This report summarizes the internship work done at the Mahagun Mezzaria Group Housing Project in Noida. The key activities included: 1. Excavation work using equipment like excavators and tippers to establish layout lines and remove earth in stages. Safety procedures were followed. 2. Construction of soil nailing walls and shotcrete work to retain excavated soil faces using steel nails, concrete, and wire mesh. 3. Reinforcement works involving cutting, bending, transporting, and tying reinforcement bars according to approved drawings and schedules. Fabrication and safety protocols were followed. 4. Concrete works for foundations and other structures using materials, equipment, placement, compaction, finishing, c

1. SUMMER INTERNSHIP REP0RT
0n
GR0UP H0USING PR0JECT- MAHAGUN MEZZARIA N0IDA
Submitted t0
AMITY SCH001 0F ENGINEERING & TECHN010GY
Guided By: Submitted By:
Ms. Madhuri Kumari Ankit Gupta
H0D A2315811122
Department 0f Civi1 Engineering 7CE-2
ASET
AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH
GAUTAM BUDDHA NAGA

2. Tab1e 0f c0ntents
ackn0w1edgement ……………………………………………………………………….ii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………….............................iii
1. Intr0ducti0n…………………………………………………………………………………1
1.1 1ay0ut 0f the pr0ject…………………….………………………………………………...3
2. Excavati0n………………………………………………………………………...............4
2.1 Intr0ducti0n………………………………………………………………………………4
2.2 Sc0pe…………………………………………………………………………………..…4
2.3Equipments ……………………………………………………………………........…….4
2.4 C0nstructi0n Sequence………………………………………………….………….…….4
2.5 Safe w0rk pr0cedure…………..………………………………..………………………..5
2.5.1 Excavati0n w0rk………………………..…………...…..…………………..…………...5
3.Nai1ing wa11 & Sh0t-Creting………………...……….......................................................6
3.2 S0i1 nai1ing…………………………………………………………………………....….6
3.2 C0nstructi0n pr0cedure…………………………………………………..…………..…..7
3.3 S0i1 nai1 advantages……………………………………………………………………...9
3.4 S0i1 nai1 disadvantages…………………………………………………………………...9
3.5 S0i1 nai1 wa11 c0nstructi0n sequence………………………………………………..…..10
3.6 Sh0t-creting…………………………………………………………………..……..…..11
4.Reinf0rcement w0rks…………………………………………………………………....13
4.1 Purp0se……………………………………………………………..………………........13
4.2 Pre-requisites………………………………………………….……...………………….13
4.3 1aying 0f reinf0rcement at site…………………………………………..…...………….13
4.4 Fabricati0n…………………………………………………….………….…..……….….14
4.5 Transp0rtati0n & w0rk safety…….........……… ..........................................................14
4.6 1aying 0f reinf0rcement…………………………………………….……….……….…15
4.7 Inspecti0n…………………………………………………………………………….....15

3. 4.7.1 Fabricati0n……………………………….……...……………………………….……....15
4.7.2 1aying………………………………………………..…………………………….........16
5.C0ncrete W0rks…………………………...……………………………………………...17
5.1 Purp0se………………………………………………………………………………...…..17
5.1 Pre-requisites …………...…………………………...………………………………………….…17
5.3 Descripti0n………………………………………………………………………………...17
5.3.1 Equipments & machinery………………………………….……...................................17
5.3.2 Res0urces materia1s………………………………………………………………...........17
5.3.3 Materia1s……………………….……………………………………………………..….17
5.4 Meth0d 0f pr0ducing c0ncrete………………………………………………………….....18
5.5 P1acement..……………………………………………………………………………..….18
5.6 C0mpacti0n…………………………………………………………………………..……19
5.7 Finishing……………………………………………………………………………..……19
5.8 Curing………………………………………………………………………………..……20
5.9 Acceptance creteria…………………………………………………………………..……21
6.0 Precauti0ns ...………………………..……………………………………………..…..…21
6 Shuttering………………………………………………………………………………..22
6.1 Definati0n…………………………………………………………………………………22
6.2 Types……………………………………………………………………………................22
6.2.1 Timber Shuttering……………………….…………………………………….............22
6.2.2 P1yw00d Shuttering……………………...…………………………………………….23
6.2.3 Stee1 Shuttering…………………………….……………………………………..…...23
6.3 0rder & Meth0d 0f rem0ving Shuttering…………………….…………………….......23
6.4 Reqiurements 0f a g00d f0rmw0rk system……………………………………………....25
6.5 Durati0n taken f0r rem0va1 0f f0rmw0rk…………………………………………..…….26
6.6 Breif descripti0n ab0ut mivan shuttering……………………………………………..….27
6.6.1 Inn0vati0ns in C0nstructi0n……………………………………………………..……..28
6.6.2 10ads acting 0n f0rmw0rk ………………………..……………..…………………….28
6.6.3 C0mp0nents 0f shuttering………………………..………………………………….....28

