the traditional way of life.
The concept of the traditional world versus the modern world is a global phenomenon which is not limited to the Maritime Provinces. In the world
there are a multitude of cultures. Within any culture there are deep rooted traditions that affect the way people view education, entertainment, and
jobs. However, due to the advances throughout the world a conflict between modernity and the traditional world has arose. Throughout Alistair
Macleod's The Lost Salt Gift of Blood collection, his stories portray this conflict in a Maritime setting and mostly represent the conflict between the
traditional world and the modern world. "The Golden Gift of Grey" deals with the same theme; however, it is set within Northern America.
Throughout the story there are examples proving the more traditional ways of life such as, "They did not know the aching loneliness of which it
spoke and when it floated from the windows of the house on warm summer nights it branded their parents indelibly as hillbillies and they themselves
as well." (Macleod 93) This is a great point, showing that not only can this theme be prone to the Maritimes but allows readers to consider that the
theme is universally distributed.
"The Road to Rankin's Point" is an

Cultural Appropriation, By The Kylie Jenner Lip Challenge
Anyone who knows me, knows me knows that I love to watch reruns of "What not to wear" on TLC, As it teaches me something I clearly know
nothing about, fashion. However anyone who is in my Spanish class known that I not only care about my culture but others as well. This school year
has been interesting both fashion–wise and politically, from the Kylie Jenner Lip challenge, to Donald Trump running for president. It has been such
a weird school year however, that it has pointed out a sad fact about the current fashion world, that is prevalent through the politics we discuss in our
everyday lives, and that is cultural appropriation. As cultural appropriation according to the Oxford Dictionary is "A term used to describe the taking
over of creative or artistic forms, themes, or practices by one cultural group from another. It is in general used to describe Western appropriations of
nonвЂђWestern or nonвЂђwhite forms, and carries connotations of exploitation and dominance." And despite how much we would like to believe
that this issue doesn't exist in our present day society, if one looks In clothing stores, fashion magazines, and even Halloween parties, cultural theft is
occurring. This can be seen especially with indigenous cultures as: elements of indigenous cultures are morphed into fashion trends and costumes for
those who will never understand their significance. "Navajo print" leggings, "tribal" jewelry, and "Indian princess" Halloween costumes are examples
of gross

Yigael Yadins Archaeological Contributions
Yigael Yadin's Archaeological Contributions
Introduction
Biblical Archeology has helped in supporting the historicity of the Bible. Not that archaeology proves or disapproves the Bible – this it does not, it
only supports the history of the Bible. One of the discoveries that support the biblical historicity is the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Dead Sea Scrolls came
from eleven caves, mined over the course of seven years, over 15,000 documents supporting biblical historicity have been unearthed at Qumran. One of
the archeologist that played an important part in this discovery was Yigael Yadin ofIsrael. Yadin, not only contributed to the discovery and research of
the Dead Sea Scrolls more than any other archeologist, but he also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only did he contribute to the discovery and research of the Dead Sea Scrolls but he also was responsible for unearthing many mysteries that
surrounded the history of Israel at places like Masada, Hazor and Tel Megiddo. In this paper I will briefly talk about Yadin's life, his archeological
achievements and major contributions to biblical archeology and in doing so will show that Yadin was no ordinary archeologist but truly was a one of
the most influential archeologists concerning the discoveries as it relates to the history of Israel.
Early Life Yigael Yadin's original name was Yigael Sukenik and he was born March 21, 1917 in Jerusalem. His mother was Chassiya Sukenik and his
father was Lipa Sukenik. Even as a child people remarked how exceptionally beautiful he was and how remarkable he was at a young age. This would
prove to be true later in life. He was considered as growing up in a middle–class Jewish society in far–off Lithuania. His mother, Chassiya had the
opportunity to become a respectable businessman's wife in Bialystok but she had no desire to do so. Chassiya had as far back as her teenage years
intended to become a teacher of Jewish pioneers' children among the palm trees of Eretz Israel. Yadin's father, Lipa

Pipeline Case
Energy East is a proposed 4,600–kilometre pipeline by the Calgary–based energy corporation TransCanada. It would stretch from Alberta to New
Brunswick, an export terminal. The pipeline, if built could carry up to 1.1 Million barrels of crude oil per day. The pipeline would be built by
transforming an existing pipeline and adding more to the pipeline. Travelling through these pipelines would be a cocktail of toxic chemicals including
Benzene a known poisonous chemical, refined into oil. This is very impactful to our environment and we have seen many issues arise. Our group,
Greenpeace and our team firmly believes the pipeline shouldn't be built. Why? This pipeline poses a serious risk to our environment, and animals
which is what our company... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mother earth doesn't need us but we need her. It doesn't help that we are deliberately hurting the earth and destroying what little we have. It's time for
humanity to stop terrorizing mother earth and give her time to

Big Family Archaeology Research Paper
Archaeology is the scientific study of humans from the origin through the present. It encompasses the investigating, analyzing, and interpreting of
culture, behavior and the material remains of previous human societies. Material remains, or artifacts, might include structures, garbage–heaps, tools,
metals, ceramics, or food. Archaeology is an important field of anthropology, which is the study of human culture. Archaeologists concentrate on past
societies and cultures and study their changes in those societies over extremely long periods of time. Before this search I didn't realize what a big
family archaeology belonged to. I thought archaeology was just about digging up artifacts from the past because people wanted their findings to be put

