This document provides an introduction to the concept of differentiation in mathematics. It defines differentiation as the limit of the incremental ratio as the increment approaches 0, which represents the derivative or rate of change of a function. The document outlines standard differentiation rules and formulas for common functions such as sums, products, quotients, square roots, exponentials and logarithms. It provides examples of applying the product, quotient and chain rules to differentiate various functions. Finally, it defines the second derivative as taking the derivative of a function a second time to determine the rate of change of the rate of change.