4. 7. C001ing System..................................................................................................................34
7.1 Intr0ducti0n …………………………………………………….……………………......34
7.2 Types………………………………………………………………………..……………34
7.2.1 VRV ( Variab1e Refrigerant V01ume)………………………...…..…………….……34
7.2.2 FCU (Fan C0i1 Unit)……………………………………………………………….…..35
7.2.3 AHU (Air H&1ing Unit) …………………………………………………..…………35
Termin010gies...........................................................................................................................37
C0nc1usi0n………………………………..…………………………………………………40
References……………………………………………………….…………………………..41

5. INR0DUCTI0N
Am0ng the sect0rs m0re adverse1y affected in the ec0n0my 0f deve10ping c0untries is the
h0using c0nstructi0n sect0r. Even in better times, deve10ping c0untries have f0cused their
attenti0n t0 investments in industry & agricu1ture, rather than h0using because 0f their
imp0rtance in 0rder t0 became 1ess dependent & t0 generate m0re inc0me .N0w, in 0rder t0
make pr0gress, it is necessary t0 pr0vide aff0rdab1e st&ards 0f c0nstructi0n & infrastructure.
Gr0up h0using pr0jects are carried 0ut t0 create 1arge number 0f mu1ti st0ried bui1dings
s0 that in 1imited 1& area, m0re & m0re number 0f h0mes c0u1d be a110cated & the maj0r
p1us p0int 0f this type 0f pr0ject is that they a1s0 pr0vide 0ther imp0rtant amenities such as
h0spita1, swimming p001, p1ay gr0unds, sh0pping c0mp1ex, we1fare s0cieties f0r additi0na1
ease 0f c0mf0rt & hence t0 give extra benefit t0 the cust0mers.
The rep0rt carried 0ut f0r the durati0n 0f 45 days inc1udes activities 1ike Earthw0rk
excavati0n, C0nstructi0n 0f nai1ing wa11, Intr0ducti0n t0 T0ta1 Stati0n , Air c0nditi0ning
techniques used , Reinf0rcement w0rk, C0ncrete W0rk, type 0f shuttering used were am0ng
the main 1earning’s achieved by me.
The pr0ject inc1udes 34-st0ried 6 t0wers with 3 & 4 BHK 1uxuri0us f1ats. These f1ats have
d0ub1e height 1iving r00ms in each apartment with d0ub1e height ba1c0ny. Its n0n-t0wer
area inc1udes C1ub h0use, Gymnasium, swimming p001, parks f0r j0gging, tennis &
badmint0n c0urts & the shuttering used is mivan shuttering as we11 as p1ank shuttering. This
gr0up h0using pr0ject is a pure 1uxuri0us pr0ject in mid-air hanging & spread 0ver a ten acre
p10t.
1.1 1AY0UT 0F THE PR0JECT

6. Figure 1.1

7. 1.2 Layout of 3BHK flat
Figure 1.2

8. 1.3 Layout of 4 BHK Flat
Figure 1.3

9. CHAPTER NO. 2
EXCAVATI0N
2.1 Intr0ducti0n
This d0cument describes the step wise w0rk meth0d010gy t0 carry 0ut the excavati0n w0rk
f0r NEXGEN Infrac0n Pvt. 1td. (Mahagun Rea1 Estate) (Mezzaria) in p1anned & c0ntr011ed
manner with reference t0 the technica1 specificati0n & st&ards.
2.2 Sc0pe
It inc1udes earthw0rk in a11 types 0f s0i1 & s0ft R0ck, except site grading w0rks, Sh0ring
etc, true t0 1ines & 1eve1s.
2.3 Equipments
1. Excavat0r
2. Tipper
3. JCB & Dewatering pump
2.4 C0nstructi0n Sequence
2.4.1 Genera1
activities
1. Bef0re starting excavati0n 0f civi1 w0rks the main grid 1ines f0r the structure sha11 be
estab1ished using t0ta1 stati0n the a1ignment 0f the bui1ding with respect t0 the principa1 x
& y axis sha11 be verified.
2. After estab1ishing the c0– 0rdinates, 0pen excavati0n sha11 be carried 0ut in
stages.
3. Excavati0n sha11 be carried 0ut in a p1anned manner t0 suit the c0nstructi0n
schedu1e.
4. Cutting sha11 be d0ne fr0m t0p t0
b0tt0m..
5. In 0rder t0 av0id 0ver excavati0n, it sha11 be carried 0ut in
stages.
2.5 Safe W0rk Pr0cedures
2.5.1 Excavati0n w0rk
1. Bef0re starting the w0rk ensure (site engineer /appr0priate drawing /P & M etc. ) that n0
undergr0und 1ive e1ectrica1 cab1e 0r chemica1 / water pipe 1ine is passing thr0ugh the
area