Negotiation, Game Theory and Cultural Resource Management...
The final article is "Negotiation, Game Theory and Cultural Resource Management" presented by K. M. Sullivan in 1986. This paper is about game
theory and negotiation processes. It refers specifically to the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service's approach to cultural resource
management. It has implications for academic researchers in dealings with Aboriginal people. In New South Waleswhere environmental impact
assessment is required, the Service has the right to require archaeological survey to be carried out for Aboriginal sites. Such work is done at the
expense of the developer who engages consultant archaeologists. If sites exist, the developer must either show that they will not be adversely affected,
or must apply for consent to destroy the sites. Such consent is given only after any further detailed archaeological investigation and in consultation with
local Aboriginal people, whose agreement is sought for research, mitigation or destruction. Academic research which in any way damages a site must
be the subject of an application which must meet both academic and conservation standards and requirements, and must have Aboriginal consent.
During these processes, there are many issues which could result in various costs to the developer. Negotiation is required to resolve conflict over
sites, which is essentially land use conflict. The aim of the Service is to protect sites, but in resolving the conflict surrounding any one site, the
long–term general

The Physics Of Egyptian Archaeology
From the start of the Carter's article, it is made known that clearing the objects from the antechamber is a delicate and difficult process. Each object
needs to be handled carefully, or they can crumble. The process was slow and, and put significant amount of pressure on archaeologists. One wrong
move, and evidence and knowledge from the past could be gone. Additionally, not all excavations are carried out properly, and because of this
knowledge of Egyptian Archaeology is fifty percent less than what it should be. Carter mentions there were many things that could have gone wrong,
one of these things being theft. Since everyone was excited about the tomb and because of the valuables, guards and security were needed to minimize
the chance of theft. Furthermore, the condition of the objects careful treatment was of concern and, and also visitors.
The first step of the process is photography. For this, movable electric standard lighting was required to take pictures of the chamber before anything
else. The photos were developed in an empty tomb used as a dark room. Next, they made a registering system with numbers so later they know where
the object came from in the tomb. Then, Carter describes, it was important to find a seclude storage and private space for the objects once removed,
which they found in the tomb of Seti II. This tomb was protected from the sun and open, although there were some space issues and distance problems
from the scene. Moreover, Carter also notes

Caesarea Maritima Analysis
The site of Caesarea Maritima contains many unique challenges for archaeological excavations. Ceramics play an important role in discovering factual
information about a site. Nonetheless, Caesarea Maritima has a variety of specific challenges associated with it for archaeologists. Not only does it
cover a significant section of the coastal region, but the immense harbour over time has been completely submerged in the sea. Along with geographical
challenges, there are also historical ones. The site of Caesarea Maritima was inhabited from Hellenistic time until the Crusaders, a period spanning over
900 years. As it was continuously inhabited, throughout the archaeological layers are the remnants of many different cultures. With this in mind,... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Important discoveries concerning maritime trade was learned through the analysis of amphora found in Vault 1 of area C (Blakely 1988). This article
not only focused upon a specific amphora that of Amphora Class 48/49 (Peacock and Williams 1986 p. 196–99) but also other Palestinian and
imported amphorae found in the vault. Through the analysis of Class 48/49 information such as where the pottery was made and what goods they
were transporting was learned. By studying the minerals found in the fabric of two of the sherds it was discovered that sherd 6.2 was formed in
the Avdat region of the Negev (Blackely 1988, p. 38) while sherd 6.3, because of the amount of heavy metals found within identified the amphora
as being made in Gaza or the Western Negev (Blackely 1988, p. 38). Coupled with the knowledge that very few examples of Amphora Class 48/49
were found inland while many examples were found in Caesarea, archaeologists theorized that the vessels arrived from the sea via Gaza avoiding
any overland travel. In the article it is pointed out the dating for the vessel types is debated. Dates range from the third to the sixth, centuries. Of the
Palestinian pottery, the analysis shows they might have contained water or wine, however, no evidence of oil was found (Blackely 1988, p. 39). One
of the more common imported Amphora from vault 1 was the Rhodian Amphora (Blackely 1988, p. 41) and they were thought to have carried wine.
Because of the large number of imported amphorae identified, the archaeologists hypothesised that the function of the vault was primarily that of a
storage facility for international goods. After the contents of the amphora where analysed it became apparent that their purpose was not to transport
only one product rather residue from two or more goods was found (Blackely 1988, p. 42). Another key piece of evidence identified was the

The Issue Of Today 's Society
Seminar Paper (Entangled) Introduction There is no denying consumerism has become an issue of today's society. People are consuming more
than they ever have before. Because of it material culture has become an increasing area of study. Material culture is described as the relationship
between people and their material things. People are owning more stuff which is leading to major problems. The mass consumptions of these
goods has a negative impact on the planet. It takes lots of energy and resources to produce a product, thus takes a negative toll on the planet.
Rainforest are cut down, habits are destroyed, global warming increases, waste and toxic gases have increased, animals are killed, and people are
displaced. The people in marginalized communities and third world countries are the ones that are affected the most. People are employed in
horrible conditions, and paid horrendous salaries by these huge corporations profiting on the exploitation of these people, while profiting
tremendously from the boom in consumer goods. Not only have people of western societies but people around the world are craving and desiring
consumer goods. What is being consumed at an alarming rate is technology. With the technological boom and technological advances at an alarming
rate has led to people purchasing such products. Because technology has become so globalize and so easy to acquire at a price that is accessible by
most, it has led to an increase in sales and production

