THIS ASSIGMENT CONTAINS 2 PARTS A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on topic 1. The evolution of altruism can be explained by kin selection and reciprocity. Kin selection is the idea that people help family before helping others (Gilovich, Keltner, Chen, Nisbett, 2019), particularly siblings and parents first and then so on. This makes sense because family is our first support system and they are the ones most similar. It would only make sense to want to do what we can to help them. If my child and another child both get hurt at the same time, it is automatic for me to check on my child first and then check on the other child. Reciprocity is the idea that we help others knowing that if we were in that same situation, we would want help (Gilovich, Keltner, Chen, Nisbett, 2019). I think this is especially true if we can relate more to the person. For example, given that I live in a place where there is a high military presence, there are homeless that will hold signs saying they are vets. Some of them may be but quite a few of them are not but they know more people will relate to them if they say they are. Another example is, when I see a mother struggling with her child with special needs in a store, I empathize with her and I want to help if I can. 2. Altruism, which is an unselfish behavior to benefit others without regard to the consequence of themselves, is a hard behavior to explain from an evolutionary perspective (Gilovich, Keltner, Chen, Nisbett, 2019). The two explanations that evolutionary theorist use are kin selection and reciprocity (Gilovich et al., 2019). Kin selection means altruism is a used to increase the chance of survival of genetic relative’s (Gilovich et al., 2019). Reciprocity is the reason that people from an evolutionary perspective explain altruistic behavior for someone outside of the direct kin (Gilovich et al., 2019). They use the concept of reciprocal altruism which means that someone helps others with the expectation that they’ll be helped at some point in return (Gilovich et al., 2019). 3. The evolution of altruism could be seen in how humans have grown more, whether it be because of economic stability, or being able to fully trust one another in a certain region of the world. What is also seen is that giving, feels good, and may even be healthy for you (Gilovich, 2018) it was seen in a study to increase the longevity of ones self if they were to volunteer. Another example seen is how much conflict their is in the world, a lot of despair and problems have occurred over the past century, these stories are passed down in homes, and may promote a behavior of altruism (Gilovich, 2018) even for myself I remember as a kid seeing ad's in school about sharing and caring and seeing those c.

1. THIS ASSIGMENT CONTAINS 2 PARTS
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 –
6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an
understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly
resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on
topic
1. The evolution of altruism can be explained by kin selection
and reciprocity. Kin selection is the idea that people help family
before helping others (Gilovich, Keltner, Chen, Nisbett, 2019),
particularly siblings and parents first and then so on. This
makes sense because family is our first support system and they
are the ones most similar. It would only make sense to want to
do what we can to help them. If my child and another child both
get hurt at the same time, it is automatic for me to check on my
child first and then check on the other child.
Reciprocity is the idea that we help others knowing that if we
were in that same situation, we would want help (Gilovich,
Keltner, Chen, Nisbett, 2019). I think this is especially true if
we can relate more to the person. For example, given that I live
in a place where there is a high military presence, there are
homeless that will hold signs saying they are vets. Some of
them may be but quite a few of them are not but they know
more people will relate to them if they say they are. Another
example is, when I see a mother struggling with her child with
special needs in a store, I empathize with her and I want to help
if I can.
2. Altruism, which is an unselfish behavior to benefit others
without regard to the consequence of themselves, is a hard
behavior to explain from an evolutionary perspective (Gilovich,
Keltner, Chen, Nisbett, 2019). The two explanations that
evolutionary theorist use are kin selection and reciprocity
(Gilovich et al., 2019). Kin selection means altruism is a used

