Histology study guide

Contents:
01. Labium oris (lip)
02. Apex linguae (top of tongue)
03. Papilla circumvallata
04. Tonsilla lingualis
05. Palatum molle
06. Tonsilla palatina
07. Tooth
08. Glandula parotis
09. Glandula submandibularis
10. Glandula sublingualis
11. Oesophagus
12. Cardia
13. Fundus ventriculi
14. Pylorus
15. Duodenum
16. Intestinum tenue
17. Intestinum crassum
18. Appendix
19. Hepar (liver)
20. Vesica fellea (gall bladder)
21. Pancreas
22. Epiglottis
23. Larynx
24. Trachea
25. Pulmo (lung)
26. Ren (kidney)
27. Urethra
28. Vesica urinalis (urinary
bladder)
29. Testis
30. Epididymis
31. Funiculus spermaticus (spermatic
cord)
32. Glandula vesiculosa (seminal
vesicle)
33. Prostata
34. Penis
35. Ovarium, corpus luteum
36. Tuba uterina – ampulla
37. Tuba uterina – isthmus
38. Uterus – proliferative phase
39. Uterus – secretory phase
40. Vagina
41. Labium minus
42. Hypophysis cerebri
43. Epiphysis
44. Glandula thyreoidea
45. Glandula parathyreoidea
46. Corpus suprarenale
47. Thymus
48. Artery and Vein
49. Aorta
50. Vena cava
51. Myocardium
52. Lymphonodus
53. Lien (spleen)
54. Skin from the top of finger
55. Skin from the axilla
56. Skin with hairs
57. Nail
58. Mamma non lactans
59. Mamma lactans
60. Cortex cerebri
61. Cerebellum
62. Medulla spinalis (spinal cord)
63. Ganglion
64. Peripheral nerve
65. Anterior segment of the eye
66. Posterior segment of the eye
67. Palpebra
68. Auricle
69. Umbilical cord
70. Placenta

1. Labium oris
Musculus Obicularis Oris is present (skeletal muscle)
On the external surface is the skin with its adnexa
On the inner surface is the mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium +
lamina propria) and submucosa with mixed glands “Labial glands“).
2. Apex lingua
Underneath the papillae, there are mucous and serous glands, pockets of
adipose tissue, and a layer of skeletal muscle and connective tissue.
The skeletal muscle is arranged in three different planes, which allows the
tongue to perform a number of complex movements.

3. Papilla Circumvallata
Surrounded by a deep furrow, where Ebners Glands open.
Epithelia covering papilla (stratified squamous non-keratinizing).
Taste buds are located on the lateral sides, in the epithelium.
4. Tonsilla lingualis
A lymphatic structure that contains abundant germinal centers where
immune cells undergo differentiation.
Surface is covered with stratified squamous epithelium.
5. Soft palate:
On the nasal side it is possible to see:
– pseudostratified epithelium
- lamina propria
- submucosa with mixed glands “Nasal Glands“

5. Soft palate:
On the oral side it is possible to see:
– lining mucosa of the mouth cavity
- submucosa with mucous glands “Palatine Glands“
5. Hard palate:
Covered by masticatory mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium)
Note bone at the top, mucosa at the bottom and a large amount of salivary
tissue between.
A short distance from the lamina propria there is a large duct.
6. Tonsilla palatina
The tonsils share some histological features with lymph nodes:
1. Cells in the tonsils are supported by a fine network of reticular fibres
2. High-endothelial (postcapillary ~) venules function in the "homing" of
circulating lymphocytes - this is actually a shared feature of all lymphoid
tissues and organs.
The palatine tonsils are surrounded by a thick hemicapsule of connective
tissue, which delimits them from the pharyngeal muscle and facilitates their
removal in tonsillitis.

7. Tooth
Pulp – jelly-like connective tissue with blood capillaries and fine nerve
fibers. Odontoblasts are located on the external surface.
Dentin –shows fine striation, caused by dentin tubules (contain the
cytoplasmic processes of odontoblasts); dentin is stained in red or red-
violet color, except thin layer near the odontoblasts – predentin (is not
calcified) and peripheral layer below cementum and enamel (is
irregularly calcified), dentin is pale in this layers.
Enamel – is not present in decalcified tooth (it dissolves during
decalcification).
Cementum – covers the root(s) of the tooth; the thickest layer is on the
root apex(es); it is not possible to distinguish primary (acellular) and
secondary (cellular; with cementocytes) cementum in the light
microscope.
Periodontium – bundles of collagenous fibers, which hold the dental root
in bone alveolus (rarely present in slides).
8. Parotid Gland
A, Serous acini; B, Striated ducts; C, Ecretory duct
Parotid gland – only serous (alveolar = acinar) gland
Only serous
intercalated – striated – interlobular – main
The gland is internally divided into lobules. Blood vessels and nerves enter
the glands at the hilum and gradually branch out into the lobules.
Consists of paired glands surrounded with a connective tissue capsule; septa
running from the capsule separate the glandular parenchyma into lobes and
lobules. Blood vessels, nerves and interlobular ducts are found in the
connective tissue of septa. Parenchyma is composed of intralobular ducts
and secretory portions of glands.
They consists of connective tissue = capsule + septa and
parenchyma of lobules = ducts + secretory portions
9.Submandibular Gland
A, Mucous acini; B, Serous acini
mixed (80 % serous)
serous acini mucouse tubuli
intercalated – striated – interlobular – main

10. Sublingual gland
A, Mucous acini of sublingual gland
mixed (80 % mucous)
mucous tubuli + lunuly of Ginuzzi
only: interlobular – main
11. Oesophagus
The esophagus consists of three layers: mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis.
The mucosa consists of epithelial lining containing nonkeratinizing, stratified
squamous epithelium with a layer of basal and parabasal cells. This layer is
naturally required to proliferate more often than other layers of the
oesophagus in accordance to necessary cell loss.
The sublayer, lamina propria, contains vessels, connective tissue, lymphatics,
inflammatory cells and esophageal cardiac glands which are mucus secreting
glands. The submucosa contains dense connective tissue with both lymph
and blood vessels. Further esophageal mucus secreting glands are contained
in the submucosa. The outer layer, the muscularis, consists of two muscle
layers. The inner muscle layer fibers are arranged circumferentially and the
outer layer, longitudinally.
12. Cardia
On histological examination, the junction can be identified by the following
transition.
 nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the esophagus
 simple columnar epithelium in the stomach
The cardiac glands can be seen in this region.
They can be distinguished from other stomach glands (fundic glands and
pyloric glands) because the glands are shallow and simple tubular.

13.Fundus ventriculi
(vertical section to the surface of mucosa, HE)
A. Tunica mucosa – see areae gastricae and foveolae gastrice
1. lamina epithelialis mucosae – tall, simple columnar epithelium with
secretory granules in the cell apexes,
2. lamina propria mucosae – areolar connective tissue with tubular
glands - gll. gastricae propriae. In each gland, basis (near lamina
muscularis mucosae), body and neck is distinguished; the gland is
opened into the gastric pit throughout the neck.
The cells of gll. gastricae:
– chief cells - (pepsinogenous) - located predominantly at the basis,
they have prismatic shape and basophilic cytoplasm,
– parietal cells - (HCl cells) - in the body and below the neck, the
cells are round triangular, their cytoplasm is strongly eosinophilic,
– the cell of neck - light and columnar in the neck (their product is
mucus),
– endocrine cells - cannot be identified in slides stained with HE,
3. lamina muscularis mucosae – 2 layers of smooth muscle cells (inner -
circular, outer - longitudinal).
B. Tela submucosa - areolar connective tissue with vessels and nerves.
C. Tunica muscularis (externa) – 3 layers of smooth muscle cells: oblique,
circular and longitudinal layer.
D. Tunica serosa:
1. simple squamous epithelium - mesotel,
2. lamina propria serosae – thin layer of collagenous connective tissue.
14. Pylorus
deeper gastric pits, reticular conn. tissue, pyloric glands
15. Duodenum
(longitudinal section through the wall, HE)
A. Tunica mucosa – typical organization: villi intestinales; crypts of
Lieberkühn
1. lamina epithelialis mucosae –simple columnar epithelium
composed of absorptive cells and secretory cells (see
descrition of the intestinum tenue)
2. lamina propria mucosae - reticular connective tissue with
lymphatic nodules (formes underlying tissue of intestinal
villi and surrounds the crypts of Lieberkühn),
3. lamina muscularis mucosae – smooth muscle tissue.
B. Tela submucosa – loose connective tissue whith mucous glands –
Brunner´s glands (an important signe of this part of small intestine!).
C. Tunica muscularis (externa) - 2 layers of smooth muscle cells: inner
circular and outer longitudinal.
D. Tunica serosa – see description of the stomach.