Archaeology and Ethics
Michelle Heatherly
Archaeology and Ethics
11/15/12
Student Id: 5920 mheathe3@utk.edu Anth 120– 004
There are many similarities in the ethical statements/codes of the SAA, SHA, AIA, and RPA. The ones that pertain to this case are as follows: it is
the responsibility of archaeologists to work for the long–term conservation and protection of the archaeological record (SAA 1, AIA 1, RPA 1.1
–e). The
buying and selling of objects out of archaeological context is contributing to the destruction of the archaeological record around the world, and these
items should not be traded, sold, bought, or bartered as commercial goods (SAA 3, SHA 6, AIA 2, RPA 1.2
–e). Within reasonable time, the knowledge
archaeologists gain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also they are to be careful to preserve and protect the archaeological site when publishing and distributing information about their nature and location
(SAA6 and SHA3).
Finally, the last ethical dilemma to be discussed is the importance of archaeologists to inform the proper authorities when illegal trading, or selling,
of artifacts is discovered. In the text it states, "The two project directors reply that they will not purchase the pots themselves, nor will they
guarantee that authorities will not be notified. They do, however, loan the men some gasoline and a video camera for a day, to record the pots and
their location." It is questionable that the two directors would only imply that they could not promise the authorities would not be notified. It is
their duty to do so, according to the statements and ethical codes of many archaeological organizations. They also give the local employees
gasoline and a video camera for a day leads the reader to believe that they are okay with this sort of behavior and have no intention of notifying the
proper authorities. It also says that because of the video camera, many of the villagers now know where the cave is, and will likely know what ends
up happening to the pots. Because the villagers now know where the cave is, it is even more important that the authorities are notified so that similar
situations do not arise with villagers scavenging the cave and finding more

Forensic Analysis
Purpose: The main goal of this article is to raise awareness about how forensic archeology and anthropology can be used to improve the outcome of
cases in the advocacy for human rights. It is mainly intended to prove how the material remains can be used to address violations of human rights in
the past, by allowing the families of the victims to honor their memories. A way to do that is to provide the deceased with appropriate burials, as well
as to provide their families with enough knowledge to seek justice. This article proves the efficiency of archeological techniques to illustrate how
human rights have been compromised in the past by providing objective evidence of violations committed during the Civil War in Spain. This article
demonstrates... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these are the study of stratification through the analysis of color variations, and components of the ground. Moreover, historical and archival
researches were detrimental to the process of data recollection. Other techniques included the recording of human remains before and after the
excavations by taking photographs in situ (Congram, Flavel and Maeyama 2014). Features and other non–organic remains were equally analyzed and
recorded for further analysis. Other useful techniques included geographical information based on the location and position of the graves, as well as
drawing scales of the corpses' positions in them (Congram, Flavel and Maeyama 2014). Furthermore, anthropological analysis was paramount. Through
anthropological studies conducted in the lab, as well as at the field, forensic anthropologists and archeologists were able to recreate a complete
compilation of oral histories based on municipal records and official documents. Also, testimonies of the victims' family members, and interviews with
former prisoners gave a profound insight that advanced the investigation. Other methods worth mentioning were DNA analysis, but due to its
limitations and time constraints, DNA analysis was not conducted on every exhumed body. This research method was carried out at the expense of
family members with economic means who set up to identify their dead relatives; it was not sufficiently plausible during the investigation as a result of
time constraints. Significant qualitative and quantitative data were collected during this investigation, and these became extremely relevant to
determine causes of death of the corpses found in mass burial grounds. All the data collected and the methods used during the research, provided a solid
understanding of the circumstances of the deaths of the victims, along with concise evidence that supports the

Cortical Bone Loss In The Neolithic Community
Unlike Greece where the majority of the research has been the team has also started to look and do research in the Neolithic settlement of
Г‡atalhГ¶yГјk. One of the research projects that occurred in that location is the investigation of cortical bone loss and fracture patterns in the Neolithic
community using radiogrammetry. The main focus of this study is an examination of the widely used calculation that expresses second metacarpal
cortical bone values, followed by an examination of age and sex–related patterns of cortical bone loss and skeletal fragility fracture in a Neolithic
archaeological skeletal sample from Г‡atalhГ¶yГјk, Turkey. This study is particularly unique because there have been very few works in the bio
archaeological... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While it is argued that the influence of bone/body size is removed from MWI and CTI and can be demonstrated algebraically, statistically and
graphically, analogous CI values in this analysis did not differ noticeably or influence statistical outcomes. We do suggest however, that the relationship
between size variables and measurement variables are explored prior to the application of ratios. Bone quantity and quality of the human skeleton is the
cumulative product of health, diet and nutrition, physical activity and lifestyle over the life course. Further, while nutrition plays a key role in skeletal
growth and maintenance during all developmental stages, diet and nutrition are intricately woven with other biological, social, and cultural influences
on the skeleton. Bone tissue is a dynamic medium that is capable of recording many life history events, allowing us to reconstruct some of the key
influences on bone loss and fragility in past populations. While our work, on cortical bone loss at Г‡atalhГ¶yГјk remains preliminary, and will benefit
with the addition of biomechanical analyses in other long bones of the skeleton, the patterns revealed in this study do provide some insight on bone
health across different life stages, particularly in those individuals from the later Neolithic phases of mound occupation. Adult cortical bone loss
measured in the metacarpals shows some of the expected age–related patterns but

