2. operating system is the set of programs that controls a computer.
It provide a pleasant and effective interface between the user
and the hardware.
It is considered the backbone of a computer, managing both
software and hardware resources
Without a computer operating system, a computer
would be useless
What is Operating System?
3. LIST OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Operating systems Date of released platform developer
Microsoft Windows November 20, 1985 IBM / PC Microsoft
Ubuntu - - -
Android September 23, 2008 ARM, MIPS Google
Berkeley Software
Distribution(BDS)
1977 PDP-11, VAX, Intel
80368
UC Berkeley
Fedora May 21 2010 various Red Hat
IOS June 29, 2007 Apple Macintosh Apple
Windows Phone November 8, 2010 Qualcomm
Snapdragon (based
on ARMv7)
Microsoft
Linux 1991 All Community
Unix March 11,1971 Various Unisys
5. UBUNTU
UBUNTU IS ADEBIAN-BASED LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM,
WITH UNITY AS ITS DEFAULT DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT.
IT IS BASED ON FREE SOFTWARE AND NAMED AFTER THE
SOUTHERN AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY OF UBUNTU WHICH OFTEN IS
TRANSLATED AS "HUMANITY TOWARDS OTHERS" OR "THE BELIEF IN
A UNIVERSAL BOND OF SHARING THAT CONNECTS ALL HUMANITY“
A DEFAULT INSTALLATION OF UBUNTU CONTAINS A WIDE RANGE OF
SOFTWARE THAT ICLUDES LIBREOFFICE, FIREFOX, THUNDERBIRD
,TRANSMISSION, AND SEVERAL LIGHTWEIGHT GAMES SUCH
AS SUDOKU AND CHESS.
6. UBUNTU
MANY ADDITIONAL SOFTWARE
PACKAGES, INCLUDING TITLES NO
LONGER IN THE DEFAULT
INSTALLATION SUCH
AS EVOLUTION, GIMP, PIDGIN,
AND SYNAPTIC, ARE ACCESSIBLE
FROM THE BUILT IN UBUNTU
SOFTWARE CENTER AS WELL AS ANY
OTHER APT BASED PACKAGE
MANAGEMENT TOOL. EXECUTION OF
MICROSOFT OFFICE AND
OTHER MICROSOFT
WINDOWS APPLICATIONS CAN BE
FACILITATED VIA THE WINE
COMPATIBILITY PACKAGE OR
THROUGH THE USE OF A VIRTUAL
7. WINDOWS XP
WINDOWS XP IS A PERSONAL COMPUTER OPERATING
SYSTEM PRODUCED BY MICROSOFT AS PART OF THE WINDOWS
NT FAMILY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS. THE OPERATING SYSTEM
WAS RELEASED TO MANUFACTURING ON AUGUST 24, 2001, AND
GENERALLY RELEASED FOR RETAIL SALE ON OCTOBER 25, 2001.
DEVELOPMENT OF XP BEGAN IN THE LATE 1990S AS "NEPTUNE",
AN OPERATING SYSTEM BUILT ON THE WINDOWS NT KERNEL
WHICH WAS INTENDED SPECIFICALLY FOR MAINSTREAM
CONSUMER USE—AN UPDATED VERSION OF WINDOWS 2000 WAS
ALSO ORIGINALLY PLANNED FOR THE BUSINESS MARKET.
8. WINDOWS 7
WINDOWS 7 IS A PERSONAL COMPUTER OPERATING
SYSTEM DEVELOPED BY MICROSOFT.
IT IS A PART OF WINDOWS NT FAMILY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
AMONG WINDOWS 7'S NEW FEATURES ARE ADVANCES IN TOUCH
AND HANDWRITING RECOGNITION, SUPPORT FOR VIRTUAL HARD
DISKS, IMPROVED PERFORMANCE ON MULTICORE PROCESSOR
IMPROVED BOOT PERFORMANCE, DIRECT ACCESS, AND KERNEL
IMPROVEMENTS
WINDOWS 7 INCLUDES IMPROVED GLOBALIZATION SUPPORT
THROUGH A NEW EXTENDED LINGUISTIC SERVICES AP
9. MAC OS
MAC OS IS A SERIES OF GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE-
BASED OPERATING SYSTEMS DEVELOPED BY APPLE INC. FOR
THEIR MACINTOSH LINE OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS.