16. Intestinum tenue - jejunum
Prior to study in microscope see plicae semicirculares Kerckringi, which are
formed by mucosa and submucosa.
A. Tunica mucosa – typical organization of the surface: villi intestinales -
intestinal villi (their axis is made up of reticular connective tissue of
lamina propria mucosae) with central lymphatic vessel (lacteal vessel) in
each villus; crypts of Lieberkühn - tubular invagination among villi, their
bases reach lamina muscularis mucosae:
1. Lamina epithelialis mucosae – tall, simple columnar epithelium
composed of absorptive cells - enterocytes and secretory cells:
– goblet cells - thei have cup-like shape, flattened nucleus and very
pale cytoplasm containing mucus, goblet cells are diffused in the
epithelium and their number increased in aboral direction,
– cells of Paneth - round triangular or pyramidal shape, spherical
nucleus, eosinophilic granules in cytoplazm, the cells are located
only in basis of crypts of Lieberkühn (these cells are unstained in
older slides because the granules are discolored),
– endocrine cells - cannot be identified in slides stained with HE,
2. lamina propria mucosae - reticular connective tissue with lymphatic
nodules (formes underlying tissue of intestinal villi and surrounds the
crypts of Lieberkühn),
B. Tela submucosa – loose connective tissue, whish also forms the axis of
folds of Kerckring (plicae semicirculares Kerckringi).
C. Tunica muscularis (externa) - 2 layers of smooth muscle cells: inner
circular and outer longitudinal.
D. Tunica serosa – see description of the stomach.

17. Intestinum crassum
Plicae semicirculares Kerckringi and intestinal villi are NOT present – luminal
surface is smooth.
A. Tunica mucosa:
1. lamina epithelialis mucosae – tall columnar epithelium consists of
absorptive cells – enterocytes,
2. lamina propria mucosae – reticular connective tissue with lymphatic
nodules; crypts of Lieberkühn are deep and numerous, they are lined
with the same epithelium (ad 1.); except enterocytes, numerous
goblet cells and some enteroendocrine cells (are not visible in LM) are
present in the epithelium,
B. Tela submucosa – loose connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves
(plexus submucosus Meissneri).
C. Tunica muscularis (externa) – two layers of smooth muscle cells bundles
– inner circular and outer longitudinal (nerve – plexus myentericus
Auerbachi in connective tissue between them).
D. Tunica serosa (see practice nr. 2).
18. Processus vermiformis, appendix
(cross section, HE)
A. Tunica mucosa – intestinal villi are missing, crypts of Lieberkühn are
shallow and irregular:
1. lamina epithelialis mucosae – simple collumnar epithelium
composed of enterocytes, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells,
2. lamina propria mucosae – reticular connective tissue with numerous
active lymphatic nodules,
3. lamina muscularis mucosae – usually is missing or irregular.
B. Tela submucosa – loose connective tissue with vesssels and nerves.
C. Tunica muscularis (externa) – thin layers of smooth muscle tissue
(circular and longitudinal layer).
D. Tunica serosa - mesothelium and thin layer of collagenous connective
tissue.

19. Hepar
(Hematoxylin-eosin or Azan)
A. Liver connective tissue (c.t.):
1. capsula fibrosa hepatis – dense collagenous c.t. (it is present only in
some slides),
2. c.t. in portal areas – loose c.t.; portal area has triangular shape and is
surrounded by 3 – 4 morphological units = liver lobules of central vein;
c.t. of portal area carries interlobular brunches of a.hepatica, v.portae
and interlobular bile duct,
3. interlobular c.t. – separates liver lobules in the rest of their surface
(outside the portal areas), only minimum of this c.t. is in human liver.
B. Liver parenchyma – consists of morphological units = lobules of central
vein (liver lobules) and intrahepatic bile ducts:
1. lobules of central vein – five to six–sided polyhedral prisms in the
sections, composed of plates (cords in the sections) of hepatocytes;
plates (cords) are organized radialy around v. centralis:
– hepatic plates – consist of 1 - 2 lines of hepatocytes, which
surround bile canaliculi (are not visible in the sections),
– liver sinusoids – are situated between plates, have an irregular
width of the lumen, and are lined with endothelium; Kupffer cells
are present in the regions where the sinusids are branched,
– vena centralis – thinwalled vein in the center of the lobule
(endothelium and thin layer of loose c.t.),
Functional unit:
portal lobule (lobule of portal vein) – parts of parenchyma of 3
morphological units surrounding common portal area (triangular region with
portal area in the center – join central veins of 3 nighbour liver lobules)
smaller unit is liver acinus – parencyma of 2 liver lobules arround common
circumlobular side.
2. intrahepatic bile ducts:
– canals of Herring – continue bile canaliculi and are lined with
simple cuboid epithelium (canals are located at the periphery of
the lobules).
– interlobular bile ducts – simple cuboid to columnar epithelium – in
portal areas.
– lobar bile ducts – are two; their wall consists of tall columnar
epithelium, lamina basalis and a layer of c.t. (are not found in the
slides).

20. Vesica fellea
(Hematoxylin - eosin)
Tunica mucosa: numerous mucosal folds
1. lamina epithelialis mucosae – tall columnar epithelium (produce
mucus),
2. lamina propria mucosae – reticular connective tissue with
lymphatic nodules; crypts of Lieberkühn are deep and numerous,
they are lined with the same epithelium (ad 1.); except
enterocytes, numerous goblet cells and some enteroendocrine cells
(are not visible in LM) are present in the epithelium,
A. lamina muscularis mucosae – is NOT present.
B. Tela submucosa – is NOT present.
C. Tunica muscularis (externa) –smooth muscle tissue (longitudinal and
oblique orientation).
D. Tunica serosa – covers free surface of gall bladder and has very thick
layer of subserosal c.t.; the surface turned to the liver tissue is covered
with adventitia.
21. Pancreas
(Hematoxylin - eosin)
A. Connective tissue (c.t.):
1. dense collagenous c.t. of capsule and septa, which carry blood
vessels and interlobular ducts, septa separate gland into the lobules,
2. loose c.t. inside of lobules (intralobular c.t.).
B. Parenchyma – lobules; each of them contains elongated serous acini
(exocrine part of gland), intralobular ducts and one or more islet(s) of
Langerhans (endocrine part of gland without ducts):
1. serous acini:
– serous cells – triangular or pyramid shape, nucleus at the basis of
the cell, secretory granules in supranuklear zone of cytoplasm
(granules stain intensely),
– centroacinar cells – polygonal shape, pale cytoplasm; cells are
situated only in the center of acinus,
2. ducts – intercalated and interlobular:
– intercalated – simple squamous epithelium, narrow lumen
(identification is dificult),
– intralobular ducts – arrise by fusion of intercalated ducts, simple
cuboid epithelium (epithelial cells without basal straition – they
have not basal labyrinth),
3. islets of Langerhans:
– fine capsule (with fine collagen and reticular fibers) separates the
islet from acini,
– cord of glandular endocrine cells – cells are polyhedral and pale
(the main identifying sign); blood sinusoids form a network around
cords of the cells.
Notice: endocrine celss is not possible to classify in HE slides.