The Boston University Archaeology Department Essay
On May 9th, 2016, the Boston University Archaeology Department held a public outreach event called, "Eating Archaeology", where guests were
served foods from four different time periods and places: Bronze–age Mycenae, Bronze–age China, Pre–Columbian Mesoamerica, specifically the
Aztecs, and mid–19th century Boston. The creation of these dishes was made possible through analyzing archaeological sites through the lens of the
newly popularized sub–field, archaeology of the senses, which studies how the materiality of the world contributes to and is influenced by how humans
use their senses (Hamilakis 4). Through analyzing the bodily senses, archaeologists can create a more detailed interpretation of the experiences of
ancient humans (Hamilakis i). This new interest in the sensory aspect of human culture brings a fascination with the types of foods that people
consumed in the past. With this in mind, a group of graduate students in the fields of archaeology, food history, and gastronomy, at Boston University,
collaborated to test if material remains can be used to recreate ancient recipes. Through eating these foods, one can glimpse a part of the culture that ate
the dish, illustrating the power of taste, and demonstrating that archaeology can be used to create something tangible for the public. This paper will
focus on the research process for the mid–19th century brothel site, located in Boston, and how the materials gathered during excavation were used to
reconstruct the

Sanisera Research Paper
Sanisera (Menorca) Sanitja bay, located on the northern coast of the island of Menorca, is home to a Roman fort and Sanisera. The bay was
originally only open to the Roman military but later opened to trades around the time Sanisera was established. Unlike Pollentia, Sanisera was one of
the only Roman sites not constructed on top of an indigenous site. The lack of modern construction over Sanisera has made it possible to undertake
an extensive excavation of both sites. The first phase of excavations focused primarily on the fort with some surveys of the city, the current phase of
the excavation of Sanitja began in 1992 (Sa Nitja 1996). Throughout both excavation phases, there has also been a lot of focus on the various
shipwrecks in the bay.

Coastal Migration of the Clovis People to the Americas
According to the standard accepted theory, the Clovis people were the first inhabitants of the Americas. The Clovis people crossed the Beringia land
bridge during the period of the last ice age, from there they spread across the Americas through an ice free–corridor. However, recent finding have
suggested that the first people did not walk to America but came by boat. This paper will examine evidence found in Haida Gwaii and other sites along
North and South America that supports a different view of human migration to the Americas, the coastal migration theory.
The peopling of the Americas "was the last great human migration, the final leg of our journey out of Africa" (Bawaya, M. How the west was won).
Precisely how and when this migration occurred is presently up for debate. Accepted archaeological wisdom stated by Hetherington "suggests that the
first Americans were large game hunters who migrated from northeast Asia across the Beringian land bridge ca. 12000 years BP, spreading southward
through a continental ice–free corridor" (R. Hetherington et al.). Gugliotta says that archaeologists called these pioneers the Clovis, after distinctive
stone tools that were found at sites near Clovis, New Mexico, in 1929 (Gugliotta, The first Americans).
In recent years, the Clovis migration model has been challenged by a wide range of discoveries (Hadingham, E. America's First Immigrants). For one,
Hadingham says that, "the latest studies show that the ice–free corridor

The Bible Is True And Not Myths
Archaeology has verified that the bible is true but how? First, archeology has confirmed the biblical stories are true and not myths, as the world
believed, because of ancient sites and civilizations discovered. Second, manuscripts that were found and translated has shown people today how the
people back in the bible lived and worked. Last but not least, archeology has shown where major events, like battles, have gone on and during what
year, they happened. According to Archeology and the Old Testament, the book of Judges took place around theIron Age period, which was 1200 – 586
BC. Excavations have provided some useful information about daily life in ancient Israel during Judges, including the land, climate and people.
However, before we learn about how people lived their daily lives in Israel during the Iron Ages, we should learn about the geography of Israel.
The land of Israel stretches from Dan in the North to Beersheba in the South and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Transjordan in the
east. Israel 's landscape is divided into five main regions and even though the regions are in the same place they all receive different amounts of rain,
which produce different crops. The first region, the coastal plain, goes along the Mediterranean coast to Rosh HaNiqura, receives about 25 to 16
inches of rain which is a great place to grow grain. The second region, is the central mountain range that goes from Galilee to Negev Highlands; this
region receives from 20 to

The Body As A Metaphor For Society
In Andean society many societies and cultures generally believed that all things, such as mountains, rivers, and waterfalls had life (Benson 2001: 1).
The Andean individuals believed that all inanimate objects were thus animated. This ideology not only influenced the way they thought about the
world, but also the way they treated and viewed the body. The body is a very important and useful theme in archeology as the body acts as a metaphor
for society, the way a society/culture treats the body provides vital important regarding their worldview. In addition, the body is a tool of lived
experience which can indicate how individuals lived, what was sacred or important to them and also shedding light on who they were. In other words,
by understanding how bodies were conceptualized in Andean societies archeologist can indicate the significance of certain ritual practices. It is
important to deconstruct the body as it provides social truths regarding a specific culture within the Andean region. Furthermore, people do things to
their bodies which may help archeologists understand their belief system, the practices/work they may have been doing. For example, if an individual
spends their whole life grinding corn the body would reflect this activity and thus would be able provide information regarding that culture. This theme
concerning 'the body' pushes us to consider distinct ontologies as different cultures and societies developed differently and thus has diverse beliefs,