THE ORIGINAL OPERATING SYSTEM WAS FIRST INTRODUCED IN 1984 AS
BEING INTEGRAL TO THE ORIGINAL MACINTOSH, AND REFERRED TO AS
THE "SYSTEM". REFERRED TO BY ITS MAJOR REVISION STARTING WITH
"SYSTEM 6 AND "SYSTEM 7", APPLE REBRANDED VERSION 7.6 AS "MAC
OS" AS PART OF THEIR MACINTOSH CLONE PROGRAM IN 1996. THE
MACINTOSH, SPECIFICALLY ITS SYSTEM SOFTWARE, IS CREDITED WITH
HAVING POPULARIZED THE EARLY GRAPHICAL USER
INTERFACE CONCEPT.
MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN RELEASED IN TWO MAJOR
SERIES. UP TO MAJOR REVISION 9, FROM 1984 TO 2000
10. DESIGN
CONCEPT
APPLE'S ORIGINAL CONCEPT FOR THE MACINTOSH DELIBERATELY SOUGHT
TO MINIMIZE THE USER'S CONCEPTUAL AWARENESS OF THE OPERATING
SYSTEM.
MOUSE GESTURES
GRAPHIC CONTROLS
APPLE DEALERS
UPGRADE
COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
ACCESS CONTROLS
SINGLE USER ROOT PRIVILEGES
Editor's Notes
Ubuntu (originally /ʊˈbuːntʊ/ uu-boon-tuu, according to the company website /ʊˈbʊntuː/ uu-buun-too)[7][8][9][10][11] is aDebian-based Linux operating system, with Unity as its default desktop environment. It is based on free softwareand named after the Southern African philosophy of ubuntu (literally, "human-ness"), which often is translated as "humanity towards others" or "the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity".[12]
Development of Ubuntu is led by UK-based Canonical Ltd.,[13] a company owned by South African entrepreneurMark Shuttleworth. Canonical generates revenue through the sale of technical support and other services related to Ubuntu.[14][15] The Ubuntu project is publicly committed to the principles of open source development; people are encouraged to use free software, study how it works, improve upon it, and distribute it.[16][17]
Windows XP (codenamed Whistler)[5] is a personal computer operating system produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. The operating system was released to manufacturing on August 24, 2001, and generally released for retail sale on October 25, 2001.
Development of XP began in the late 1990s as "Neptune", an operating system built on the Windows NT kernelwhich was intended specifically for mainstream consumer use—an updated version of Windows 2000 was also originally planned for the business market. However, in January 2000, both projects were shelved in favor of a single OS codenamed "Whistler", which would serve as a single OS platform for both consumer and business markets. Windows XP was a major advance from the MS-DOS based versions of Windows in security, stability and efficiency[6] due to its use of Windows NT underpinnings. It introduced a significantly redesigned graphical user interface and was the first version of Windows to use product activation in an effort to reduce software piracy.
Upon its release Windows XP received generally positive reviews, with critics noting increased performance (especially in comparison to Windows ME), a more intuitive user interface, improved hardware support, and its expanded multimedia capabilities.[7] Despite some initial concerns over the new licensing model and product activation system, Windows XP eventually proved to be popular and widely used. It is estimated that at least 400 million copies of Windows XP were sold globally within its first five years of availability,[8][9] and at least one billion copies were sold by April 2014.[10]
Windows XP remained popular even after the release of newer versions, particularly due to the poorly received release of its successor Windows Vista. Vista's 2009 successor, Windows 7, only overtook XP in total market share at the end of 2011.
Sales of Windows XP licenses to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) ceased on June 30, 2008, but continued for netbooks until October 2010. Extended support for Windows XP ended on April 8, 2014, after which the operating system ceased receiving further support or security updates to most users.