10. 0f excavati0n uti1ity survey rep0rt sha11 be referred in 0rder t0 access the
uti1ities cr0ssing thr0ugh the pr0p0sed excavati0n.
2. Excavati0ns sha11 be inspected by the engineers/supervis0r dai1y bef0re w0rk
starts.
3. Excavati0ns sha11 be pr0tected fr0m a11 sides by erecting barricades with cauti0n signs
&
sha11 have warning 1ights at night.
4. Stairs 1adders 0r ramps must be pr0vide where w0rkers are required t0 enter excavated
area. S10pe 0f ramps used within the j0b sh0u1d be in n0 case steeper than 1 in 4.
Figure 2.1

11. CHAPTER N0. 3
NAI1ING WA11 & SH0TCRETING
3.1 S0i1
Nai1ing
S0i1 nai1ing is an earth retenti0n technique using gr0uted tensi0n-resisting stee1
e1ements
(nai1s) that can be design f0r supp0rting temp0rary 0r permanent
structures.
Figure 3.1
3.2 C0nstructi0n Pr0cedure
Whi1e c0nstructing s0i1 nai1 wa11 head p1ates are insta11ed 0n each nai1. C0ncrete is
typica11y app1ied 0n the excavati0n face t0 pr0vide c0ntinuity when a s0i1 nai1 wa11 is
c0nstructed. F0r a s0i1 nai1 wa11 the genera1 c0nstructi0n pr0cedure inv01ves:
1. D0 excavati0n f0r the first s0i1
nai1.
2. Insta11 the 1st
nai1.

12. 3. 0n the s0i1 face c0nstructi0n 0f 1st phase 0f sh0tcrete is made a10ng with wire mesh 0r
0ther reinf0rcement.
4. S0i1 nai1 head p1ate is
insta11ed.
5. C0nstructi0n 0f 2nd phase sh0tcrete is carried 0ut.
6. Excavate f0r the next s0i1 nai1 1eve1, & insta11 the next s0i1 nai1 & d0
sh0tcrete.
Figure 3.2: Typica1 s0i1 nai1 head p1ate & sh0tcrete detai1s
S0i1 nai1 wa11s are particu1ar1y we11 suited t0 excavati0n app1icati0ns f0r gr0und
c0nditi0ns that require vertica1 0r near-vertica1 cuts & suited in the f0110wing temp0rary
0r permanent app1icati0ns:
1. R0adway cut excavati0ns.
2. R0ad widening under an existing bridge end.
3. Repair & rec0nstructi0n 0f existing retaining structures.

13. Figure 3.3: Nai1ing wa11 at site
3.3
Sh0tcret
ing
The pr0cess in which c0ncrete with high ve10city is f0rced 0nt0 a surface thr0ugh a
h0se is kn0wn as sh0tcreting.
The pr0cess
inv01ves:
1. Preparati0n 0f the w0rking space.
2. Insta11ati0n 0f supp0rting e1ements viz anch0rs, arches etc.
3. C0ncrete is f0rced 0nt0 the desired surface
Figure 3.4: Sh0t-creting

14. CHAPTER N0. 4
REINF0RCEMENT W0RKS
4.1 Purp0se
T0 ensure pr0per cutting, bending, transp0rting & tying 0f reinf0rcement bars.
4.2 Pre-requisites
1. Appr0ved drawings.
2. Appr0ved Bar Bending Schedu1es.
3. Bar Bending machine.
4. Bar shearing machine.
4.3 St0rage 0f reinf0rcement at site
1. A11 the reinf0rcement arriving at the site sha11 be inspected & the manufacturer’s
Test certificate sha11 be verified. After verificati0n 0n1y the reinf0rcement sha11 be
accepted.
2. Reinf0rcement bars received at the site sha11 be stacked 0n the gr0und with the use
0f timber s1eeper, c0ncrete s1eeper 0r any 0ther means.
Figure 4.1: Reinf0rcing bars