The Excavation Of The Uluburun Shipwreck
In the summer of 1982, a local Turkish sponge diver named Mehmed Cakir set out on a normal morning dive. In the Bay of Antalya in the
Mediterranean Sea near the city of Kas, the diver took a boat not too far off shore. During his dive, he found what he described as "metal biscuits with
ears" and reported them to the Institute of Nautical Archaeology in Kas. The INA then sent a team to the shoreline to discover what would end up
being the Uluburun, the oldest shipwreck ever excavated.
The site of the Uluburun shipwreck is just 50 meters (160 feet) off the eastern shore of Uluburun, and 6 miles southeast of the city Kas, Turkey.
Excavation of the Uluburun shipwreck began in July of 1984 and lasted until late 1994. It was split up into eleven campaigns, each lasting around
three to four months. The Institute of Nautical Archaeology controlled the entire excavation; however it was led by two different nautical
archaeologists. Dr. George F. Bass initiated the preliminary campaign in 1984 and was taken over by Dr. Cemal Pulak in 1985 until 1994. Dr. George
F. Bass is recognized as one of the early practitioners ofunderwater archaeology. In 1960, Bass was the director of the first archaeological expedition
to entirely excavate an ancient shipwreck, Cape Gelidonya, which is not far from the site of the Uluburun. When Bass left the project to teach, Pulak
took over and has been directing INA 's annual shipwreck surveys in Turkey since 1982.
The location of the Uluburun brought

What It Does It Exist?
In our history as a species, humankind has always been curious about itself. We have entire fields of study dedicated to the understanding of what it
means to be a human. One of the ways we explore our species and the societies we build is through the discovery and careful recording of those
people and societies that have come before us. However, as early research destroyed more than it conserved, new techniques were necessary to keep as
much of our history intact as possible. This led to new ways of conducting these investigations, preserving as much of the materials as possible. Two
such advances are ground penetrating radar (GPR) and side–scan sonar (SSS). Ground penetrating radar was first suggested not long after radar itself
was patented, but was not widely available to the general public until the mid–20th century. The way it works is simple: electromagnetic radiation that
exists on the radio band of frequency is sent into the earth, and different densities of materials reflect these waves back in different ways. A highly
skilled operator is absolutely essential in the use of GPR, as these waves are difficult to read and interpret. However, with these returned waves
understood properly, much information can be discovered without ever compromising the site. Side–scan sonar is a similar application for an entirely
different kind of archaeological site: underwater. SSS uses sonar pulses aimed at the bottom of any body of water and the reflections of these

Time Capsule Research Paper
A time capsule represents a culture in a bottle. And so, in order to create a relevant time capsule, this class must ask the question; "What three facets of
a society clearly represent its culture?" Because archeology specializes in the deciphering of long–dead cultures, a look at archeology's perspective is
most beneficial in answering this question. A review of the archeological literature reveals three topics consistently dominating the conversation. The
technology, belief system, and pastimes peculiar to a nation define its culture to observers viewing it from a future date. Therefore, a time capsule to be
opened in the year 2115 must include an artifact specific to the area of innovation, a relic representative of America's dominant religion and the main
contender, and something to present a picture of popular entertainment. The smartphone presents itself as the obvious choice for an artifact to represent
technology. However, it seems the only constant in computer science is that no constants exist. Technology grows at such a rapid rate that merely...
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As the main religion, a relic of unembellished, mainstream Christianity deserves a spot in any time capsule. Also, since America in form and function
is now primarily secular, secular humanism should provide part of this item. Audio recordings of a Southern Baptist minister and a vocal atheist, such
as Richard Dawkins, would supply the perfect relic. Because of the difficulty of acquiring a playback mechanism for vocal mediums found in time
capsules, the smartphones should carry them as files. This raises another problem, however, a charging cable attached to a hand cranked generator or
similar method is necessary to preserve the information should the future lose today's technology. In conclusion, the smartphones ought to include files
which represent the current religious landscape, and a method for perpetuating the files' life put in

Ian Hodder's Reading The Past
W Welliver
Reading the Past In Reading the Past, Ian Hodder argues that Processual, or New, Archaeology is flawed and that we must look at approaches used
before its adoption and integrate parts of those approaches into the study of archaeology. He points out that Symbols in Action helped him to develop
three ideas regarding how to do this. First, we must consider that material culture has meaning. Second, that the individual is important to the
development of theory in archaeology; and finally that archaeology is most closely related to history and should consider that in its approach. In looking
at meaning in material culture Hodder brings up how ethnographic work showed that, contrary to previous belief, interaction between cultures could
actually lead to a more marked difference in their pottery styles. He also referenced burial practices and refuse buildup, and how they differ based on
cultural beliefs of death and dirt, respectively. He also goes on ton argue that the material culture is not solely an adaptation to the environment, but also
depended upon the culture that produces it. To attempt to properly interpret the material culture requires context. Here Hodder asks three questions
concerning context: what is it, is the meaning we construct the same that was in people's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hodder argues that through the actions of individuals and the material culture society is created. However Processual archaeology rejected the
individual and chose to look at the socio–cultural system and its long–term development. Ethnographic information shows this as a flawed approach. In
some cases variations in ceramic styles were to denote social differences, as opposed to the craftsman's education or the ceramics use, something a
processual archaeologist may not even consider. He does point out that the focus on the individual has nothing to do with the role of free will in
change, but rather to add meaning to the material