Features[edit]
New and changed[edit]
Main article: Features new to Windows 7
Windows 7 live thumbnails
Among Windows 7's new features are advances in touch and handwriting recognition,[40] support for virtual hard disks,[41]improved performance on multi-core processors,[42][43][44][45] improved boot performance, DirectAccess, and kernelimprovements. Windows 7 adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different vendors (Heterogeneous Multi-adapter),[46] a new version of Windows Media Center,[47] a Gadget for Windows Media Center, improved media features, XPS Essentials Pack[48] and Windows PowerShell[49] being included, and a redesigned Calculator with multiline capabilities including Programmer and Statistics modes along with unit conversion for length, weight, temperature, and several others.[50] Many new items have been added to the Control Panel, including ClearType Text Tuner[51] Display Color Calibration Wizard,[52] Gadgets, Recovery, Troubleshooting, Workspaces Center, Location and Other Sensors, Credential Manager, Biometric Devices, System Icons, and Display.[53] Windows Security Center has been renamed to Windows Action Center (Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds), which encompasses both security and maintenance of the computer. ReadyBoost on 32-bit editions now supports up to 256 gigabytes of extra allocation. Windows 7 also supports images in RAW image format through the addition of Windows Imaging Component-enabled image decoders, which enables raw image thumbnails, previewing and metadata display in Windows Explorer, plus full-size viewing and slideshows in Windows Photo Viewer and Windows Media Center.[54]
The default taskbar of Windows 7.
The taskbar has seen the biggest visual changes, where the old Quick Launch toolbar has been replaced with the ability to pin applications to taskbar. Buttons for pinned applications are integrated with the task buttons. These buttons also enable Jump Lists to allow easy access to common tasks.[55] The revamped taskbar also allows the reordering of taskbar buttons. To the far right of the system clock is a small rectangular button that serves as the Show desktop icon. By default, hovering over this button makes all visible windows transparent for a quick look at the desktop.[citation needed] In touch-enabled displays such as touch screens, tablet PCs, etc., this button is slightly (8 pixels) wider in order to accommodate being pressed by a finger.[56] Clicking this button minimizes all windows, and clicking it a second time restores them.
Window management in Windows 7 has several new features: Snap maximizes a window when it is dragged to the top of the screen.[57] Dragging windows to the left or right edges of the screen allows users to snap software windows to either side of the screen, such that the windows vertically take up half the screen. When a user moves windows that were snapped or maximized using Snap, the system restores their previous state. Snap functions can also be triggered with keyboard shortcuts.Shake hides all inactive windows when the active window's title bar is dragged back and forth rapidly (metaphorically shaken).
Action Center, which replacesWindows Security Center in Windows XP and Vista
When the Action Center flag is clicked on, it lists all security and maintenance issues in a small popup window
Windows 7 includes 13 additional sound schemes, titled Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata.[58] Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed from Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. Users are able to disable or customize many more Windows components than was possible in Windows Vista. New additions to this list of components include Internet Explorer 8,Windows Media Player 12, Windows Media Center, Windows Search, and Windows Gadget Platform.[59] A new version ofMicrosoft Virtual PC, newly renamed as Windows Virtual PC was made available for Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions.[60] It allows multiple Windows environments, including Windows XP Mode, to run on the same machine. Windows XP Mode runs Windows XP in a virtual machine, and displays applications within separate windows on the Windows 7 desktop.[61] Furthermore, Windows 7 supports the mounting of a virtual hard disk (VHD) as a normal data storage, and the bootloader delivered with Windows 7 can boot the Windows system from a VHD; however, this ability is only available in the Enterprise and Ultimate editions.[62] The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) of Windows 7 is also enhanced to support real-time multimedia application including video playback and 3D games, thus allowing use of DirectX 10 in remote desktop environments.[63] The three application limit, previously present in the Windows Vista and Windows XP Starter Editions, has been removed from Windows 7.[64] All editions include some new and improved features that originated with Vista, such asWindows Search, Security features, and some features new to Windows 7. Optional BitLocker Drive Encryption is included with Windows 7 Ultimate and Enterprise. Windows Defender is included; Microsoft Security Essentials antivirus software is a free download. All editions include Shadow Copy, which—every day or so—System Restore uses to take an automatic "previous version" snapshot of user files that have changed.[65] Backup and restore have also been improved,[66][67] and the Windows Recovery Environment—installed by default—replaces the optional Recovery Console of Windows XP.