15. 4.4 Fabricati0n
1. A11 the reinf0rcement stee1 sha11 be stacked in different 10ts c0nsisting 0f
vari0us diameters 0n a raised area t0 av0id twisting & preventing fr0m m0isture
c0ntact.
2. Bars 0f specified diameter’s sha11 be shifted fr0m the st0ckyard t0 the fabricati0n st0p
by the manua1/mechanica1 means
3. The dimensi0n 0f bends sha11 be s0 given that a minimum am0unt 0f ca1cu1ati0n
is necessary f0r marking 0f bars. The dimensi0ning pr0cedure sha11 be used as per
drawings
& in absence 0f dimensi0n 0n drawings, IS: 2502 sha11 be referred f0r bending.
4. Bending 0f bars sha11 be d0ne in c01d c0nditi0ns 0n1y & n0 heating is permitted 0n
bars.
10ad sha11 be app1ied gradua11y.
5. Reinf0rcement materia1 sha11 be free fr0m 100se mi11 sca1e, excessive rust, pitting ,
0i1, grease , paint , mud 0r any f0reign materia1 present 0n the surface.
6. Bars having cracks, sp1its, britt1e, excessive rust, cracks 0n the bends sha11 be
rejected.
7. After bending 0f bars, they sha11 be pr0per1y tagged acc0rding t0 the BBS (Bar
bending schedu1e) & bar mark f0r easy identificati0n.
8. Fabricati0n bars sha11 be shifted t0 respective stack yard (i.e. fabricated item st0rage
yard)
& the 10t sha11 be tagged indicating the f0110wing:
1) Structure
2) Bar Mark
3) Number 0f Bars
4.5 Transp0rtati0n & W0rk safety
Fabricated bars sha11 be transp0rted fr0m the fabricated yard t0 the respective j0b sites. At
the main j0b site rebar sha11 be h&1ed manua11y/mechanica11y f0r shifting & 1aying
activities. Due care sha11 be paid f0r ensuring that bars d0 n0t suffer any damage & are
safe1y h&1ed.

16. 4.6 1aying 0f Reinf0rcement

17. 1. Reinf0rcement bars sha11 be 1aid in p0siti0n as per the re1evant
appr0ved reinf0rcement drawings. Required c0ncrete c0ver sha11 be pr0vided
t0 the reinf0rcement bars by means 0f c0ncrete c0ver b10cks 0f specified size.
2. Bars sha11 be 1aid in required 1ine & 1eve1 , as we11 as spacing 0f the bars & 1ap
1ength
sha11 be as per re1evant reinf0rcement drawing’s
.
3. In c0ngested area’s , reinf0rcement bars sha11 be temp0rari1y f1ared t0
faci1itate p1acement & c0mpacti0n 0f c0ncrete & sha11 be br0ught back t0
p0siti0n bef0re c0ncrete reaches that p0siti0n.
Figure 4.2: 1aying 0f reinf0rcement
4.7 Inspecti0n
Reinf0rcement w0rks sha11 be checked f0r the f0110wing:-
4.7.1 Fabricati0n
1. Visua1 examinati0n 0f any defects 1ike cracks , sp1its , piping, deep scratches etc.
2. Diameter 0f the Bar
3. Shape 0f the Bar
4. Finished 1ength 0f the bar
5. Bending radius

18. 4.7.2 1aying
1. 10cati0n
2. A1ignment
3. Spacing / numbers
4. 1ap 1ength
5. Binding
6. C0ver
Figure 4.3: Inspecti0n

19. C0NCRETE W0RKS
5.1 Purp0se
T0 ensure pr0per p0uring 0f c0ncrete f0r a11 c0ncreting w0rks.
5.2 Pre-requisites
1. C0mp1eti0n 0f reinf0rcement w0rks.
2. C0mp1eti0n 0f f0rmw0rks.
3. C0mp1eti0n 0f structura1 w0rks.
4. Checking 0f 1eve1s.
5.3 Descripti0n
5.3.1 Equipment & Machinery
1. Ca1ibrated Batching P1ant with batcher c0mp1ying with the Technica1 specificati0ns.
2. Transit Mixers
3. Qua1ified manp0wer
4. Equipment f0r c0mpacti0n 0f c0ncrete
5.3.2 Res0urces Machinery
C0ncrete Batching P1ant weigh batchers & transit mixers t0 pr0duce the sufficient am0unt 0f
c0ncrete per day t0 meet the requirement 0f site.
5.3.3 Materia1s
1. Cement 43/53 Grade 0rdinary P0rt1& Cement
2. Aggregate: C0arse & Fine aggregate fr0m appr0ved s0urce
3. Water : Fr0m appr0ved s0urce
5.4 Meth0d 0f pr0ducing c0ncrete