22. Epiglottis
Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.
Structure: -
plate of elastic cartilage -
lingual side: stratiffied squamous epithelium + lamina propria,
- laryngeal side: pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia + mixed
glands in lamina propria,

23. Larynx
This area of the larynx is typified by two items: (1) hyaline cartilage (lower
left) and (2) sero-mucous glands (upper right). Epithelium is usually
pseudostratified columnar ciliated.
the wall structure:
- mucosa – epithelium of respiratory passages + lamina propria with elastic
fibers and mixed glands - fibrocartilagenous layer with
large hyaline and small elastic cartilages
- external muscle coat = skeletal muscle tissue
The organ of fonation
- laryngeal ventricle (vestibule)
- plica vocalis (with stratified squamous epithelium, elastic ligament –
ligamentum vocale and skeletal muscle – musculus vocalis)
- plica ventricularis (the same structure as in the larynx wall
24. Trachea
Hollow tubular organ – structure of its wall:
- mucosa – epithelium of respiratory passages + lamina propria with elastic
fibers and mixed glands - fibrocartilagenous layer with ring-
shaped, dorsaly opened hyaline cartilages (16 – 20), dorsal part of the wall is
called paries membranaceus – cartilage is substituted by tracheal muscle
(smooth) - adventitia (connective
tissue with nerves and blood vessels)

25. Lung parenchyma
Lung lobule – part of parenchyme, which is ventilated by one terminal
bronchiole. This bronchiole branches into respiratory bronchioli and these are
branched into alveolar ducts. The ends of ducts are dilated into sacs. The wall
of ducts and sacs is very thin and alvoli bulge from it.
Thin wall of alveoli (0.2 µm) = interalveolar septum: consists of fine reticular
and elastic fibers surrounding blood capillaries and some alveolar
macrophages and is covered with respiratory epithelium on both sides
(luminal surfaces of alveoli). Alveolar pores – in septa.
Respiratory epithelium: simple epithelium with 2 types of cells
- alveolar cells type I (membranous pneumocytes) – transport of
gasses by pinocytosis
- alveolar cells type II (granular pneumocytes) – produce surfactant
(antiatelectatic substance)
The lungs are large, lobed, paired organs in the chest (also known as the
thoracic cavity). Thin sheets of epithelium (pleura) separate the inside of the
chest cavity from the outer surface of the lungs. The bottom of the thoracic
cavity is formed by the diaphragm

^cortex
^medulla
26. Ren
(perpendicular section to the surface of kidney, HE or HES
and Weigert-van Gieson)
1. capsula fibrosa renis – dense colagenous c.t.,
2. interstitial loose c.t. of renal parenchyma (more in
renal medulla, less in renal cortex).
B. Parenchyma of kidney – cortex and medulla:
1. cortex (substantia corticalis) – bellow capsula
fibrosa renis and as columnae renales between
pyramids of medulla. Cortex corticis (continuous
layer of cortex bellow capsule), pars radiata corticis
above the bases of medullary pyramids – with strips
of cortex and medulla (striae medullares corticis).
Substantia corticalis contains renal corpuscles and
some parts of renal tubules:
– renal corpuscle (corpusculum renis): glomerulum
- small ball of blood capillaries surrounded by
mesangial cells + Bowman´s capsule (capsula
glomeruli), made up of parietal and visceral
layer with thin space between them (urinary
space), in which glomerular urin is collected;
- parietal layer – simple squamous
epithelium + basement membrane,
- visceral layer – podocytes (flattened cells
which closely adjoin basement membrane of
capillaries).
– urinary tubule (its parts):
- proximal convoluted tubule – has irregular
lumen and is lined with simple lower-
collumnar epithelium with brush border on
luminal surface, borders between cells are
not distinct and nuclei are irregularly
scattered around lumen, cell cytoplams is
intensly eosinophilic; cells are situated on the
basement membrane,
- distal convoluted tubule – has regular
lumen, lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
without brush border, cell nuclei are regularly
arranged around the lumen, cell cytoplasm
stains lightly eosinophilic; basement
membrane,
- connecting segment (arched collecting
tubules) – similar to distal tubule,
Notice: it is dificult to find vascular or uriniferous pole of
renal corpuscle or macula densa, because only small
amount of corpuscles are sectioned throughout this

poles.
2. medulla of kidney (substantia medullaris) forms
pyramids and striae medullares corticis; medulla
contains:
– pars recta of proximal tubule – the same
morphological signs as in pars convoluta (see
above),
– Henle´s loop (ansa nephroni):
- thin segment – simple squamous epithelium +
basement membrane,
- thick segment – simple cuboidal epithelium +
basement membrane,
– collecting tubules – lumen is wider than in
renal tubules; simple cuboidal to lower-
columnar epithelium (cell cytoplasm is very
pale and apical parts of the cells form konvex
protrusions) + basement membrane,
– ductus papillares (Bellini) – occure near the
top of pyramid; they have the widest lumen
lined with pale and tall columnar cells on the
basement membrane.
The wall of urinary passages – generally:
A.Tunica mucosa:
1. lamina epithelialis mucosae – transitional
epithelium (except urethra),
2. lamina propria mucosae – areolar collagenous c.t.
with elastic fibers.
3. lamina muscularis mucosae
B. Tela submucosa
C. Tunica muscularis – smooth muscle tissue.
D. Tunica adventitia.
27. Vesica urinalis
(perpendicular section to the surface of urinary bladder,
HE)
A. Tunica mucosa – forms irregular folds:
epithelium,
B. Tunica muscularis – smooth muscle tissue, forms 3 not
distinc layers: inner – plexiform, middle – circular,
outer - longitudinal.
C. Tunica adventitia or tunica serosa (according to place
from which the sample was taken).

28. Ureter
(cross section, HE)
A. Tunica mucosa – forms longitudinal folds (lumen of
the ureter is star-shaped):
epithelium,
B. Tunica muscularis – smooth muscle tissue: 2 (3) layers:
inner - longitudinal, middle - circular , outer (only in
lower 1/3) - longitudinal.
C. Tunica adventitia – loose c.t. with vessels and nrves.
29. Testis
(Hematoxyline-eosin /HE/ or - safron /HES/)
1. tunica albuginea testis – dense c.t. membrane on the
surface of testicles – is fused with epiorchium and
thickened into mediastinum testis on dorsal side; it
contains anastomosing clefts – rete testis (lined with
aimple squamous or cuboidal epithelium),
2. septula testis – taper from mediastinum and divide
testis incompletely into the lobules,
3. interstitial c.t. – loose collagenous c.t. among
seminiferous tubules; this c.t. contains blood and
lymph vessels, nerves and Leydig cells; Leydig cells are
oval to polygonal, they have eosinophilic cytoplasm
and occure single or in groups near the blood
capillaries.
B. Tubuli seminiferi contorti – in cross and oblique
sections. Their wall is composed of seminiferous
epithelium, which contains spermatogenic cells in
different stage of development and the cells of Sertoliho,
1. spermatogenic cells:
– spermiogonia – middle-sized spherical cells with
finelly dispersed chromatin in the nucleus; they are
localized in one layer near tunica propria of
seminiferous tubule,
– spermiocytes – the largest cells in epithelium,
spherical or polyhedral, with visible chromosomes
in the nucleus; they are localized in several layers
above spermiogonia,
– prespermatids – spherical cells, smaller than
spermiocytes, their nucleus is in interphase; the
cells are near the lumen of tubule,
– spermatids – the smallest cells with roubnd or
ovoid nucleus with densely condensed chromatin;
developing flagellum on luminal side of some cells
is obviuos,

2. Sertoli (supporting) cells – are usually covered by
spermatogenic cells (only nuclei of Sertoli cells can be
identified in the slides – these are oval, pale, with
distinct nucleoli; nuclei are found in basal third of
spermiogenic epithelium),
3. tunica propria – c.t. (basement membrane, loose
network of elastic and collagenous fibers and
fibrocytes).
30. Epididymis
(Hematoxyline-eosin /HE/ or - safron /HES/)
1. dense collagenous c.t. forms capsule,
2. loose collagenous c.t. with numerous vessels among
spirally convoluted canaliculi.
B. Canal of epididymis:
1. ductuli efferentes - in caput epididymidis; they have
irregular-shaped lumen and their wall consists of:
– lamina epithelialis – low cuboid and tall columnar
cells occurre in epithelium and some of them are
ciliated,
– membrana propria – loose collagenous c.t. with
circularly oriented smooth muscle cells,
2. ductus epididymidis - forms corpus et cauda
epididymidis; cross and oblique sections of duct with
spermatozooa in the lumen are usually found in the
slide. The wall of duct is composed of:
– lamina epithelialis – pseudostratified columnar
epithelium with stereocilia,
– membrana propria – see above – the same layer in
the wall of ductuli efferentes.