A new system known as "Libraries" was added for file management; users can aggregate files from multiple folders into a "Library". By default, libraries for categories such as Documents, Pictures, Music, and Video are created by default, consisting of the user's personal folder and the Public folder for each. The system is also used as part of a new home networking system known as HomeGroup; devices are added to the network with a password, and files and folders can be shared with all other devices in the HomeGroup, or with specific users. The default libraries, along with printers, are shared by default, but the personal folder is set to read-only access by other users, and the Public folder can be accessed by anyone.[68][69]
Windows 7 includes improved globalization support through a new Extended Linguistic Services API[70] to provide multilingual support (particularly in Ultimate and Enterprise editions). Microsoft has also implemented better support for solid-state drives,[71] including the new TRIM command, and Windows 7 is able to identify a solid-state drive uniquely. Native support for USB 3.0 is not included due to delays in the finalization of the standard.[72] At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that color depths of 30-bit and 48-bit would be supported in Windows 7 along with the wide color gamut scRGB (which for HDMI 1.3 can be converted and output as xvYCC). The video modes supported in Windows 7 are 16-bit sRGB, 24-bit sRGB, 30-bit sRGB, 30-bit with extended color gamut sRGB, and 48-bit scRGB.[73][74]
For developers, Windows 7 includes a new networking API with support for building SOAP-based web services in native code (as opposed to .NET-based WCF web services),[75] new features to simplify development of installation packages and shorten application install times.[76] Windows 7, by default, generates fewer User Account Control (UAC) prompts because it allows digitally signed Windows components to gain elevated privileges without a prompt. Additionally, users can now adjust the level at which UAC operates using a sliding scale.[77]
Features[edit]
New and changed[edit]
Main article: Features new to Windows 7
Windows 7 live thumbnails
Among Windows 7's new features are advances in touch and handwriting recognition,[40] support for virtual hard disks,[41]improved performance on multi-core processors,[42][43][44][45] improved boot performance, DirectAccess, and kernelimprovements. Windows 7 adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different vendors (Heterogeneous Multi-adapter),[46] a new version of Windows Media Center,[47] a Gadget for Windows Media Center, improved media features, XPS Essentials Pack[48] and Windows PowerShell[49] being included, and a redesigned Calculator with multiline capabilities including Programmer and Statistics modes along with unit conversion for length, weight, temperature, and several others.[50] Many new items have been added to the Control Panel, including ClearType Text Tuner[51] Display Color Calibration Wizard,[52] Gadgets, Recovery, Troubleshooting, Workspaces Center, Location and Other Sensors, Credential Manager, Biometric Devices, System Icons, and Display.[53] Windows Security Center has been renamed to Windows Action Center (Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds), which encompasses both security and maintenance of the computer. ReadyBoost on 32-bit editions now supports up to 256 gigabytes of extra allocation. Windows 7 also supports images in RAW image format through the addition of Windows Imaging Component-enabled image decoders, which enables raw image thumbnails, previewing and metadata display in Windows Explorer, plus full-size viewing and slideshows in Windows Photo Viewer and Windows Media Center.[54]
The default taskbar of Windows 7.
The taskbar has seen the biggest visual changes, where the old Quick Launch toolbar has been replaced with the ability to pin applications to taskbar. Buttons for pinned applications are integrated with the task buttons. These buttons also enable Jump Lists to allow easy access to common tasks.[55] The revamped taskbar also allows the reordering of taskbar buttons. To the far right of the system clock is a small rectangular button that serves as the Show desktop icon. By default, hovering over this button makes all visible windows transparent for a quick look at the desktop.[citation needed] In touch-enabled displays such as touch screens, tablet PCs, etc., this button is slightly (8 pixels) wider in order to accommodate being pressed by a finger.[56] Clicking this button minimizes all windows, and clicking it a second time restores them.
Window management in Windows 7 has several new features: Snap maximizes a window when it is dragged to the top of the screen.[57] Dragging windows to the left or right edges of the screen allows users to snap software windows to either side of the screen, such that the windows vertically take up half the screen. When a user moves windows that were snapped or maximized using Snap, the system restores their previous state. Snap functions can also be triggered with keyboard shortcuts.Shake hides all inactive windows when the active window's title bar is dragged back and forth rapidly (metaphorically shaken).
