Water Conditioning and Environmental Proctection

1. Water Conditioning
&
Environmental
Protection

2. •Be able to understand the importance of water
conditioning
•Be able to know the methods and processes
wastewater undergoes in retrieval and reuse
of water.
•Be able to determine the different water
materials, how it affects the environment and
how to recycle it.

3. Industrial Waters
 Present a complex
and challenging
problem to the
chemical engineers
 Besides moral and
community
considerations, laws
prohibiting and
limiting the pollution
of streams and air
require these
problems to be
considered as a
necessary operating
expense.
Water conditioning and wastewater
treatment have long been essential
functions of municipalities.

4. Some General Principles used
as Specific Solution to these
Problems:
 Increasing reuse of wastewaters,
 Control of pollution,
 Recovery of by-products at their
source and;
 Lagooning of wastes

5. Chemical Plant
 The quality and quantity of available
water are very important
 Consider the surface and groundwater
 Latter is more suitable for cooling processes
 Impurities contained in water varies greatly from one
section of the country to the other
Hard waters are those containing objectionable
amounts of dissolved salts of calcium and
magnesium. These are usually present as
bicarbonate, chlorides , sulfates, and nitrates.

6. Let us take United States as an example,
 On an average day, 1.6 X 109 m3 of water falls on the United
States of which, 70 percent is recycled to atmosphere by
evaporation or transpiration of plants.
 The amount of water used in the United States in 1960
amounted to 1.18 X 109 m3 per day and in 1980, 2.11 X 109
m3 per day, so it is obvious that demand is rapidly overtaking
the supply.

7.  The problem of quantity, quality, reuse and pollution
are complex and usually require expert study to decide
between alternative sources of water and optimum
treatment to minimize total cost use. The decision
generally depends on the use, whether for power
generation, heating, cooling, or manufacturing
processes.
 Hardness of water is usually expressed in terms of
dissolved calcium and magnesium salts calculated as
calcium carbonate equivalent. In addition, varying
amounts of sodium salts, silica, alumina, iron, or
manganese may also be present.
Two classes of Hardness:
 Temporary Hardness can usually be greatly reduced by
heating. It is caused by bicarbonates of calcium and
magnesium.

8. Water conditioning
 Water conditioning must be adapted to the
particular use for which the water is designed,
and problems should be referred to the experts
in this field. The use of requires the employment
of extremely carefully purified boiler feedwater.
Each industry has its special water-conditioning
requirement; e.g., laundries require zero
hardness to prevent precipitation of calcium and
magnesium soap on clothes. Calcium,
magnesium, and iron salts cause undesirable
precipitates with dyes in the textile industries
and with the dyes in paper manufacture.

9. Methods in water
conditioning
 Softening is the
process which
removes or
reduces the
hardness of water.
 Purification refers
to the removal of
organic matter and
microorganisms
from water
 Clarification may
be very important
and may combined
with cold-water
softening by
purification.

10. ION
EXCHANGE

11. HISTORY
1852, Way discovered the removal of
ammonia from aqueous liquids
Adams and Holmes published their paper
on purely synthetic organic exchange
resins and described anion-exchange
resins
1905, Gans use synthetic aluminosilicate
materials (zeolites) in first ion exchange
water softeners
Greensand replaced Zeolite
Development of sulfonated coal cation
exchange medium (carbonaceous zeolite)
Development of anion exchange resin
(condensation product of polyamines and
formaldehyde)

12. HISTORY
1940’s, development of
polysterene-divinylbenzene resins
Macroreticular or macroporous resins

13. What is
Ion

14. A chemical reaction in which mobile hydrated
ions of a solid are exchanged, equivalent for
equivalent, for ions of like charge in solution
The solid has an open fishnetlike structure,
and the mobile ions electrically neutralized
charged, or potentially charged, groups
attached to the solid matrix, called the ion
exchanger