31. Funiculus spermaticus
(Cross section, HE)
Spermatic cord contains loose c.t. and bundle of:
1. ductus deferens (the largest structure with thick
wall: mucosa, tunica muscularis, adventitia)
2. veins of plexus pampiniformis
3. arteries
4. nerves
The cord is covered with c.t. capsule and irregularly m.
cremaster (skeletal muscle)
32. Glandula vesiculosa
(Cross section, HE)
A. Tunica mucosa – numerous anastomosing primary,
secondary and terciary folds and crypts,
1. lamina epithelialis mucosae – simple cuboid to
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with glandular
cells,
2. lamina propria mucosae – loose collagenous c.t.
B. Tunica muscularis – smooth muscle tissue arranged into
2 layers: inner - circular, outer - longitudinal.
C. Tunica adventitia – loose collagenous c.t.
33. Prostata
(Hematoxyline-eosin or Azan)
1. capsule – dense c.t. with smooth muscle cells ,
2. fibromuscular stroma - elastic and collagenous fibers
and bundles of smooth muscle cells.
B. Glands of prostate - tubular with irregular lumen;
epithelium projects into the lumen like folds; calcified
bodies occurre in the lumen of some glands - prostatic
sand. Glandular wall consists of epithelium and basement
membrane:
1. epithelium – simple cuboid to pseudostratified
columnar with irregular layer of low basal cells (cell
height depends on secretory phase),
2. basement membrane – is not distinct in the slides.

34. Penis
(Cross section, HE)
A. Skin – very thin, contains sweet and sebaceous glands,
loose subcutaneous c.t. without fat cells.
B. Corpora cavernosa:
1. Corpus cavernosum penis (paired):
– tunica albuginea on the surface – dense
collagenous c.t.,
– erectile tissue – venous lacunae lined with
epithelium, their wall contain collagenous c.t.,
bundles of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers,
2. Corpus spongiosum urethrae (unpaired):
Similar structure as corpus cavernosum penis; it contains
pars spongiosa urethrae, which mucosa form
longitudinal folds (star-shaped lumen):
– mucosa: stratified columnar epihteiuml with
endoepithelial mucous glands (lacunae urethrales
Morgagni); lamina propria – loose collagenous c.t.
with numerous venous plexuses and tubular
mucous glands (gll. paraurethrales Littrei),
– muscle layer – reduced into the irregular bundles,
– adventitia – loose c.t. which continues into the c.t.
of corpus spongiosum.

35. Ovarium
(perpendicular section to the surface of ovary, HE or HES)
First note that the ovary has a cortex-medullary
organization and is surrounded by a thick connective tissue
capsule, the tunica albuginea. The surface of the tunica
albuginea is covered with a cuboidal, germinal epithelium.
This slide illustrates all the phases of follicular
development.
A. Cortex of the ovary (zona corticalis) – highly cellular
connective tissue (c.t.) is composed of fibrocyte and
small amount of c.t. fibers. C.t. is condensed into tunica
albuginea ovarii bellow simple cuboid epithelium,
which coveres the ovarian surface.
B. Cortex contains ovarian follicles (primary, secondary
and terciary), „yellow“ and „white“ bodies – corpora
lutea and corpora albicantia:
1. primordial follicles – beneath tunica albuginea
ovarii; they consists of:
– oocyte – cell, which has 40 to 50 µm in diameter
(), eosinophilic cytoplasm and pale nucleus
with basophilic nucleolus,
– one layer of flattened folicullar cells (surround
oocyte),
2. growing follicles - 0,1 to 3 mm ; they are
localized in deeper parts of cortex; their structure
depend on the stage of development (primary
unilaminar follicle, primary multilaminar follicle and
secondary follicle with small cavities fusing together
):
– oocyte – about 100 µm  with eosinophilic
cytoplasm, surrounded by zona pellucida,
– follicular cells – are arranged into several layers
around the oocyte, cells have polyhedral shape
except the cells in basal layer attached to
basement membrane – these cells are cuboid or
low columnar,
– theca folliculi – c.t. coat with oval fibroblast
circularly arranged,
3. mature Graafian follicles - they have cavity
(antrum folliculi), 4 mm to 1,5 cm :
– oocyte – 150 µm , eosinophilic cytoplasm,
excentrically situated nucleus, zona pellucida,
– follicular cells – in several layer form membrana
granulosa, which lines antrum folliculi, bump-
like projection of membrana granulosa contains
oocyte and is called cumulus oophorus,
– theca folliculi – by membrane of Slavjanski is
separated from membrana granulosa and
divides into: theca folliculi interna and theca
folliculi externa,
4. corpus luteum (sg.) – see description of the

following slide,
5. corpora albicantia (pl.) – they have different
shape and size and are made up of hyalinized c.t.
C. Medulla of the ovary (zona vasculosa) – dense c.t.
with spiral blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves.
Corpus luteum (CL)
(Hematoxyline - eosin)
A. C.t. of CL – capsule and fine septa, penetrating into
the parenchyma of CL; c.t. fills the center of CL
(original antrum folliculi).
B. Parenchyma of CL:
1. lutein cells – the main cell type, cells are large,
pale, polyhedral and organized into frilling strip;
there are numerous blood sinusoids among the
cells,
2. thecal cells - 2 - 3 times smaller than lutein cells,
they are present at the periphery of CL and
sporadically penetrate the folds with lutein cells;
blood sinusoids are also present among the cells.
36. Tuba uterina(2 x) - pars ampullaris
and pars isthmica
(cross section, HE or HES)
A. Tunica mucosa:
1. lamina epithelialis mucosae – simple columnar
epithelium, composed of ciliated cells (CC) and
secretory cells (SC),
2. lamina propria mucosae – loose c.t.
B. Tunica muscularis – smooth muscle cells (circular and
longitudinal layer).
C. Tunica serosa – simple squamous epithelium
(mesothelium) + thin layer of loose c.t.; subserous c.t.
with ovarian and uterine vessels is between serosa and
tunica muscularis.
AMPULLA
Epithelium - primary, secondary and terciary folds,
which fill the lumen,
abundant ciliated cells [CC > SC]
External Muscle coat / layer - thin irregular

^Pars Ampullaris
^Pars Isthmica
37. Isthmus
Epithelium - sporadic simple longitudinal folds,
-abundant secretory cells [SC > CC]
38. Uterus - prolipherative
phase
(perpendicular section to the surface of mucosa, HE)
A. Endometrium (tunica mucosa) – thickeness 2 - 3 mm,
divides into zona functionalis (with bodies and
openings of uterine glands) and zona basalis (close to
the myometrium – contains bases of glands). Consists
of:
epithelium,
2. lamina propria mucosae – is composed of star
shaped or polygonal fibrocytes and minimum of c.t.
fibers; it is highly vascularized and contains simple
tubular glands - glandulae uterinae, lined with
simple columnar epithelium.
B. Myometrium (tunica muscularis) – thick layer of
bundles of smooth muscle cells spiraly organized.