Maritime Archaeology And Ancient Trade
In Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean, Andrew Wilson argues that ancient maritime trade peaked in the Hellenistic and
Roman periods. First, he identifies Parker's graph of known shipwrecks as inaccurate evidence on the trade intensity of the ancient maritime world.
Next, Wilson details several technologies, specifically the bilge pump, and hydraulic cement, that enabled the expansion of trade during the Hellenistic
and Roman periods. Finally, Wilson concludes that it was Roman standardization of currency and language, not new technologies, that allowed trade to
increase in the ancient world. When the Roman empire deteriorated, trade decreased, leading to the loss of harbors and shipping technologies.
In 1992, A.J. Parker published a study of known shipwrecks organized by their approximate century in which the ships sank. As a result, many
archaeologists have attempted to equate this graph with fluctuations in ancient maritime trade, depending upon the assumptions that each period had an
equal probability of ships wrecking, and that wrecks from all periods are equally visible to archaeologists. Wilson disagrees, claiming that these
assumptions are inherently flawed, and therefore, the graph cannot be used to analyze ancient maritime trade. First, the risks of wrecking were
dependent upon the trade routes, which, in turn, were dependent on what items were highly sought after (Wilson, 36). If products from nearby coastal
cities were desired, then

Book Review Barbarians to Angels Essay
Wells, Peter. Barbarians to Angel: The Dark Ages Reconsidered. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008
Barbarians to Angels written by Peter Wells is an enlightening read that sheds light on to what really went on during "The Dark Ages". The written
word during 400–800 AD came from educated citizens of the Roman Empire and their recount could be judgmental. Many historians are led to believe
that Barbarians destroyed Roman and everyone suffered from acts of violence, a mass migration, disease, starvation, and this was the way of life for
hundreds of years. But Peter Wells goes beyond the information in the written accounts and looks at the actual archaeological evidence. He uses this
information to help visualize life that went ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But over time some of these building would be torn down to make room for other uses and the some of the larger stones would be reused. Wells see's
this as another example of how life didn't stop just continued on differently. The studies of these cities reveal that there was continuity from one
generation to the next and not abrupt declines followed brilliant discoveries.
Wells points out several times throughout the book and he even uses a whole chapter to talk about Religion. The way Wells stresses that even though
the declared religion is Christianity people still used or practiced their beliefs from before. Wells does use archaeological evidence to back this up
from the burial sites, burial practices in Christian literature, artwork, and mythological themes hidden with Christian imagery. This evidence shows that
the general public was very slow to accept proper Christian practice, and even those converted rulers held to traditions too. The book makes one think
about how long and how many of these traditions survived. Wells even states in the book on pages 184–185, "Wearing or carrying charms, saying
prayer before meals, decorating Christmas trees, coloring eggs at Easter, and tossing coins into fountains are parts of practices that were carried out by
the prehistoric Peoples of Europe. What people think today when they toss their pennies, dimes, and quarters into the water may not be very different
from what

Archaeology : Museum Of Archaeology Script
Museum of Archaeology Script
Introduction
Good Morning year 11s and welcome to the Museum of Archaeology. On today 's excursion I will be taking you on a tour of the museum and help
you acquire the knowledge of what archaeology is, what archaeologist do, learn about one of the most outstanding archaeologist from the past 200
years, get to observe 2 artefacts from the Pandora and discover how they teach us about the everyday life of an 18th century soldier.
Definition
Archaeology is not just 'digging', although the excavation of artefacts is important, there are many more aspects of archaeology involved that are all as
significant. Archaeology can best be described as the study of extinct human cultures meaning that it is not just ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The final type of archaeologist are university archaeologist who both teach and train students in the study of archaeology (Zarmati & Cremin, 2004).
In actual fact almost everyone that you see working here today, including myself, come under the category of Museum archaeologist as we are
preserving and presenting artefacts but not digging for them. Just behind this glass window you will see some of our staff working to conserve the
artefacts that have been given to us by field archaeologist.
Effects, interest and arguments
Although archaeology is important in society today, without it there can still be authentic historical scholarship.If you look behind me you will notice
an artefact from the Egyptian tombs and next to it is an image of an archaeologist and historian working together to find it's location.
Both archaeologists and historians study past human activity, however they are not the same profession. The difference between the two according to
the reliable source provided by Richard Woodbury is that historians study and write about our past whilst archaeologist study recovering and
interpreting both artefacts and remains of past civilizations (Woodbury, 2008). Historians on the other hand focus more on studying cultures that have
already developed systems of writing. This is one of the key reasons why archaeology is not a major factor when it comes to authentic historical

Archaeology : Modern Infrastructure Projects Threatening...
At first glance, the study of archaeology may be perceived as the study of ancient artifacts, discovering tombs, or even just treasure hunting. However,
archaeology has very large impacts in the world today. Firstly, archaeology is vastly important because it is very relevant to how we understand human
history today. The study of archeology is not just important because it contributes to museums and writes history books. Without the work, projects,
and excavations conducted by archeologists, we would not have the valuable understanding of past humans and their interactions with the objects,
society, and world around them. In addition, many archaeological sites are in developing countries, which could have very positive economic impacts
if valuables are found. However, even though there are various constructive aspects of the work and study of archaeology today, there are many
controversial arguments about what is to be done with archaeological finds; as well as modern infrastructure projects threatening archeological sites.
For several decades now, many museums and archeologists have had feuds on epic archaeological discoveries and how they were collected. The most
famous example of this would be the controversy surrounding the Elgin Marbles. Excavated and collected by Lord Elgin from the Parthenon in Athens,
the Elgin Marbles are a collection of stone sculptures, inscriptions, and ancient Greek architectural features. The sculptures were excavated from the
Parthenon.