20. 1. As the p0ur gets c1eared, the requirement 0f c0ncrete ingredients sha11 be checked
&
necessary acti0ns sha11 be taken t0 meet the requirements.
2. After checking c0ncrete pr0ducti0n sha11 be started.
3. Based 0n appr0ved mix pr0p0rti0ns, the c0arse & fine aggregate sha11 be weighed with
c0rrecti0n f0r m0isture & abs0rpti0n 0f water & fed int0 the mixing drum.
4. Then cement & water a10ng with the admixture sha11 be fed thr0ugh dispensers.
5. After mixing the pr0p0rti0ns pr0per1y, the c0ncrete sha11 be un10aded direct1y 0n
the chutes, 0r 0n the f1at watertight p1atf0rm & the c0ncrete sha11 be carried manua11y
t0 the p0ur p0int.
6. The s1ump & the temperature sha11 be checked at the mixer p1ant p0int & the cubes
sha11 be taken f0r the c0mpressive strength f0r 7 & 28 days.
P1acement
1. C0ncrete p0ur p1an sha11 be made in advance f0r a11 the maj0r p0urs.
2. The height 0f the c0ncrete t0 reach required e1evati0n is m0re than 0ne meter.
3. Care sha11 be taken t0 p1ace & c0mpact the c0ncrete within 0ne h0ur fr0m the time 0f its
pr0ducti0n.
4. The rate 0f p1acement 0f c0ncrete sha11 be such that n0 c01d j0int is f0rmed & fresh
c0ncrete is a1ways against green c0ncrete , which is sti11 p1astic, & w0rkab1e.
5. A 1ayer 0f m0rtar 0f thickness between 12 mm t0 25 mm as directed, 0f the same
0r 1ess w/c rati0 & the same pr0p0rti0n as that 0f the c0ncrete being p1aced & cement
s1urry wi11 be spread th0r0ugh1y 0n the f0undati0n 0r c0nstructi0n j0int just pri0r t0
p1acement 0f c0ncrete.
7. C0ncreting sha11 be d0ne in 1ayers. Pr0per care sha11 be taken t0 maintain
finished 1eve1 0f c0ncrete as per the drawing.
Figure 5.1

21. 5.6 C0mpacti0n
F0r pr0per c0mpacti0n 0f c0ncrete, sufficient number 0f need1e vibrat0rs 0f pr0per size
sha11 be used. Qua1ified vibrat0r 0perat0r sha11 carry 0ut the c0mpacti0n 0f c0ncrete. Each
1ayer 0f c0ncrete sha11 be pr0per1y c0mpacted t0 the maximum practica1 density s0 that the
c0ncrete is free 0f p0ckets 0f c0arse aggregate & fits tight1y against a11 tight & embedded
materia1.
5.7 Finishing
1. After p1acing the c0ncrete in the 10cati0ns, the t0p surface sha11 be finished &
maintained t0 the required e1evati0n as specified in the appr0ved drawings by qua1ified
mas0ns.
2. Green cutting 0f c0ncrete sha11 be d0ne by using air/water jet 0f suitab1e pressure 0r by
wire brush t0 rem0ve the accumu1ati0n 0f fine partic1es fr0m the green c0ncrete
surface t0 receive subsequent p0ur 0ver it, wherever required .
Figure 5.2

22. Figure 5.3
5.8 Curing
1. It sha11 be ensured that a11 c0ncrete structures are pr0per1y & satisfact0ry cured.
2. Water f0r curing sha11 be used fr0m the b0re we11 dri11ed at site.
3. Curing sha11 be carried 0ut by c0ntinu0us sprink1ing 0r p0nding 0r with wet gunny bags ,
depending up0n the 10cati0n/circumstances etc. In case 0f h0riz0nta1 surfaces
curing sha11 be d0ne by p0nding 0f water 0n the surfaces by suitab1e bunds at the edges
. In case 0f wa11s/vertica1 faces curing sha11 be carried 0ut with wet gunny bags &
keeping them wet c0ntinu0us1y.
4. Curing sha11 start within 8 h0urs 0f p1acement & in h0t water , within 4 h0urs 0f
p1acement 0f c0ncrete. During the first 24 h0urs c0ncrete sha11 be cured by wet bur1ap
0r such 0ther means t0 c0ver the surfaces. The f0rmw0rk sha11 a1s0 be kept wet by
sprink1ing 0f water.
5. Peri0d 0f curing sha11 be minimum 0f 7 days.
5.9 Acceptance Criteria
1. A11 c0ncrete surfaces sha11 have a sm00th c0ncrete finish surface.
2. N0 bu1ging 0f c0ncrete surfaces.
3. N0 shrinkage cracks are permitted.
4. N0 H0neyc0mbing 0n the surfaces.
6.0 Precauti0ns
1. Safety precauti0ns whi1e c0ncreting.
2. Wearing 0f h& g10ves whi1e h&1ing the c0ncrete.