C. Parametrium – loose c.t. with blood vessels and
nerves between myometrium and perimetrium.
D. Perimetrium (tunica serosa) – simple squamous
epithelium (mesothelium) + thin layer of loose c.t. .
39. Uterus – secretory phase
(perpendicular section to the surface of mucosa, HE)
A. Endometrium (tunica mucosa) – thickness 6 – 7 mm;
zona functionalis is divided into pars compacta
(surface layer with glandular ducts and high amount of
c.t.) and pars spongiosa (contains dilated bodies of
glands and only small amount of c.t.), zona basalis –
does not change during mestrual cycle.
Structure of the endometrium:
epithelium,
2. lamina propria mucosae – fibrocyte are enlarged,
round, without cytoplasmic processes, dense
network of blood capillaries; bodies of glandulae
uterinae are dilated and have an typical
appearance.
(B., C. a D. – see Uterus - prolipherative phase)

40. Vagina
(Hematoxylin-eosin or Best´s carmine)
A. Tunica mucosa – forms transversal folds - rugae:
1. lamina epithelialis mucosae – stratified squamous
epithelium, its surface cells contain glycogen (they
are pale in HE slides – because glycogen granules
are dissolved),
2. lamina propria mucosae – loose collagenous c.t.
with elastic fibers and venous plexuses, lamina
propria forms papillae.
B. Tunica muscularis – bundles of smooth muscle tissue
runing in circular, longitudinal and oblique direction.
C. Tunica adventitia – dense c.t. of cavum pelvis
subperitoneale.
41. Labium minus
(cross section, HE)
Labium is skin fold;
1. epidermis – stratified squamous epithelium with
signs of keratinization,
2. dermis – connective tissue axis with nerve fibers
and Meissner bodies in subepithelial papillae, a
sebaceous glands, which duct are opened on the
epidermal surface of labium; c.t. does not
contain any fat cells.

42. Hypophysis Cerebri
1. thin c.t. capsule and septa with blood vessels
and nerves,
2. network of reticular fibers (they separate
glandular cells and blood sinusoids).
B. Parenchyma of hypophysis:
1. anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) – divides into
pars distalis, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia:
– pars distalis and tuberalis consist of cords
and groups of glandular cells, which are
divided according amount of granules and
staining:
chromophobe cells – light cytoplasm,
small amount of granules,
acidophil cells – numerous granules stains
in red color,
basophil cells – numerous granules stains
in violet color,
– pars intermedia – contains follicles (usually
with colloid), basophilic and chromophobe
cells predominate in cords,
2. posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) – is
connected by infundibulum with hypothalamus
(infundibulum is not usually present in the
slides); structure of posterior lobe:
– pituicytes – irregular-shaped cells with
numerous processes,
– unmyelinized nerve fibers (tractus
hypothalamohypophyseus).

43. Epiphysis Cerebri
A. Connective tissue:
1. thin c.t. capsule (pia mater) and fine septa s
with blood vessels,
2. loose interstitial c.t. with blood sinusoids.
B. Parenchyma of epiphysis:
1. cords and groups of 2 types of cells –
pinealocytes and neuroglial cells,
2. unmyelinized nerve fibers,
3. acervulus cerebri – intensly stained calcified
corpuscles (brain sand) of irregular shape.

44. Glandula Thyroidea
1. capsule from dense collagenous c.t. with blood
and lymph vesels and nerves,
2. c.t. septa – are distinct and separate gland into
the lobules,
3. interstitial c.t. – loose c.t. with net of capillaris,
around follicles.
B. Lobules – consist of follicles lined with epithelium
and containing colloid:
1. epithelium in follicle – simple, its high depends
on functional stage and size of follicle; it is
composed of follicular and parafollicular cells
(parafollicular cells can be idetified only with
using of special staining methods),
2. colloid – fills cavity of each follicle, it has
homogenous appearance and is usually stained
with acid dyes.
45. Glandula Parathyroidea
1. thin c.t. capsule and septa with blood vessels
and nerves,
2. net of reticular fibers (separate glandular cells
and blood capillaries).
B. Parenchyma – cords and groups of glandular cells:
1. chief cells – predominate, with light basophilic
cytoplasm,
2. oxyphil cells – with intensly eosinophilic
cytoplasm (they are lined in older slides, its result
of discoloration) – they occure after 10th year of
age.

46. Glandula Suprarenalis
1. dense c.t. capsule and thin radial septa with
blood vessels,
2. net of reticular fibers around cords of glandular
cells and blood sinusoids.
B. Parenchyma - 9/10 form cortex, the rest represents
medulla:
1. cortex:
– zona glomerulosa – bellow c.t. capsule, cell
cords are coiled like glomerule, cell cytoplasm
is basophilic,
– zona fasciculata – middle, the most
voluminous layer with paralelly oriented cell
cords (perpendicularly to the capsule); cells
are large, vakuolized (spongiocytes),
– zona reticularis – cell cords anastomose and
form network (reticulum); cells are small,
eosinophilic and contain granules of
lipofuscin,
2. medulla:
– cords and groups of chromaffine cells with
finely granular, basophilic cytoplasm,
– nerve fibers and solitary ganglionic cells.

47. Thymus
The thymus is a highly lobulated organ
invested by a loose collagenous capsule, C,
from which short interlobular septa, S, containing
blood vessels radiate into the
substance of the organ.
The thymic tissue is divided into two distinct
zones, a deeply basophilic outer cortex,
Cx, and an inner eosinophilic medulla,
M; distinction between the two zones is most
marked in early
childhood as is represented in this specimen.
- is usually most active in teenagers and
shrinks in adulthood. The process of thymus
transformation during aging is called
involution.
- Cortex (outer regions) and medulla (inner
regions) are distinguished in parenchym.
- Parenchym is composed of cytoreticulum
(stelate epithelial cells forming network) and
T-lymphocytes. Cytoreticulum originates
from endoderm of pharyngeal pouches and
cytokeratin (protein typical for epithelial
cells) can be detected in the cytoplasm of its
cells.
- Thymus is composed of 2 lobes covered with
capsule (dense irregular connective tissue),
septa running from capsule into parenchym
separate it into lobules. Lobules contains
only cortex.
Cortex: cytoreticulum ( ) + lymphocytes (95
%), blood capillaries with thick wall covered with
cytoplasmic processes of cytoreticulum cells =
„thymus-blood barrier“
Medulla: cytoreticulum + small amount of
lymphocytes (5 %), Hassal´s corpuscles ( ) –
arrise by aggregation of cytoreticulum cells, which
degenerate in the center of body ( ).
Young thymus:
The cortex, Cx, is packed with lymphocytes,
accounting for its basophilia, whereas the medulla,
M, contains fewer lymphocytes. In the center of
the medulla are eosinophilic, lamellated structures
known as Hassall’s corpuscles, H, representing
degenerate epithelial reticular cells. well
distinguished cortex and medulla.

48. Arteries and veins
The wall of arteries and veins of large or medium
caliber have three tunics: tunica intima (interna),
tunica media, and tunica adventitia (externa).
General structure of tunics
- tunica intima – the endothelial lining with
its basal lamina and subendothelial layer
with longitudinally oriented elastic fibers
- tunica media
– in artery more then in veins: spiraly and
circularly oriented connective tissue fibers
organized into elastic fenestrated
membranes and smooth muscle cells, the
ratio of smooth muscle cells and elastic
membranes depends on the type of blood
artery
- tunica adventitia – contains collagen and
elastic fibers, scattered fibroblasts.
– in vein more then in arteries:
longitudinally oriented bundles of smooth
muscle cells, serrounded with connective
tissue
The tunica adventitia contains small blood vessels
(vasa vasorum), which supply nutrients to tissues
in the outer one-half of the wall of the blood
vessel. Small nerves (nervi vasorum), representing
fibers of the autonomic nervous system, are also
present in the tunica adventitia and they innervate
the smooth muscle of the vessel. Elastic laminae –
inner and outer – separate tunics in the vessel
wall. These laminae (membrana elastica interna et
externa) are made up of elastic fibers. Inner
membrane separates intima from media and outer
one separate media from adentitia. Outer
membrane is not usually distinct in all veins and
small arteries.