2. to increase the chance of survival of genetic relative’s (Gilovich
et al., 2019). Reciprocity is the reason that people from an
evolutionary perspective explain altruistic behavior for someone
outside of the direct kin (Gilovich et al., 2019). They use the
concept of reciprocal altruism which means that someone helps
others with the expectation that they’ll be helped at some point
in return (Gilovich et al., 2019).
3. The evolution of altruism could be seen in how humans have
grown more, whether it be because of economic stability, or
being able to fully trust one another in a certain region of the
world. What is also seen is that giving, feels good, and may
even be healthy for you (Gilovich, 2018) it was seen in a study
to increase the longevity of ones self if they were to volunteer.
Another example seen is how much conflict their is in the
world, a lot of despair and problems have occurred over the past
century, these stories are passed down in homes, and may
promote a behavior of altruism (Gilovich, 2018) even for myself
I remember as a kid seeing ad's in school about sharing and
caring and seeing those cheesy ad's on TV about "pass it on" in
terms of compassion for one another.
4. One way to explain the evolution of altruism is kin selection
because one is more likely to help a relative before helping
someone that is not related at all. According to Gilovich,
Keltner, Chen, & Nisbett (2019) kin selection is when altruism
is used to increase the chances for one’s biological relatives’
survival. For altruism outside of blood relatives, an explanation
is reciprocity. According to Gilovich, Keltner, Chen, & Nisbett
(2019) people will help a stranger under the premise that they
will be helped in return. For myself, I really beg to differ and
think it varies based on the individual and their beliefs. I often
help others without any expectations because it feels good to
help people.
5. The bystander effect occurs when a person witnesses

3. someone in trouble, but they do not help or get involved in the
situation. Reasons they don’t offer help could be because they
are afraid to help, they may think someone else is already
helping or they just do not want to get involved. To increase the
likelihood that someone would help me in an emergency that
happens in front of a large crowd I would try my best to be that
person that helps someone in a large crowd. I would hope that
because I stepped in an emergency situation for someone that it
would be reciprocated in my time of need. Another way I would
attempt to get someone to help is to make eye contact, speak or
gesture to someone that I need help. Instead of asking if
someone could call 911 I would ask a specific person to call
911. Doing this can make that person feel like they are a part of
the situation therefore they need to help.
6. A couple of months ago I was at a Bar/Restaurant. I was off
duty and I was with some co-workers (Firefighters and
Paramedics). I waitress had her first seizure right in front of us.
Bystanders came to her aid but I noticed that a lot of them were
trying to help but in the process could have caused more harm
than good. I had to calm the bystanders down and give them
clear directions. I feel like that is the key to increase the
likelihood that someone will help. First you must specifically
look at someone and ask for help. Once you've asked for help
give them clear and concise directions. For example, you call
911 please. Or do you know if she has any medical problems
etc.. If you can communicate and involve someone then they are
more likely to help you in your emergency.
PART TWO
A minimum of 100 words each QUESTIONS and References (#1
– 3) KEEP QUESTION WITH ANSWER
1. Explain the connection between social rejection and

4. aggression from an evolutionary perspective.
2. Give two examples of how emotions can influence moral
judgments.
3. Describe the procedure and results of the Good Samaritan
study, and explain how it is an example of a situational
determinant of altruism
WEEK #3
In weeks 1-3, you have learned what digital evidence is, not in
the physical sense but in the legal sense, and then what steps
you should take to identify and collect it.
To summarize the evidentiary information from the readings,
there are four basic classifications of evidence that can be
applied to items of potential investigative value:
Testimonial Evidence – Testimony or a statement provided by
an individual detailing what they observed or experienced
(through any of their senses). For example, a witness may have
heard tires screech and a loud crash but not actually have seen
the accident. In this example, even though he didn’t actually
see the crash, witness’s testimony is still valuable - it can help
pinpoint the time of a crash, determine the number of vehicles
involved, or speak to the lighting conditions or weather
conditions were at the time of the accident. Testimonial
evidence can be significant as either direct or corroborating
evidence. In addition, expert testimony can be provided that
allows a subject matter expert (vetted and accepted by the
court) to offer opinions and interpretations (e.g., context) of
other evidence that has been or will be presented.
Real Evidence – Physical evidence. Examples would be a
murder weapon, a hard disk drive, fingerprints, blood or other
bodily fluids, clothing, stolen property, etc.
Documentary Evidence – Documents (such as records, checks,
or photographs) that are like real evidence in that it may be a
physical item (e.g., printed material), but documentary evidence