23. CHAPTER N0.6
SHUTTERING
6.1 Definiti0n
F0rmw0rk is a die 0r m0u1d used t0 shape & supp0rt the c0ncrete unti1 it attains sufficient
strength t0 carry its 0wn weight. F0rmw0rk sh0u1d be such that it sh0u1d carry a11 imp0sed
dead & 1ive 10ads apart fr0m its 0wn weight.
. Design 0f these temp0rary structures sh0u1d be such that it sh0u1d meet ec0n0mic
expenditure. The pr0cess 0f rem0ving the f0rmw0rk is kn0wn as stripping. Stripped
f0rmw0rk are reusab1e.
6.2 Types
1. Timber Shuttering
2. P1yw00d
Shuttering
3. Stee1
Shuttering
6.2.1 Timber Shuttering
Timber used f0r shuttering sh0u1d have sm00th & even surface 0n a11 the faces which
c0me in c0ntact with c0ncrete.

24. 6.2.2 P1yw00d
Shuttering
Resin b0nded p1yw00d sheets are attached t0 timber frames t0 make pane1s 0f desired sizes.
The c0st 0f p1yw00d f0rmw0rk is same as 0f timber shuttering & may be cheaper in certain
cases.
1 It pr0ves cheaper as c0mpared as c0mpared t0 timber shuttering because by use 0f 1arge
pane1s , 1ab0ur c0st 0f fixing & dismant1ing is 1ess.
2 Pr0vides m0re sm00th finish
6.2.3 Stee1
Shuttering
This c0nsist 0f pane1s 0f thin stee1 p1ates stiffened a10ng the edges by sma11 stee1
ang1es. Suitab1e c1amps 0r b01ts & nuts are used in 0rder t0 fix stee1 pane1s. The pane1s
can be fabricated int0 any desired shape & size . Stee1 f0rms are uses where number 0f
reuses are m0re. This type 0f shuttering is c0nsidered m0st suitab1e f0r curved 0r circu1ar
structures.
Figure 6.1: p1ank shuttering
6.4.2 C0mp0nents 0f shuttering

25. A. Wa11
c0mp0nents
1) Wa11 Pane1: - Wa11 Pane1 f0rms the face 0f the wa11. It is an A1uminium sheet
pr0per1y cut t0 fit in the exact size 0f the wa11
Figure 6.2: Wa11
Pane1
2) R0cker:- R0cker is a supp0rting c0mp0nent 0f wa11. It is 1-shaped pane1 having h01es
f0r stub pin.
Figure 6.3: R0cker

26. 3) Kicker :- Kicker f0rms the wa11 face at the t0p 0f the pane1s & acts as a 1edge t0
supp0rt.
Figure 6.4: Kicker
4) Stub Pin:- Stub Pin he1ps in j0ining tw0 wa11 pane1s.It he1ps in j0ining tw0
j0ints.
Figure 6.5: Stub pin
B) Beam C0mp0nents
1) Beam Side Pane1:- Beam Side Pane1 is a rectangu1ar structure which is cut acc0rding
t0 the size 0f the beam & f0rms the side 0f beams.
Figure 6.6: Beam Side Pane1

27. 2) Pr0p Head F0r S0ffit Beam:- Pr0p Head is a V-shaped head f0r easy disp1acing 0f the
f0rmw0rk which f0rms the s0ffit beam.
Figure 6.7: Pr0p Head F0r S0ffit Beam
3) Beam S0ffit Pane1:- Beam S0ffit Pane1 is a p1ain rectangu1ar structure 0f a1uminium.
Which
supp0rts the s0ffit beam.
Figure 6.8: Beam S0ffit Pane1
4) Beam S0ffit Bu1khead:- Beam S0ffit Bu1khead is the bu1khead f0r beam &
carries m0st 0f the bu1k 10ad.
Figure 6.9: Beam S0ffit Bu1khead

28. C) Deck C0mp0nent
1) Deck Pane1:- Deck Pane1 f0rms the h0riz0nta1 surface f0r casting 0f s1abs & is bui1t
f0r pr0per safety 0f w0rkers.
Figure 6.10: Deck Pane1
2) Deck Pr0p:- Deck Pr0p f0rms a V-shaped pr0p head w h i c h supp0rts the deck &
bears the 10ad c0ming 0n the deck pane1.
Figure 6.11: Deck Pr0p
3)Pr0p 1ength:- Pr0p 1ength is the 1ength 0f the pr0p & i t depends up0n the 1ength 0f
the s1ab.
Figure 6.12: Pr0p 1ength

29. 4) Deck Mid – Beam:- Deck mid-beam supp0rts the midd1e p0rti0n 0f the beam & it
h01ds the c0ncrete.
Figure 6.13: Deck mid-Beam
5) S0ffit 1ength:- S0ffit 1ength pr0vides supp0rt t0 the edge 0f the deck pane1s at their
perimeter 0f the r00m.
Figure 6.14: S0ffit 1ength
6) Deck Beam Bar:- Deck Beam Bar is the deck f0r the beam & it supp0rts the deck & beam.
Figure 6.15: Deck Beam Bar
D) 0ther C0mp0nents
1) Interna1 S0ffit C0rner:- Interna1 S0ffit C0rner f0rms the vertica1 interna1 c0rner
between the wa11s & the beams, s1abs, & the h0riz0nta1 interna1 c0rnice between the
wa11s & the beam s1abs & the beam s0ffit.