Heinrich Schliemann Essay
"We could describe (Heinrich) Schliemann's excavations on the hill of Hissarlik and consider their results without speaking of Troy or even
alluding to it," Georges Perrot wrote in 1891 in his Journal des Savants. "Even then, they would have added a whole new chapter to the
history of civilization, the history of art" (qtd. in Duch&ecirc;ne 87). Heinrich Schliemann's life is the stuff fairy tales are made of. A poor,
uneducated, and motherless boy rises through his hard work and parsimonious lifestyle to the heights of wealth (Burg 1,2). He travels the world and
learns its languages ("Heinrich Schliemann"), takes a beautiful Greek bride, and together they unearth the treasures of Troy and the citadel
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Schliemann himself once wrote, "If my memoirs now and then contain contradictions, I hope that these may be pardoned when it is considered
that I have revealed a new world of archaeology. The objects which I brought to light by thousands are of a kind hitherto never or but rarely found. It
was an entirely new world for me; I had to learn everything by myself and only by and by could I attain the insight" (qtd. in Duch&ecirc;ne
45). Even Traill comes to the defense of Schliemann's contributions; "The greatness of his achievements and their enduring significance are
beyond dispute" (Traill 97). Schliemann rediscovered an important site occupied from the Early Bronze Age until Roman times that whose levels
of strata most likely contain the Homeric city of Troy ("Homeric Questions Part III –Archaeology– 9/06/98"). He put the science of
stratigraphy to practice and innovated archaeology by building off of the processes of his predecessors. His digs at Mycenae led to Sir Arthur Evans's
discovery of the city of Knossos and the lost civilization of the Minoans, precursors to the Myceneans ("The Minoan Costume"). Neither the
Minoans nor the Myceneans had existed in anything

Difference Between Prehistory And Pre History
First Long Exam
1.History vs Prehistory
a.What is prehistory and how is this concept or term defined?
Prehistory is a discipline where it composed of series of events happened during the time where writing was not yet used to record those events. The
word itself means "before history" for it is associated with the prefix "pre–" which means before yet it was really the combination of the Latin word
"prae" that means before and the Greek word О№ПѓП„ОїПЃОЇО± which means history. These are the events that happened in times where in writing
was not yet used to record these events. Events are just based on either being told, predicted or believed by the people from long time ago and
evidences of this events came from excavation of fossils and discovery of materials in places believed to be the place inhibited by the prehistoric
people. It is a discipline where in trained and knowledgeable people in this field are the ones who can interpret, analyze and predict ... Show more
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Opinion Section
At present, how good are we in knowing and understanding our country's history? What is lacking in the study of Philippine history and what should
be done to improve our grasp of our own history? Who or what is/are at fault in the continuous failure of the Philippines in correcting many of the
errors in the writing of its history?
Honestly speaking, most of us do not pay attention to the history of our country resulting to less understanding about it. Philippine History need to be
understood and should be thought by the ones who understands it. Our failure is that we just let anybody tell the history of the Philippines without
fully understanding the History. This results to passing the wrong information about the history of the Philippines to others and a lot of versions of
history that made the History of the Philippines complicated.
2.On Historiography
a.How did Zeus Salasar differentiate the Western definition of history and our "indigenous" perception of what history or Kasaysayan

Time and Chronology in Archeology
Time and Chronology in Archaeology
Why is it important for archaeologists to establish chronologies and what are the strengths and weaknesses of absolute and relative dating methods in
their establishment?
By Liam Cornish
In this essay will discuss what chronologies are and why they are extremely important to archaeology. It will also discuss the different types of
chronologies as well as the varying methods of establishing them. Time can be determined in different ways, absolutely and relatively. There are
strengths and weaknesses to both of these ways of recording and measuring time and both tell archaeologists different information about parts of the
archaeological record. Both are also highly important to the field archaeology.
A chronology is an ordering of events and items from the past which is based on time. In his journal article on the seriation method Robert C.
Dunnell defines chronology as: "The stipulation of the temporal dimension of a body of data" (Dunnell 1970:305). This shows how chronologies are
intrinsically linked to time in archaeology. They are what allows archaeologists to study time and its relation with various parts of the archaeological
record. It also allows times effects on the past of humanity to be observed and measured.
Chronologies are vitally important to the study of the archaeological record. Indeed Erin C. Dempsey, in her journal article which deals with the
construction of valid chronologies, said that "Like time, chronology is of