5. is also the results of the analysis of documents or records to
show a pattern of behavior. For example, you examine (and
create) potential documentary evidence each time you balance
your checkbook.
Demonstrative Evidence – Evidence that utilizes or requires a
demonstration, such as the use of a chart or map, to help prove
what happened. Demonstrative evidence is most often created
by an expert witness; an example might be using a dummy to
show how a person was standing when he was shot, or it could
be a flow chart showing how money was moved between
different accounts.
All four types of evidence could be and frequently are used
together in court to prove or disprove the facts of a case.
Readings in Week 2 discussed search and seizure or the ability
to retrieve evidence. Over the past two weeks, many of you
have mentioned search warrants in your discussions. The Fourth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (and the Supreme Court’s
subsequent interpretations thereof) requires that before a search
can be conducted and evidence can be seized, the Government
must obtain a search and seizure warrant (based on probable
cause) from an impartial magistrate. However, there is no
requirement for a private person or organization to obtain a
search warrant or work under the same constraints. Further, the
line can be blurred, as a private person or organization that
searches property or seizes evidence (not needing a warrant)
could subsequently turn it over to the Government.
In fact, they could do so even if the search was not legal under
the Constitution, or even if they did not have the right to enter
the place to be searched or committed civil trespass. Although
it may seem counterintuitive and like a severe violation of
individual rights, the only time the Fourth Amendment applies
to a private party is if the private party is acting as an agent for
the Government or law enforcement (such as a Government
contractor or a citizen asked by a police detective to gather
information for a specific purpose or investigation).
There are, of course, exceptions to the requirements on the

6. Government to obtain a search warrant prior to searching or
seizing evidence. For example, the Government would not need
a search warrant when a person with proper authority gives
consent to conduct the search (e.g., the company CEO gives
permission to search company servers for company data).
Another exception is when there are exigent circumstances
present that, if the time was taken to obtain a proper warrant,
could result in the destruction of evidence or harm to another
person; however, it should be noted that searches undertaken
due to exigent circumstances must be followed-up with a legally
obtained warrant as soon as the exigent circumstance has been
effectively neutralized). Exigent circumstances could come into
play in a digital evidence case when (for example) the owner of
a computer likely containing digital evidence knows of the
investigation and could delete the evidence from his storage
devices before a warrant could be obtained. However, while the
storage devices could most likely be seized without a warrant to
prevent data destruction, this exigent circumstance is not a valid
reason to conduct a forensic analysis of the storage media and a
warrant should be obtained immediately.
If evidence is not seized properly it may not be admissible in
court. Therefore, it is important to know the rules governing
what you can and cannot do (whether you are a private entity or
an instrument of the Government), as well as being able to
explain why you took the steps you did in order to sufficiently
articulate your actions (from a legal perspective). This is also
helpful in minimizing any potential civil liability.
After you seize a computer or device and have obtained the
proper authority to conduct a search of the contents, you must
then be able to testify that your next steps were forensically
sound and within the scope of your search authority (whether
granted by consent or warrant). Unless special precautions are
taken, you risk changing digital data on a device each time you
access it. For this reason, it is important you avoid conducting
an analysis of an original (evidence) device (such as the
suspect’s hard drive removed from his computer), but instead

7. make a forensically sound copy (i.e., a bit-for-bit copy of the
original made without altering the original data, often
accomplished with the use of a tool called a write-blocker)
suitable for examination.
In the readings, you will have read discussions of common tasks
facing a digital investigator, such as identifying different types
of devices you should look for when conducting a search; as
well as the preservation and analysis of those devices.
For this week’s discussion, complete the following two scenario
questions below in detail. Please discuss thoroughly and
substantively in your post. Additionally, respond in a thorough,
substantive, intelligent way to at least one of your fellow
classmates that adds to our discussion and learning of this
week’s topic!
1.) You are a digital forensic examiner and have been asked to
examine a hard drive for potential evidence. Give examples of
how the hard drive (or the data on it) could be used as (or lead
to the presentation of) all four types of evidence in court;
testimonial, real, documentary, and demonstrative. If you do not
believe one or more of the types of evidence would be included,
explain why not.
2.) You have been asked to assist a law enforcement team
serving a search warrant related to a child pornography
investigation. You are the digital forensic expert for the team,
and, as such, have been assigned the task of identifying and
collecting the digital evidence at the search location. Answer
the following questions about your assignment.
· What steps should you take before the search to serve the
search warrant?
· What types of evidence should you be on the alert for, when
searching the residence?
· What types of items would you seize?