49. Aorta
Large arteries = Elastic arteries (examples: aorta
and and pulmonary arteries, the immediate
branches of these arteries are also considered to
be elastic arteries – brachiocephalic, common
carotids, etc.). have sheets of elastic tissue in their
walls and are the largest diameter arteries. They
are subjected to high systolic pressures. These
large vessels are also adapted to smooth out the
surges in blood flow since blood only flows
through them during systole. The elastic tissue in
their tunic media provides the resilience to smooth
out this pressure wave.
The tunica intima is relatively thick and consists of
an endothelial layer with its basal lamina, a
subendothelial layer of connective tissue and an
internal elastic membrane. The internal elastic
membrane is not as conspicuous because it is one
of the many elastic membranes in the wall of the
arteries. It is usually only identified because it is
the innermost of the elastic layers of the arterial
wall.
The tunica media is the thickest of the three
layers. The numerous, thick, fenestrated elastic
membranes are the predominant substance of the
media. They are interconnected by fine elastic
fibers and also by smooth muscle cells, which
spirals at a slight angle to the transverse axis of the
vessel. The smooth muscle cells is surrounded by
reticular fibers and a few collagenous fibers.
In elastic arteries, the tunica adventitia is
relatively thin – half the thickness of the media –
and contains collagen fibers, elastic fibers and
connective tissue cells (fibroblasts and
macrophages). The tunica adventitia contains
blood vessels (vasa vasorum) and nerves (nervi
vasorum) that supply the blood vessel wall.

50. Large veins
(examples: vena cava, subclavian veins)
In large veins, the tunica media is relatively thin
and consists of an endothelial lining with its basal
lamina, a small amount of subendothelial tissue
and some smooth muscle cells. Thin tunica media
contains sparse, circularly arranged smooth
muscle. Also present are collagen fibers and some
fibroblasts. The most obvious feature is the
thickness of the tunica adventitia. In large veins,
large bundles of longitudinal disposed smooth
muscle cells are found with the usual collagen and
elastic fibers.
Vena cava (HE) tunica
interna is not distinct in this small magnification
SM = smooth muscle bundles of adventitia
TA = tunica adventitia
TM = tunica media
vv = vasa vasorum
52. Lymph Node
- capsula fibrosa + septa = irregular dense
connective tissue; several afferent lymphatic
vessels (opened into lymphatic sinus below
the capsule = sinus subcapsularis) and 1-2
efferent vessels (from hillus of node)
- parenchym = consists of peripheral cortex
and central medulla, and paracortical zone
(between cortex and medulla)
Cortex: reticular connctive tissue + B-
lymphocytes organized into lymphatic nodule
(follicles), some of them are active with light
germinative center.
Paracortical zone: reticular connctive tissue +
T-lymphocytes and macrophages
Medulla: reticular connctive tissue + B-
lymphocytes organized int cords
- lymphatic sinuses – sinus subcapsularis 
sinus corticalis (perifollicularis)  sinus
medullaris
The wall of sinuses is lined with reticular cells
(called litoral cells) and macrophages, reticular
fibers network substitutes missing basal lamina
1. The subcapsular sinus of lymph node: (E) –
reticular cells lining on both the capsule (Caps) side
and nodule (CN) side of the sinus (SCS). Present
within the sinus are lymphocytes (Ly); dendritic,
antigen-presenting cells (DRC) and macrophages

(Mph). 2. Macrophages in the wall of sinus
phagocyting colored material.
Lymph Node Capsule Details: As the lymph slowly
flows through the maze of cells antigens are
processed and lymphocytes become activat
Subcapsular Sinus Cells: Dendritic cells and
macrophages act as antigen presenters. Specific
Lymphocytes are activated by a presented antigen
for a specific invader.
.
capsule
Red pulp
White pulp
53. Lien (spleen)
Structure:
1. connective tissue capsule (capsula
fibrosa) consists of dense irregular c.t.
and is covered with simple squamous
epithelium. Septa entering splenic
parenchym are calle trabecules and are
derivatives if capsule.
2. parenchym = pulp:
- white pulp: is a typical lymphatic tissue
with lymphocytes in reticular c.t.,
lymphocytes are located around central
arteris forming so called periarterial
lymphatic sheath (PALS), this sheaths is
sometimes extended into lymphatic
nodules (follicle) = bodies of Malpighi.
PALS contains T-lymphocytes, in nodules
and on the periphery of PALS B-
lymphocytes and macrophages and
dendritic cells are present. Periphery of
PALS and nodules is called marginal zone
and contains also many blood sinuses.
- red pulp: is composed of reticular c.t.
with different cell types around sinuses.
Free cells are macrophages, lymphocytes,
granulocytes and mainly erythrocytes.
Reticular c.t. with cells form cords of
Billroth and these cords surrounds venous
sinuses.
3. Blood circulation:
A. lienalis entres the splenic hilus  its branches
pass through the trabecules as aa. trabeculares 
when they leave the trabecules, they are called aa.
centrales and are followed by lymphatic tissue
(PALS + boides of Malpighi)  these arteries are
branched at the end into arteriolae penicilatae:
eache arteriole has 3 parts:
1. arteriole of pulp (medullary arteriole),
2. encapsulated arteriole (surrounded by

phagocyting reticular cells – capsule) and
3. precapillary which opens into  venous sinuses
in red pulp  near the trabecules, blood from
sinuses is collected into vv. trabeculares which
fuse into v. lienalis.
54. Skin from top of finger
Keratinization is in layers
No glands
Nails
No hair
Merkel´s cells
600-800 µm for the thick skin/
55. Skin from axilla
varies between 75 and
150 µm for the thin skin
Little keratinazation
Adipose tissue
Glands
Hair

56. Skin with hair
Keratinzed
Hair follicles
Hair
57. Nail

58. Nonlactating mammary
glands
glandular tissue is reduced on only duct system, e.g.
lactiferous ducts,
terminal interlobular ducts and intralobular ducts
an area of one interlobular duct is a lobule
the lobules are separated by a denser, less cellular interlobular
connective tissue
spaces within lobules are filled with loose intralobular tissue
abundant in cells.
59. Lactating mammary glands
glandular tissue is fully differentiated
by thin connective tissue septa, the glandular parenchyma is
divided into the lobules
lobules contains spherical to elongated acini (alveoli)
differ in size
the wall of acini consist of
- the basement membrane
- cuboidal or columnar secretory cells and
- myoepithelial cells located between the basement membrane
and bases of
secretory cells/ducts
a) intralobular ducts lined by a simple cuboidal to columnar
epithelium
b) lactiferous ducts lined by two layers of columnar cells which,
in the lactiferous sinus, changes into stratified squamous
epithelium
• the first secretion appearing after birth is called the
colostrum
• it contains less fat and more protein than regular milk
and is rich in antibodies

60. Cortex cerebri
(perpendicular section to the surface of brain, HE or
impregnation)
A. Pia mater cerebri – thin c.t. membrane with numerous blood
vessels.
B. Brain cortex (neocortex) = gray matter – consists of 6 layers
(not distinctly separated), which are distinguished according
to prevailing type of neurons:
1. lamina molecularis (lamina zonalis):
– small multipolar neurons with horizontaly oriented
processes (cells of Cajal) – in deeper parts of this layer,
– nuclei of plasmatic astrocytes – in upper part of the
layer – their cytoplasmic processes form together
membrana limitans gliae superficialis,
2. lamina granularis externa – small polyhedral and
pyramidal neurons,
3. lamina pyramidalis (lamina pyramidalis externa) –
middle-sized pyramidal neurons (the apexes of pyramids
are oriented to the surface of gyrus) + cells of Martinotti,
4. lamina granularis interna – the same structure as the
second layer,
5. lamina ganglionaris (lamina pyramidalis interna) - large
pyramidal cells; their cytoplasmic processes are better
visualized in impregnated slides,
6. lamina multiformis – spindle-shaped neurons and
numerous cells of Martinotti.
C. White matter – bellow the 6th layer of cortex, is composed
of radially arranged nerve fibers.
61. Cerebellum
(Hematoxyline-eosin, Nissl or impregnation)
A. Pia mater cerebelli – c.t. membrane with numerous blood
vessels.
B. Cortex cerebelli:
1. stratum cinereum (stratum moleculare) - due to small
amount of neurons this layer is pale in HE and Nissl slides,
impregnated slide shows richly branched dendrites of
Purkinje cells and neurites of basket cells (they are
oriented paralelly with surface of gyrus and send
collaterals to the bodies of Purkinje cells),
2. stratum gangliosum (vrstva Purkyňových buněk): pear-
shaped bodies of Purkinje cells with light nucleus and
distinct nucleolus, Nissl substance is present in the
cytoplasm of bodies and dendrites (see slides stained
according to Nissl) + nuclei of macroglia – modified
plasmaticé astrocytes,
3. stratum granulosum:
– small (4 - 6 µm) and middle-sized multipolar neurons
and their processes,
– glomeruli cerebellares – small eosinophilic corpuscles
(correspond to synapses between mossy fibers and
dendrites of neurons in granular layer).