15. What is
Ion Exchange
Resin?

16. An insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally
in the form of small (0.5-1 mm diameter) beads,
usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an
organic polymer substrate. The beads are typically
porous, providing a high surface area
Types of Ion Exchange Resins:
1. strongly acidic, typically featuring sulfonic acid groups,
e.g. sodium polystyrene sulfonate or polyAMPS.
4. weakly basic, typically featuring primary, secondary,
and/or ternary amino groups (e.g. polyethylene amine)
3. weakly acidic, typically featuring carboxylic acid groups
2. strongly basic, typically featuring quaternary amino groups
(e.g. trimethylammonium groups)

17. ION EXCHANGE PROCESSES
1. Sodium-cation-exchange process
- most widely employed method for softening water
- calcium and magnesium ions are removed from
hard
water by cation exchange for sodium ions
- the cation exchangers are usually of the
styrene-divinylbenzene sulfonated synthetic resin
type
Ca
Mg
(HCO3)2
SO4
Cl2
2NaR
Ca
Mg
R2 Na2
(HCO3)2
SO4
Cl2
where R is cation-exchanger
thus, represents 2 molecules of Sodium cation
exchanger
2NaR

18. - when the ability of the cation-exchanger bed to
produce completely softened water is exhausted, the
softener unit is temporarily taken out of service;
backwashed to cleanse and hydraulically reclassify the
resin particles in bed; regenerated with a solution of
common salt (sodium chloride), which removes the
calcium and magnesium in the form of their soluble
chlorides and simultaneously restores the
cation-exchanger to its sodium state.
2NaCl 2NaR
Mg
Cl2
(soluble)(insoluble
)
(insoluble
)
(soluble)
Mg
Ca Ca
R2
Regeneration Reaction:

19. 1. Hydrogen-cation-exchange process
- closely resembles the sodium cation procedure,
except that the exchange resins contain an exchangeable hydrogen
ion and can be employed to remove all cations
Ca
Mg
Exchanges with bicarbonates:
Na2
(HCO3)2 2HR
Ca
Mg
Na2
R2 2H2O 2CO2
(soluble) (insoluble
)
(insoluble
)
(soluble)

20. Exchanges with sulfates and chlorides:
Ca
Mg
Na2
SO4
Cl2
2HR
Ca
Mg
Na2
R2 H2
SO4
Cl2
(soluble) (insoluble
)
(insoluble
)
(soluble)
Regeneration with Sulfuric Acid:
Ca
Mg
Na2
R2 H2SO4 2HR
Ca
Mg
Na2
SO4
(soluble)(insoluble
)
(insoluble
)
(soluble)
- most widely used and most economical method of regeneration

21. 3. Lime-Soda Processes
- the use of slaked lime of soda ash to remove
hardness in water has long been important

22. Modern Application has ben divided into:
Cold-lime process – is employed chiefly for partial softening
and ordinarily uses
only cheaper lime for its reagent reactions
- this is particularly applicable to the partial
softening of municipal water, to the conditioning of
cooling water.
Hot-lime-soda process – is employed almost entirely for
conditioning boiler feedwater
- reactions proceed faster, coagulation and
the precipitation are facilitated, and all of
the dissolved gases, such as carbon dioxide
and air are driven out.

24. PHOSPHATE
CONDITIONING
SILICA REMOVAL
DEAERATION
PHOSPHATE
CONDITIONING
SILICA REMOVAL
DEAERATION

25. Phosphate Conditioning
 This process is used for conditioning of boiler water
and conditioning of cooling and process water.
 Orthophosphates such as trisodium phosphate and
Complex phosphate like sodium
hexametaphosphate, are both use in steam boilers
to precipitate whatever small amounts of the calcium
ion reach in the boiler water through the
pretreatment system or by leakage through the
condenser.

26.  Sodium hexametaphosphate is advantageous
where the boiler water tends to become too
alkaline, because it reduces this excess alkalinity
by reverting to an acid orthophosphate in the
boiler.
 When added to water which would normally
deposit calcium carbonate scale when made
more alkaline or when heated, it exhibits
precipitation.