30. Figure 6.16: Interna1 S0ffit C0rner
2) Externa1 S0ffit C0rner:- E x t e r n a 1 S 0 f f i t C 0 r n e r f0rms the externa1
c0rner between the c0mp0nents.
Figure 6.17: Externa1 S0ffit C0rner
3) Externa1 C0rner:-E x t e r n a 1 C 0 r n e r f0rms the externa1 c0rner 0f the f0rmw0rk
system..
Figure 6.18: Externa1 C0rner
4) Interna1 C0rner:- Interna1 C0rner c0nnects tw0 pieces 0f vertica1 f0rmw0rk pieces at
their exteri0r intersecti0ns.
Figure 6.19: Interna1 C0rner

31. Figure 6.20: Mivan shuttering at site

32. CHAPTER N0. 7
C001ING SYSTEMS
7.1 Intr0ducti0n
There’s a 10t 0f difference between 01d-sty1e swamp c001ers & m0dern evap0rative c001ing
systems. The 1atter can pr0vide years 0f tr0ub1e-free service & c001, c1ean, c0mf0rtab1e,
fresh air at a 10wer energy c0st than c0nventi0na1 air c0nditi0ners. The 1atest evap0rative
c001er designs are a 10t easier than c0mpress0r-based c001ing systems..
7.2 Types
The c001ing system pr0vided in the f1ats c0mprises 0f these sub
divisi0ns:
7.21 VRV ( Variab1e Refrigerant
V01ume):-
VRV is the 1atest & m0st rev01uti0nary techn010gies used n0wadays f0r 1arge sized
bui1dings. The system a1s0 saves 1arge am0unt 0f energy , 1arge 0utd00r capacities,
10nger actua1 & t0ta1 piping, easier insta11ati0n, & m0re.
It c0nserves space, saves energy, individua1 c0ntr01, ease 0f use, 0perates 0ver a wide
temperature range etc.
Figure 7.1: Variab1e Refrigerant V01ume
7.22 FCU (Fan C0i1
Unit):-
A fan c0i1 unit (FCU) is a simp1e device c0nsisting 0f a c001ing & heating c0i1 & fan. It
is part 0f an HVAC system & used f0r residentia1, c0mmercia1, & industria1
bui1dings.

33. Typica11y a FCU unit is used t0 c0ntr01 the temperature in the space where it is insta11ed. It
is c0ntr011ed either manua11y by using 0n/0ff switch 0r by a therm0stat.
Due t0 their simp1icity, fan c0i1 units are m0re ec0n0mica1 t0 insta11 than ducted 0r centra1
heating systems with air h&1ing units. H0wever, they can be n0isy as the fan is within the
same space.
Figure 7.2 : Fan C0i1 Unit
7.2.3 AHU (Air H&1ing Unit):- It, is a device used t0 c0ntr01, maintain & circu1ate air
as part 0f venti1ating, heating & air-c0nditi0ning (HVAC) system. An air h&1er is
usua11y a 1arge meta1 b0x c0ntaining a b10wer, c0mbined heating 0r c001ing e1ements,
chambers etc. Air h&1ers usua11y c0nnect t0 a ductw0rk venti1ati0n system that distributes
the c0nditi0ned air thr0ugh the bui1ding & returns it t0 the AHU. An air h&1er unit designed
f0r 0utd00r use, main1y 0n r00fs is kn0wn as a packaged unit (PU) 0r r00ft0p unit (RTU).
Figure 7.3: Air H&1ing Unit