C. White matter of small brain – forms axis of cerebellar gyri
and is made up of myelinized fibers.
62. Medulla spinalis
(cross section, HE)
A. Pia mater – thin c.t. membrane with numerous blood
vessels, which trench fissura mediana anterior.
B. Gray matter – has H shape in cross section, central canal
lined with ependyma is in the middle of cross commisure.
Gray matter divides into:
1. ventral horns (columns) – at the side of fissura mediana
anterior, they are wide and rounded and do not reach the
surface of spinal cord; ventral horns contain 3 types of
neurons:
– large motor neurons (anterior horn cells) – star-shaped
or polyhedral cells, sized about 150 µm, cells are
localized in groups (motor nuclei),
– small neurons of horn – diffused in horns,
– interneurony,
2. lateral horns (columns) – only in thoracic part of spinal
cord, contain 2 types of neurons: small and middle-sized
multipolar neurons and interneurons,
3. dorsal horns (columns) – at the side of septum
medianum dorsale, horns are slim and reach practically
the surface of spinal cord; they contains neurons of 2
types:
– neurons of funiculi (cellulae funiculares) – middle-sized
multipolar neurons,
– interneurons.
C. White matter of spinal cord: is divided into 3 funiculi on
both sides - anterior, lateral and posterior, they are composed
of myelinized nerve fibers and oligodendroglia.
63. Ganglion spinale
(parallel section with long axis of ganglion, HE or impregnation)
1. dense c.t. capsule,
2. septa with blood vessels
3. loose c.t. around ganglionic cells.
B. Ganglionic cells – are in groups, usually bellow c.t. capsule:
1. ganglionic cells – round or oval pseudounipolar neurons
with light vesicular nucleus and granules of lipofuscin in
cytoplazm,
2. satelite cells (amficytes) – spindle-shaped cells with dark
nuclei, cells form continouous coat around each ganlionic
cell
C. Bundles of nerve fibers with myelin sheath run throughout
middle zone of ganglion.

64. Peripheral nerve
(Cross or longitudinal section, HE, luxol blue - myelin,
impregnation)
Peripheral nerve – cross section
A. Nerve c.t. coats:
1. epineurium – surface nerve coat consists of loose c.t.,
2. perineurium – surounds each secondary nerve bundle
and is made up one to several layers of special flattened
cells and collagenous fibers,
3. endoneurium – loose c.t. on the surface of each primary
nerve bundle and around each nerve fiber.
B. Nerve fibers: most of them are surounded by myelin and
Schwann sheaths; in cross section they appear as small circles
with dark centres (axons); nuclei of Schwann cells are usually
distinct.
Peripheral nerve – longitudinal section
A. Nerve c.t. coats: see above
B. Nerve fibers: fibers are wavy and nuclei of Schwann cells can
be identified on their surface; nodes of Ranvier can be found
on slides stained with luxol blue.

65. Anterior segment of the
eye
A. Cornea:
1. anterior epithelium – stratified squamous
epithelium,
2. Bowman´s membrane – 6-9 µm thick membrane
of homogenous appearance,
3. substantia propria – is composed of collagenous
lamelae oriented in paralel way with the surface,
amorpheous substance and flattened fibrocytes,
4. Descemet´s membrane – basal lamina of
posterior epithelium of corneae,
5. posterior epithelium (endothelium) – simple
squamous epithelium of mesenchymal origin.
B. Sclerocorneal junction - contains sinus venosus
(canal of Schlemm).
C. Corpus ciliare – is triangular in section, processus
ciliares are prominent on its free surface:
1. connective tissue stroma – highly vascularized,
around musculus ciliaris, which is composed of
bundles of smooth muscle cells oriented in
meridional, radial and circular direction,
2. pars ciliaris retinae – 2 layers of epithelial cells:
– outer layer with pigment cells – continuation of
stratum pigmenti retinae,
– inner layer with columnar cells without
pigment – is atteched to the membrana
limitans interna.
D. Iiris - thin c.t. plate with pupilla in the center,
situated between anterior and posterior chamber of
the eye. Laeyers of iris:
1. anterior epithelium – endothelium (is dificult to
identify it in the slide),
2. anterior limiting (stromal) sheath – condensed
c.t. and pigment cells,
3. stroma iridis – yelly-like c.t. with melanocytes
and blood vessels, smooth muscle is near pupilla
(musculus sphincter pupillae),
4. posterior limiting sheath – is very thin, composed
of myoepithelial cells, forming musculus dilatator
pupillae,
5. posterior epithelium = pars iridica retinae – layer
of columnar highly pigmented cells – continuation
of pars ciliaris retinae
E. Lens (lens cristallina) – (can be missing in some
slides):
1. capsula lentis – homogenous membrane on lens
surface,
2. anterior epithelium – cuboid epithelium between
capsule ventral side of lens,
3. lens fibers – the most important part of lens.

66. Posterior segment of
the eye
(Meridional section, HE)
A. Sclera: contains thick bundles of collagenous fibers,
oriented paralelly with surface of eyeball, network of
elastic fibers and elongated fibroblasts.
B. Chorioidea:
1. lamina suprachorioidea – thin, avascular layer
with lamellar structure, numerous melanocytes
2. lamina vasculosa – loose c.t. with blood arteries
and veins; pigmented cells,
3. lamina choriocapillaris – one layer of capillary
network, without melanocytes,
4. lamina vitrea (Bruch´s membrane) – not distinc
layer, separates choroid and retina.
C. Photoreceptive part of retina (pars optica retinae):
1. pigment epithelium (stratum pigmenti retinae) –
layer of cuboid cells with pigment melanin ,
2. layer of rods and cones – outer segments of
photoreceptors,
3. membrana limitans externa – not distinct,
4. outer nuclear layer – nuclei of rods and cons,
5. outer plexiform layer – synapses between 1st
and 2nd neuron,
6. inner nuclear layer – bipolar, amacrine and
horizontal cells and nuclei of supporting neuroglial
cells of Müller,
7. inner plexiform layer – synapses between 2nd
and 3rd neuron) + branching of amacrine cell
processes,
8. ganglion cells layer – multipolar neurons,
9. layer of nerve fibers – neurits of multipolar cells,
blood vessels supplying retina,
10. membrana limitans interna.
67. Palpebra
(cross section, HE or HES)
A. Ventral side: skin covered with thin epidermis, hair
follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands in dermis.
B. M. orbicularis oculi – skeletal muscle.
C. Tarsal plate: dense c.t. with branched sebaceous
glands (gll. tarseae Meibomi).
D. Dorsal side: conjunctive (stratified columnar
epithelium with goblet cells + lamina propria mucosae
– loose c.t. with lymph nodules).
Notice: free margin of palpebra contains hair follicles of
eyelashes (cilia) with sebaceous glands of Zeiss and
apocrine sweat glands of Moll.

68. Auricle
Ec = elastic cartilage
* = typical thick skin with hair follicles and sebaceous
glands
69. Funiculus umbilicalis
(cross section, HE or Azan)
A. Amnionic ectoderm – simple squamous or cuboid
epithelium on the surface of umbilical cord.
B. Wharton´s yelly (yelly-like c.t. tissue) – is composed
of amorpheous substance, fibrocytes and fine
collagenous fibers.
C. Umbilical vessels (vasa umbilicalia):
1. arteriae umbilicales – are 2; narrow lumen,
circular, longitudinal and spiral smooth muscle
cells in the wall, inner and outer elastic
membranes are not present,
2. vena umbilicalis – is 1; greater lumen, thiner wall,
distinct 3 layers.
D. The rest of ductus allantoideus (allantois) – non-
constant epithelial islet in the center of triangular
region of c.t. among umbilical vessels.
70. Placenta–the end of pregnancy
(cross section, HE)
A. Pars fetalis placentae:
1. chorionic plate (membrane) - yelly-like c.t. tissue:
– amnionic side of plate – smooth, covered with
amnionic ectoderm (simple squamous or
cuboid epithelium),
– hypochorial side of plate - forms chorionic villi,
2. chorionic villi (villi choriales) and intervilous
space. Structure of the villus:
– syncytiotrophoblast, thin cytoplasmic layer

with many nuclei and without cell borders,
– stroma of villus – yelly-like c.t. tissue with
branches of umbilical vessels.
B. Pars materna placentae (basal plate) = zona
functionalis of initial decidua basalis:
1. decidual cells – ovoid to polyhedral cells with
eosinophilic cytoplasm,
2. cells of cytotrophoblast – surface layer of basal
plate.
C. Fibrinoid – homogenous or finely granular
eosinophilic material on the surface of basal plate,
chorionic villi or hypochorial side of chorionic plate.