27.  Threshold of cooling and process water with few
ppm of sodium hexametaphosphate depends on
other properties of this complex phosphate.
 Sodium hexametaphosphate is also widely used for
minimizing the corrosion and pickup of iron by water
in circulating cooling system, in plant distribution
systems, and in municipal system.

28. Silica Removal
 Silica may be removed from feedwater by the use of
dolomitic lime or activated magnesia in the softener.
 If preliminary coagulation and settling are carried
out, the use of a ferric coagulate will remove some
silica. These are especially suitable when the silica
concentration of makeup water is high.
 Such method do not entirely remove the dissolved
silica, but they do lower its concentration.
 The most commonly used method of producing
water with only a trace of silica is demineralization.

29. Deaeration
 Dissolved oxygen hastens corrosion by a number
of reactions depending on reactions.
2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) --> 2Fe(OH)2(s)
Naturally, air and water can change ferrous
hydroxide to ferric hydroxide.

31. Demineralized water also known as Deionized
water, water that has had its mineral ions
removed. Mineral ions such as cations of
sodium, calcium, iron, copper, etc and anions
such as chloride, sulphate, nitrate, etc are
common ions present in water. Deionization is a
physical process which uses specially-
manufactured ion exchange resins which
provides ion exchange site for the replacement
of the mineral salts in water with water forming
H+ and OH- ions.
Demineralization

32. De-mineralization
technology is the
proven process for
treatment of water. A
DM Water System
produces mineral
free water by
operating on the
principles of ion
exchange,
Degasification, and
polishing.
Demineralized Water
System finds wide
application in the
field of steam,
power, process, and
cooling.

33. Desalination
 refer to any of several processes that remove some
amount of salt and other minerals from saline water.
More generally, desalination may also refer to the
removal of salts and minerals, as in soil desalination,
which also happens to be a major issue for
agricultural production.
 Salt water is desalinated to produce fresh water
suitable for human consumption or irrigation. One
potential byproduct of desalination is salt.
Desalination is used on many seagoing ships and
submarines. Most of the modern interest in
desalination is focused on developing cost-effective
ways of providing fresh water for human use. Along

34.  Due to relatively high energy
consumption, the costs of desalinating
sea water are generally higher than the
alternatives (fresh water from rivers or
groundwater, water recycling and water
conservation), but alternatives are not
always available.

35. Water purification
 is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,
biological contaminants, suspended solids and
gases from contaminated water. The goal of this
process is to produce water fit for a specific purpose.
Most water is disinfected for human consumption
drinking water but water purification may also be
designed for a variety of other purposes, including
meeting the requirements of medical,
pharmacological, chemical and industrial
applications

36.  . In general the methods used include
physical processes such as filtration,
sedimentation, and distillation, biological
processes such as slow sand filters or
biologically active carbon, chemical processes
such as flocculation and chlorination and the
use of electromagnetic radiation such as
ultraviolet light.

38. Environmental
Protection
Environmental
Protection
Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the natural
environment on individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the
benefit of both the natural environment and humans. Due to the pressures of
population and technology, the biophysical environment is being degraded,
sometimes permanently. This has been recognized, and governments have
begun placing restraints on activities that cause environmental degradation.
Since the 1960s, activity of environmental movements has created awareness
of the various environmental issues. There is no agreement on the extent of
the environmental impact of human activity, and protection measures are
occasionally criticized.
Protection of the environment is needed due to various
human activities. Waste production, air pollution, and
loss of biodiversity(resulting from the introduction
of invasive species and species extinction) are some of
the issues related to environmental protection.