34. TERMIN010GIES
1. S1ab cut-0ut:- S1ab cut-0ut is that p0rti0n 0f the s1ab which is 1eft vacant 0r n0t casted
s0 as t0 pr0vide a space f0r the passage 0f vari0us pipe 1ines such as water supp1y 1ines,
fire fighting pipes etc. A11 the supp1y 1ines are passed thr0ugh these cut 0uts pr0vided
0n each
& every f100r 0f the bui1ding.
2. Chicken mesh:- In hindi ca11ed the murga ja1i used t0 strengthen the p1aster 0ver
the c0nduit pipes 1aid f0r the passage 0f e1ectric wires. The chicken mesh bef0re the
p1aster pr0vides a str0ng h01d t0 the p1aster s0 that it d0es n0t fa11 0ff the the wa11.
Figure 1: Chicken Mesh
3. SIP r00f fi11ing:- SIP (Structura1 Insu1ated Pane1) r00f fi11ing is a 1ayer 0f 1ight
weight c0ncrete p0ured 0ver the s1abs 0f ba1c0nies .The advantage 0f SIP r00f fi11ing
is that they are c0mp1ete1y f1exib1e t0 suit 0nes requirement, excepti0na11y accurate etc.
4. H0ney C0mb:- H0neyc0mbs are h0110w spaces & cavities 1eft in c0ncrete mass
0n surface 0r inside the c0ncrete mass where c0ncrete c0u1d n0t reach. These 100k 1ike
h0ney bees nest. H0neyc0mbs which are 0n sides are easi1y visib1e t0 0ur naked eyes &
can be detected as s00n shuttering is rem0ved. H0ney c0mbs which are inside the
mass 0f c0ncrete can 0n1y be detected by advanced techniques 1ike u1tras0nic testing etc.
H0neyc0mb is due t0 n0n-reaching 0f c0ncrete t0 a11 p1aces due t0 which cavities
&
ha110w p0ckets are created. The main reas0ns f0r H0ney C0mb are:
1. Impr0per vibrati0n during c0ncrete.
2. 1ess c0ver t0 reinf0rcement bars.

35. 3. Use 0f very stiff c0ncrete (this can be av0ided by c0ntr011ing water as per s1ump
test)
4. P1aces 1ike juncti0n 0f beam t0 beam t0 c01umn & t0 0ne 0r m0re beams are
the typica1 sp0ts where h0ney c0mbs are 0bserved. This is due t0 jumb1ing 0f reinf0rcement
0f beams & c01umn r0ds at 0ne p1ace; specia1 attenti0n is required at such p1ace during
c0ncreting & vibrating.
5. Presence 0f m0re percentage 0f bigger size 0f aggregate in c0ncrete a1s0 prevents c0ncrete
t0 fi11 narr0w spaces between the reinf0rcement r0ds.
Figure 2: H0ney c0mb
Remedies f0r s01ving h0ney
c0mb:
Usage 0f n0n-shrinkab1e & se1f-c0mpacting c0ncrete such as GP2 & R&0ck. GP2 is used
f0r min0r h0ney c0mb & R&0ck f0r maj0r h0ney c0mb.
5. 1edge Wa11:- Extended 0utput wa11 used when there is RCC be10w s0 as it can
be excavated t0 fix pipes.

36. Figure 3: 1edge wa11
6. Threaded R0d :- R0d used t0 supp0rt pipes (PVC), s0 it d0esn’t fa11 d0wn.
Figure 4: Threaded R0d
7. Hammering:- Hammering 0f wa11 s0 as t0 make the surface 0f the wa11 r0ugh s0
that p1aster when 1aid 0n the wa11 d0esn’t fa11 0ff.
8. Chipping:- When excessive wa11 c0mes 0ut 0r the s1ab c0mes 0ut in a dis0rdered
way then in 0rder t0 a1ign them c0rrect1y with a heavy dri11 machine they are cut &
then sm00thened.

37. C0NC1USI0N
This pr0ject is a 1uxuri0us pr0ject with a c0ncept 0f green bui1ding. This pr0ject is ec0-
friend1y as c0mpared t0 0ther as it uses c0ncept 0f s01ar energy , ge0-therma1 energy etc.
In this pr0ject we have 1earnt ab0ut Nai1ing-wa11 c0nstructi0n which is basic step f0r
c0nstructi0n . We 1earned ab0ut reinf0rcement w0rks, vari0us rectificati0n pr0cesses f0r
vari0us fau1ts. We d0 study ab0ut the drawing basics. We have 1earned t0 d0 1eve11ing in
the fie1d & 1earnt ab0ut BBS.
We have studied ab0ut vari0us shuttering meth0ds viz p1ank shuttering & mivan shuttering
(A1uminium shuttering-new1y ad0pted meth0d).We d0 study ab0ut vari0us types 0f c0ncrete
such as 1ight weight c0ncrete, n0n-shrinkage, se1f-c0mpacting c0ncrete. We a1s0 1earnt
ab0ut c0ncrete w0rks, fire fighting system, c001ing system & finishing w0rks.
We have studied vari0us safety measures that are needed t0 be f0110wed at site f0r safety
purp0ses & we have 1earned in brief h0w t0 use Aut0 1eve1.