Settlement in the Canadian Maritime Provinces Essay
Introduction
"New France was not merely the settlement of a few fur traders." The Acadians were "a pastoral–like people who once formed a proud nation in a land
called Acadia." Although falling under the jurisdiction of "New France," the Acadians governed separately than the rest of the country and were an
independent entity within New France. Today, "theAcadians are the French speaking population of the Canadian Maritime provinces," and these are
the Acadians that were not displaced during the expulsions, under British rule. Acadia's beginnings, with the construction of Port Royal, could have
marked the colony for success, but instead, led to a troubling conclusion for the European descendents. Through failed leadership, two ... Show more
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This settlement became the capital of Acadia and would remain so until the expulsion in 1713, interrupted only for three years, from 1610–1613, when
Port Royal briefly fell under British rule. Although the population of Port Royal grew slowly at first, the French settlers lived well, farming and
hunting. However, Port Royal was difficult to navigate, due to the constant flooding and unstable building materials.
Although [in 1687] Port Royal is the largest settlement, it contains only nine or ten buildings the others being barns. All the houses are low, made of
pieces of wood ... covered with thatch.
Despite the fertile ground, providing the Acadians with a diverse diet, it would be a struggle to defend Port Royal in times of discord. The fort itself
also often fell into disrepair, as it was difficult to maintain when flooding constantly eroded the riverbank. Due to this fertile ground, Port Royal became
desirable to the growing British empire. Despite the failing fort, the British settlers became interested in Port Royal and realized the potential of the
marshland. "Farming was the main, but not only, occupation of the Acadians." These people successfully grew a diverse diet including root vegetables,
grains, fruit, and other vegetables, as well as raising pigs, cattle, and sheep. This aided in flourishment of the Acadian people but also turned the
settlement into a potential conquest for the English Colonies.
Other Acadian Settlements

Subarctic Region Essay
Subarctic Region The people of Inuit, Yup'ik, Unangan, and other Native Americans Indians have lived in the harshest environment on Earth from
Siberia, across Alaska and Canada, and to the East of Greenland along the coast of the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean. From Labrador to the interior of
Alaska the Athapaskan, Cree, Innu, and other Native's people lived in the subarctic region of the land. These people had the ability to depend on their
years of knowledge of the sky, ice, ocean, land, and animal behaviors in order to survive. Living in the area that was vast and dealing with seasonal
dynamic extremes these Native people of the Artic and Subarctic had a honorable endurance for an millennia of exchanged goods, ceremonies, and
shared feasts with neighboring goods that has help them throughout the years. Research History: Chronology–period/Dates How the first Native people
arrived has always been shrouded with mystery, yet there have been theorists to suggest they came in one way or another. "Heavily glaciated during
the Pleistocene epoch (Ice Age), the early prehistory of Canada mirrors the withdrawal of the Ice" (Lightfoot 2009: 249). The Laurentide sheet and the
smaller Cordilleran ice sheet had created floors of the Chukchi and the Bering Sea, creating a bridge between Asia and Alaska. This bridge has been
presumed to be the route in which our long ago ancestors first entered the New World. It was then though Beringa, humans then begun to create
settlements all over

Summary Of Accuracy In Island Of The Blue Dolphinss
Accuracy in Island of the Blue Dolphins Accuracy varies depending on the purpose by which an author writes a story. Some authors may choose to
base their story purely on facts, some may stick to being entirely fictional, and the rest pick and choose facts and fiction. Island of the Blue Dolphins
entails the journey of a young native girl, Karana, who becomes stranded on her home island until her eventual rescue. This story in particular is based
on that of a Nicoleno woman, the Lone Woman. However, facts were left out regarding what happened in real life. InIsland of the Blue Dolphins, the
author, O'Dell, inaccurately depicts the Lone Woman's situational, historical, and archaeological relevance. O'Dell undermines the Lone Woman's
relevance in terms of the situations Karana, the main character, faces throughout Island of the Blue Dolphins. Karana watches her father die ,
which is an aspect O'Dell created to develop his story and is not historically evident. O'Dell's personal views of what a mother should be affected
the accuracy of his story because he felt that a mother should not forget her child . This explains why his book shows how Karana returned to the
island for her brother instead of being like the Lone Woman who returned for her child. O'Dell even makes up the concept of public and secret names
, which furthers his inaccuracy because this shows that he added the names as an element to build on the symbolism. Even more so, Captain Baranov's
offer of trade goods

The Evolution Of Human Civilization In Ishmael By Daniel...
In the novel Ishmael by Daniel Quinn, an unnamed narrator finds a mentor named Ishmael. Ishmael is a gorilla that teaches through telepathy, how
human civilization has developed to its current state. He explains that human culture can be split into two groups: Takers and Leavers. Takers are the
most dominant culture; they seek to control the world through aggressive agricultural production and development of new technology. The leavers on
the other hand, are people who live in tribal cultures that respect the world and seek to coexist with other species on earth. Ishmael explains that the
world is in danger, as the Taker way of life is destroying the world. The book challenges the idea that humans should rule the world and presents
different views on how human civilisation is destroying the world through its aggressive expansion.
A metaphor Ishmael used in the book (pages 61–63) was that Takers expansion in the world can be viewed like an early airman testing out the first
aircraft with flapping wings, its design based on a mistaken understanding of the laws of flight. As the flight starts out, all is well, as the airman
moving through the air freely. However, he is actually in freefall, as the device is not fit for flying. The man looks at all the abandoned crafts on the
ground and wonders why they didn't strive for flight like him. As he realizes he is falling to the ground, he tries to save himself by pedalling with all
his might, but as the aircraft is fundamentally flawed, this does nothing to save him. This journey can be compared to the journey of human civilization,
which started out based on the misconception that a human dominated earth could be sustainable. It failed to obey the basic laws of nature, which is
currently leading it to its downfall. This metaphor is very applicable to the world today, as we deal with the effects of human activities such as mass
industry, deforestation, and destruction of natural animal habitats for human settlement. These activities may seem to bring many benefits in the short
term, such as economic and technological development, easy access to energy and food, and cheap resources for mass production of goods; however,
in the long term these destructive human

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