39. TOP 5 COUNTRIES BY BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

40. EXAMPLES OF PROTECTED AREAS
Zebras, Serengeti savana plains,TanzaniaThe Longwanqun National Forest Park is a nationally
protected nature area in Huinan County, Jilin, China
Panorama of the Iguazu falls in BrazilThe Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the largest
barrier reef in the world
Yosemite National Park in California. One of the
first protected areas in the United States

41. The Laws Enforced by the
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)

42. Primer for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems
4.1 Basics of waste water treatment
Sewage is created by residences, institutions, and commercial and industrial
establishments. It can be treated close to where it is created (in septic tanks, onsite
package plants or other aerobic treatment systems), or collected and transported
via a network of pipes and pump stations to a domestic treatment plant. Industrial
sources of wastewater often require specialized treatment processes. (Domestic)
wastewater (or sewage water) treatment is the process of removing the
contaminants from wastewater. It includes physical, chemical and biological
processes. Its objective is to produce a treated effluent and a solid waste or sludge
suitable for discharge. This sludge may also be reused. The sludge is often
inadvertently contaminated with toxic organic and inorganic compounds. Typically,
sewage treatment involves three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment.

43. Primary treatment is intended to reduce oils, grease, fats,
sand, grit, and settle-able solids. This step is done entirely
mechanically by means of filtration and sedimentation.
The secondary treatment is designed to substantially
degrade the organic content of the sewage. In this
secondary or advanced treatment step, very often
microorganisms are used in the purification step. This
biological treatment is an efficient method for the removal
and reduction of both organic contaminants as well as for
the reduction of the nutrient load. In this purification step,
dissolved organic matter is progressively converted into a
solid mass by using indigenous, water-borne bacteria.

44. Several methods are being used in modern WWTP’s, but the
most common method in the Netherlands is conventional
activated sludge (CAS). Activated sludge plants use a variety
of mechanisms and processes to use dissolved oxygen to
promote the growth of a biological floc that substantially
removes organic material. It also traps particulate material
and can, under ideal conditions, convert ammonia to nitrite
and nitrate and finally to nitrogen gas. In the final (tertiary)
treatment step, the organic solids (sludge) are neutralized
and then disposed or re-used. The treated water may finally
be disinfected chemically or physically for example by micro-
filtration or clarifier. The final effluent can be discharged
onto a natural surface water body
(stream, river or lake).

47. Grit Chamber is a small detention basin designed to
permit the settling of coarse, heavy inorganic solids, such
as sand, while allowing the lighter organic solids to pass
through the chamber

48. Aeration Tank is a chamber for injecting air and oxygen into water.

49. Clarifier
Clarifier also known as a settling tank, removes solids
from wastewater by gravity settling or by coagulation.

50. Digestion of solids takes place in tanks where volatile
organic materials are decomposed by bacteria,
resulting in partial gasification, liquefaction, and
mineralization of pollutants.

51. Biosolids are treated sewage sludge solids that have been stabilized to destroy
pathogens and meet rigorous standards allowing for safe reuse of this material
as a soil amendment.

52. Effluent is the treated liquid that comes out of a treatment
plant after completion of the treatment process.

55. INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTES
 Most solid wastes are separated as
sludge from process or wastewaters and
must be treated to render them
comparatively harmless before they can
be disposed of.
 Hazardous materials range from
inorganic salts to organic compounds to
radioactive materials. Each type of
material may require a different treatment.
The sludge is usually dewatered by
centrifugation, filtration, and or heat
treatment.
 Pyrolysis (breakdown without oxidation)
appears promising but has not been
successful either technically or
economically when used to dispose of
garbage or tires.
 High and low-level radioactive wastes
have posed difficult disposal problems
thus, vitrification and granulation have

56. AIR POLLUTION
 Air pollution, or atmospheric
contamination, is an acute problem
through-out the country. Among the
causes of air pollution are industrial
operations, transportation vehicles,
and incineration of rubbish and waste
by individuals.
 Air pollutants leaving chemical
processes and other industrial
installations may be gases, mists
(liquid particles less than 10
micrometer in diameter), spray
particles (liquid particles larger than
10 micrometer), dust, fumes, or
combination of these.
 Electrostatic precipitators are
widely used for dust collection, along
with baghouses, cyclones and
scrubbers.

57. Aragon, Sharnel
Sosa, Gabriel
Montecerin,
Archie
Gaitera, Ted
Velasco, Carl
Adrian
Trumata, Algen
Obnimaga,
Kenneth
Pinili, Aries
Water Conditioning and
Environmental Protection

58. The end