This document discusses theories and techniques for assessing personality. It covers: - Major theories of personality including type theories by Hippocrates, Kretschmer, Sheldon, Jung, trait theories by Allport and Cattell, and Eysenck's combination of type and trait theory. - Developmental approaches including Freud's psychosexual stages of development, Adler's emphasis on power and individuality, and Roger's view of continuous self-evolution. - Learning theories including social learning theory proposed by Bandura and Walter. - Subjective techniques like interviews, autobiographies and questionnaires. Objective methods like observation and ratings. Projective techniques analyze unconscious responses to ambiguous stimuli, including the

1. BY
DR. M.RAJANI CARTOR (PT)
B P T , M P T , D H A , D P S P . ,
P R O F E S S O R & P R I N C I P A L
V A P M S C O L L E G E O F P H Y S I O T H E R A P Y
PERSONALITY

2. Meaning & Nature
 Latin word ‘persona’ – masks of actors.
 Personality goes far behind and deeper than mere
appearance or outward behaviour.
 Watson- sum of activities (by actual observations)
over a long period of time.
 Morton – Sum of biological innate dispositions,
impulses, tendencies, appetites and instincts of the
individual + those acquired by experience.

3.  Allport - Personality is a dynamic organisation within
individual of those psycho-physical systems that
determine his/her unique adjustment to his
environment.
 Cattell – Personality is that which permits a prediction
of what a person will do in a given situation.
 Eysenck – Personality is more or less stable and
enduring organisation of a person’s character,
temperament, intellect, physique which determine his
unique adjustment to the environment.

4. Eysenck
Pros:
 Physiological base
 Heredity & environment
 Aspects – conative, cognitive, affective
 Integrative & organisable
 Measurable & assessable (scientific base)
Cons:
. Fixed base (as changes cant be denied)

6. DISTINGUISHED FEATURES - PERSONALITY
 Unique / specific
 Self consciousness
 All attributes/behavioural patterns
 (Conscious/semi/unconscious)
 Bricks(house), pillars-legs(elephant) cant define personality. Both
physical & social
 Dynamic(modifies)
 Heredity & environment
 Experiences
 Character is just ethical, but personality is a psychological
concept (more comprehensive)
 Beyond temperament (beyond emotion)
 More than ego
 Interpretation of one’s goal can help in knowing one’s personality
 COMPLEX BLEND OF CONSTANTLY CHANGING BEHAVIOUR

7. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
 Type (Hippocrates, Kretschmer, Sheldon, Jung)
 Trait (Allport, Cattell)
 Type + Trait (Eysenck)
 Developmental (Freud, Adler, Roger)

8. HIPPOCRATES TYPE THEORY

10. KRETSCHMER’S TYPE THEORY

11. SHELDON’S TYPE THEORY

12. JUNG’S TYPE THEORY

14. ALLPORT’S TRAIT THEORY

16. CATTELL’S TRAIT THEORY

17. TYPE CUM TRAIT THEORY
 EYSENCK THEORY
-Four levels of Behaviour organisation:
1.Specific responses
Eg: Blushing
2.Habitual responses (repetition of response)
Eg: hesitant to talk with strangers
3.Traits (organised habitual responses)
Eg: shyness
4.Types (organised traits)
Eg: Introvert
. 4 Distinct Types: Introversion, Extroversion,
Neuroticism, Psychoticism

18. DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH
 FREUD’S – PSYCHOANALYTIC
Id- Pleasure (Delinquent)
Ego- Reality (Balanced)
Super ego- Ideal (Neurotic chances)

19. FREUD’S - PSYCHOSEXUAL
Sex (Basic Need) – satisfaction -> Personality. Sex is life energy
May result in complexes in Phallic stage:
Deprivation – feeling deprived
Castration – fear of cut
Oedipus / Electra complex – loving opposite / rather hating same sex
parent

20. ADLER’S – INDIVIDUAL THEORY
 Sex is not life energy, rather Power motive is the
centre urge.
 There are no definite/distinct types
 Each individual is unique.
 Own life style

21. Carl Roger’s Self Theory
phenomenon of continuous evolution

22. LEARNING THEORY
 DOLLARD & MILLER’s:
 It’s a process of motivation & reward.
DRIVE
CUE
RESPONSE
REINFORCEMENT

23. Social learning theory
 BANDURA & WALTER’s:
(Structuring & restructuring)
Observational learning in Social situations -
Models / Actors / Parents / Elders / Teachers -
It develops further – on observing the reward his/her
model gets and also in later stage the reward he/she
gets…

25. Techniques for Assessment
(subjective, objective, projective)
Observation Techniques Situation tests
Autobiography Questionnaire & Personality inventory Interview
Biographies Case History method Rating scales Sociometric techniques
Projective Techniques
Physiological Responses
What we see in actual life situations
What we find – Individual says about himself
What we find – Others says about the individual
What we find – individual reacts to imaginative situations (fantasy)
(Testing the unconscious/covert)
What we determine by instruments

26. RORSCHACH TEST
10 cards (5 B&W, 5 Multi color)
LOCATION
• W (whole), D (large details), d(small details), s(white spaces)
CONTENT
• H(human), A(animal), Ad, Hd, N(nature), O(objects)
ORIGINALITY
• P-popular, O-originality/new
DETERMINANTS
• F-form, C-colour, M-movement, K-shading
Scoring Analysis & Interpretation:

27. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
murray & morgan
 Perception of pictures -in theme manner
 30 pics (human)- 10 male, 10 female, 10 both
 2 sessions with 10 pics/session.
 Test of imagination/creativity (no wrong or right)
 Story within fixed time period.
Scoring & analysis Interpretation:
Hero, Theme, Content, Test Situation,
additions/omissions, attitude (authority, sex),
Conclusion

28. TAT

29. Children (3-10 years) Apperception Test (CAT)
leopold Bellak
 Description Test:
10 cards with pictures of animals
 Administering Test: one by one cards are given, story,
pleasant game
 Interpretation: 11 variables
(hero,theme,end,attitude,family role, outside figures,
omitted figures, nature of anxieties,punishment of
crime,defence & confidence, supplementary knowledge)

30. CAT

31. Word Association Test:
.utter series of words, one at a time
.after each word, subject has to reply, quickly
.no right or wrong responses.
 Sentence – completion Test:
List of incomplete sentences. (opened ended), which
subject completes. Go through the list and answer as
quickly as possible with one or more words.
Other Techniques:
Drawing & Painting, Playing with material,

32. WAT

33. SCT