Slide References:
1. http://www.iupui.edu/~anatd502/Labs.f04/digestive%20I%20lab/Digestive%20System%20I%20Lab.html
2. http://ouhsc.edu/histology/Text%20Sections/Muscle.html
3. http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/histo/frames/h_fram13.html
4. http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/gi2/lingual_salivary_glands.php
5. http://flylib.com/books/en/2.953.1.21/1/ http://histology-
world.com/photoalbum//displayimage.php?pid=4208
6. https://courses.stu.qmul.ac.uk/smd/kb/microanatomy/sdentists/ob2/16.htm
http://ellephantie.tumblr.com/post/142262470/type-study-5
7. http://microanatomy.net/digestive/tooth.htm
8. http://dentistry.ouhsc.edu/oral-histology/Chapter9/Chap9.html
11. http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/10801ooa.htm
12. http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/text%20sections/upper%20gi.html
13. http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/text%20sections/upper%20gi.html
14. http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/gitract/gi12.htm
15. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_6/Slide_94_duodenum/index.htm
16. http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/digestive/jejunum_20x.htm
17. http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/gitract/gi19.htm
18. http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/PTH225.html
19. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_7/Slide_106_gallbladder/index.htm
20. http://anatomytopics.wordpress.com/2008/12/22/anatomy-histo-embryology-liver-gall-bladder-bile-
ducts/
21. http://ouhsc.edu/histology/Text%20Sections/Cartilage.HTML
22. http://histology-world.com/photoalbum/displayimage.php?album=53&pid=4693#top_display_media
23. http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/resp/resp04.htm
24. http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/CR005b.htm
http://www.histology-world.com/photoalbum/displayimage.php?album=31&pid=2433#top_display_media
25. http://www.histology-world.com/photoalbum/thumbnails.php?album=15&page=3

26. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_8/Slide_107_kidney/index.htm
27. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_8/Slide_109_bladder/index.htm
28. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_8/index.htm
http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/urinary/renal15.htm
29. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_8/Slide_113_testis1/index.htm
30. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_8/index.htm
31. http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/text%20sections/male%20reproductive.html
32. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_8/Slide_116_seminal_vesicle/index.htm
33. http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/
34. http://microanatomy.net/Male_Reproductive/testis_and_ducts.htm
35. http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/
36. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_9/Slide_123_oviduct/index.htm
38. http://radiology.uchc.edu/eAtlas/GYN/1970.htm
http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/female/female14.htm
39. https://courses.stu.qmul.ac.uk/smd/kb/microanatomy/humandev/18.htm
40. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_9/Slide_129_vagina/pages/b.8.129.1.2.htm
41.
http://books.google.cz/books?id=iuJ3mG85LSAC&pg=PA324&lpg=PA324&dq=minor+labia+histology
&source=bl&ots=9cuv7j7kVn&sig=Wh0xO9pXaDWIR4QgRHjBV8sSVoo&hl=cs&ei=Jx2DTpvhNcTKhAf5-
7mXDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
42. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_7/Slide_134_pituitary/index.htm
43. http://www.histology-
world.com/photoalbum/displayimage.php?album=73&pid=3040#top_display_media
44. http://histology-world.com/photoalbum//displayimage.php?pid=3016
45. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-
bank/chapter_7/Slides_135_and_136_thyroid_and_parathyroid/index.htm
46. http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mmmoga/histology/slide55.html
48. http://stephsap.blogspot.com/2011/02/cardiovascular-system-processes.html
49. http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/vascular.htm
50. http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_3/Slides_56_and_57_aorta/index.htm
51. http://bcrc.bio.umass.edu/histology/?q=image/tid/8&page=1

53. http://www.courseweb.uottawa.ca/medicine-
histology/english/cardiovascular/histologybloodvessels.htm
54. http://medsci.indiana.edu/c602web/602/c602web/lymphnd/slide84.htm
55. http://histology-world.com/photoalbum/displayimage.php?album=25&pid=1518
56. http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/immune/spleen_red_pulp.php
57. http://anatomytopics.wordpress.com/category/abdomen/
59.
http://www.wesapiens.org/life_sciences/?category=base%2Flife_sciences%2Fhuman_and_animal_hi
stology%2Forgans_and_systems%2Fintequmentary_system%2F&advanced=1
60. http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/skin/wp.htm
61. http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/connective/connect.htm
62. http://www.wesapiens.org/file/1151058/Structure+of+the+human+lactating+mammary+glands
63. http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/nervous/wp.htm
64.
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cerebellum+slide&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw
=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=P6HSDCjgQsSGiM:&imgrefurl=http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/camp
bell/nervous/wp.htm&docid=66QqFb4xp5LZEM&w=640&h=480&ei=nguDToiNIpD5sgayibWADg&zoom=1&iac
t=hc&vpx=179&vpy=321&dur=446&hovh=120&hovw=160&tx=118&ty=101&page=1&tbnh=120&tbnw=160&s
tart=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0
65.
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=medulla+spinalis+slide&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en
&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=1eMDxNhvPdcynM:&imgrefurl=http://zuzolandia.pl/cross-section-of-
the-mammalian-spinal-
cord%26page%3D6&docid=kheVZvfFL3XewM&itg=1&w=200&h=154&ei=RQyDToWLEIXLtAafjdGdDg&zoom=1
&iact=hc&vpx=740&vpy=237&dur=3&hovh=123&hovw=160&tx=64&ty=55&page=8&tbnh=123&tbnw=160&st
art=142&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:10,s:142
66. http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/nerves_muscle.html
67. http://cmdi.medicine.dal.ca/Human_Histology/Lab4/121LH.html
68. http://histology-world.com/photoalbum/displayimage.php?album=21&pid=2340#top_display_media
69.
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=sclera+choroid+retina+slide&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rl
s=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=Pqy7ziXeZhPHrM:&imgrefurl=http://histology-
world.com/photoalbum//displayimage.php%3Fpid%3D1104&docid=9rzX3UZT4DKGAM&w=400&h=299&ei=F
wSDTuebKs_WsgaQxO21Dg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=668&vpy=149&dur=1069&hovh=194&hovw=260&tx=155
&ty=119&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=198&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0

70.
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=palpebra+slide&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1
280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=a66hHYPKz-
aHnM:&imgrefurl=http://www.iupui.edu/~anatd502/Labs.f04/eye%2520lab/Eye%2520Lab.html&docid=CFNV
73tb8jPV1M&w=212&h=576&ei=AwWDTvDCHs_ysgaPk9CNDg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=611&vpy=154&dur=34
4&hovh=294&hovw=108&tx=70&ty=174&page=3&tbnh=132&tbnw=49&start=36&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:
36
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=umbilical+cord+slide&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&rls=en&biw=1280&bih=
652&tbm=isch&tbnid=BHtgt5nhG6DnjM:&imgrefurl=http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/hi
stoweb/ct/ct14.htm&docid=bTclbQ1WqHfseM&w=406&h=268&ei=V_-
CTtmxM7H24QSAzfVs&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=367&vpy=158&dur=444&hovh=182&hovw=276&tx=174&ty=98
&page=1&tbnh=140&tbnw=182&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0

Histology study guide

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (19)

Similar to Histology study guide

Similar to Histology study guide (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Histology study guide