Action Center, which replacesWindows Security Center in Windows XP and Vista
When the Action Center flag is clicked on, it lists all security and maintenance issues in a small popup window
Windows 7 includes 13 additional sound schemes, titled Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata.[58] Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed from Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. Users are able to disable or customize many more Windows components than was possible in Windows Vista. New additions to this list of components include Internet Explorer 8,Windows Media Player 12, Windows Media Center, Windows Search, and Windows Gadget Platform.[59] A new version ofMicrosoft Virtual PC, newly renamed as Windows Virtual PC was made available for Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions.[60] It allows multiple Windows environments, including Windows XP Mode, to run on the same machine. Windows XP Mode runs Windows XP in a virtual machine, and displays applications within separate windows on the Windows 7 desktop.[61] Furthermore, Windows 7 supports the mounting of a virtual hard disk (VHD) as a normal data storage, and the bootloader delivered with Windows 7 can boot the Windows system from a VHD; however, this ability is only available in the Enterprise and Ultimate editions.[62] The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) of Windows 7 is also enhanced to support real-time multimedia application including video playback and 3D games, thus allowing use of DirectX 10 in remote desktop environments.[63] The three application limit, previously present in the Windows Vista and Windows XP Starter Editions, has been removed from Windows 7.[64] All editions include some new and improved features that originated with Vista, such asWindows Search, Security features, and some features new to Windows 7. Optional BitLocker Drive Encryption is included with Windows 7 Ultimate and Enterprise. Windows Defender is included; Microsoft Security Essentials antivirus software is a free download. All editions include Shadow Copy, which—every day or so—System Restore uses to take an automatic "previous version" snapshot of user files that have changed.[65] Backup and restore have also been improved,[66][67] and the Windows Recovery Environment—installed by default—replaces the optional Recovery Console of Windows XP.
A new system known as "Libraries" was added for file management; users can aggregate files from multiple folders into a "Library". By default, libraries for categories such as Documents, Pictures, Music, and Video are created by default, consisting of the user's personal folder and the Public folder for each. The system is also used as part of a new home networking system known as HomeGroup; devices are added to the network with a password, and files and folders can be shared with all other devices in the HomeGroup, or with specific users. The default libraries, along with printers, are shared by default, but the personal folder is set to read-only access by other users, and the Public folder can be accessed by anyone.[68][69]
Windows 7 includes improved globalization support through a new Extended Linguistic Services API[70] to provide multilingual support (particularly in Ultimate and Enterprise editions). Microsoft has also implemented better support for solid-state drives,[71] including the new TRIM command, and Windows 7 is able to identify a solid-state drive uniquely. Native support for USB 3.0 is not included due to delays in the finalization of the standard.[72] At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that color depths of 30-bit and 48-bit would be supported in Windows 7 along with the wide color gamut scRGB (which for HDMI 1.3 can be converted and output as xvYCC). The video modes supported in Windows 7 are 16-bit sRGB, 24-bit sRGB, 30-bit sRGB, 30-bit with extended color gamut sRGB, and 48-bit scRGB.[73][74]
For developers, Windows 7 includes a new networking API with support for building SOAP-based web services in native code (as opposed to .NET-based WCF web services),[75] new features to simplify development of installation packages and shorten application install times.[76] Windows 7, by default, generates fewer User Account Control (UAC) prompts because it allows digitally signed Windows components to gain elevated privileges without a prompt. Additionally, users can now adjust the level at which UAC operates using a sliding scale.[77]
Design concept[edit]
Apple's original concept for the Macintosh deliberately sought to minimize the user's conceptual awareness of the operating system. Tasks which required more operating system knowledge on other systems would be accomplished by mouse gestures and graphic controls on a Macintosh. This would differentiate it from then current systems, such as MS-DOS, which used a command line interface consisting of tersely-abbreviated textual commands.
The core of the system software was held in ROM, with updates originally provided on floppy disk, freely copyable at Apple dealers. The user's involvement in an upgrade of the operating system was also minimized to running an installer, or replacing system files using the file manager. This simplicity meant that the early releases lacked any access controls, in effect giving its single user root privileges at all times.
