2. Cognitive develoment ??
Cognitive development is a field of study in
psychology focusing on a child's development
in terms of information processing, perceptual
skill, language ,learning, ….etc .
3. Core systems of cognition
Core systems
1.Number
2. Space
4.
Essentialism
3.Language
acquisition
Cognition : intellectual processes through which we obtain , store and use information .
7. Adaptation :
Piaget believed that humans desire a state of cognitive balance
or equilibration. adaptation is achieved through assimilation or
accommodation.
8. Assimilation :
involves incorporating new
information into previously
existing structures or schema (e.g.,
a child encounters a Dalmatian for
the first time and incorporates
Dalmatians into her existing
schema for "dogs").
Accomodation :
involves the formation of new mental
structures or schema when new
information does not fit into existing
structures (e.g., a child encounters a
skunk for the first time and learns that
it is different from "dogs" and "cats."
She must create new representation
for "skunks").
9. Organization :
Refers to the mind's natural tendency to organize information into
related, interconnected structures. The most basic structure is the
scheme.
Stages of development :
10. 1. Sensorimotor stage :
infants from birth to 2 years old
During this stage the infants moves from
pure reflexive actions to the ability to
coordinate sentations and motor
movements such as voluntarily taking a
nipple into the mouth and sucking .
Object permanence is a child's
understanding that objects continue
to exist even though they cannot be
seen or heard (6-9 months ) .
11. 2. Preoperational stage :
from 2 years of age until 6 or 7 years
Piaget noted that children in this stage do not yet understand concrete
logic, cannot mentally manipulate information, and are unable to take
the point of view of other people, which he termed egocentrism.
During the preoperational stage, children also become evidenced by
the increase in playing and pretending.
For example, pretending a broom is a horse. Role playing also becomes
important during the preoperational stage. Children often play the roles
of "mommy," "daddy," "doctor" and many other characters.
12. Conservation
Equal amounts of liquid are poured into two
identical containers. The liquid in one container is
then poured into a different shaped cup.Children
are then asked which cup holds the most liquid.
Despite seeing that the liquid amounts were
equal,children almost always choose the more fully
for them .
13.
14. Piaget said that during this stage children are able to transform
different mathematical operations.
Important processes during this stage are seriation,
classification, decentering, and decrease in egocentrism.
3. Concrete operational stage :
from 6 or 7 until 12 or 13
15. • One of the best-known achievements of this stage is that of
conservation. In a typical conservation experiment a child is
asked to judge whether or not two quantities are the same
such as two equal quantities of liquid in a short and tall glass.
a concrete operational child will judge the amounts still to be
the same.
Conservation
16. 4.Formal operational stage :
Adolescent stage : begins at 12 or 13
This period is marked by rapid physical
growth and change and by a heightening
of sexual and romantic interest in others .
17. Adolescents at this
stage develop abstract-
thinking. They can solve
problems systematically
by using abstract
concepts.
Piaget suggests , for
example , that
adolescents often seem
preoccupied by concepts
such as truth , justice
,and the meaning of life
partly because the
capacity to thinkingsuch
abstract terms is new to
them .
18. We see that in Egocentrism
imaginary audience personal fable
20. Chemical matrials
1. Insulin
• It helps to regulate brain function
in cognitive processes.
• it promotes neuronal growth, and
regulates the levels of certain
brain neurotransmitters .
• So , Diabetes and Impaired
Cognition Are Linked .
2. Smoking :
• Nicotine can produce short-term
cognitive enhancement, however
exposure to nicotine during
adolescence might be neurotoxic.
• Adolescent smokers were found
to have impairments in accuracy
of working memory performance
irrespective of recency of
smoking.
21. Technology
1. The internet :
• The effect is 2 sided :
while too much use of the
internet can lead to addiction and
shorter attention spans, it has
also been shown that being
internet-minded gives people the
potential to learn even more.
2. T.V :
• Aggression : Watching a lot of TV
as a child, especially when the
programming contains violence,
can lead to lifelong aggressive
behaviors.
• Less Reading : children who
watch a lot of television at a
young age are less likely to read.
22. Common problems
• Cognitive impairment is the general loss or lack of
development of cognitive abilities, particularly autism and
learning disabilities.
