2. Definition
• An institution of community health or a specialized complex organization
which makes use of physicians, surgeons, and team of technical staff.
• Hospital is a complex organization . It is an institute of providing health to
individuals with the help of complex and special scientific equipments in
the presence of trained staff who are well-educated in the problems of
modern medical science.
• Hospital is a specialised organisation in which patient care is the main
focus.
• It also provides facilities for diagnosis, therapy, rehabilitation, prevention,
education and research.
• Hospital has to remain a customer – oriented institution since it is meant
for them.
3. Functions of Hospital
1. Patient care :
• It includes services for diagnosis ,prophylaxis and treatment of
diseases of the sick or injured patients.
• It is a center of community health and contributes a great deal to
preventive and social medicine.
4. 2. Public health :
• The hospitals are required to support all the activities carried out by
various public health and voluntary agencies such as immunization
programme, blood donation camps, social and economics
rehabilitation , health education etc. by providing facilities and advice.
• It lowers the incidences of diseases through early detection and
treatment.
• It provides a common link between the general public and policy
makers.
5. 3.Medical research:
• Research is an important activity in the hospital that helps in
developing the new methods of treatment and improving the hospital
services.
• Some of the common areas of research in the hospital are
development of new techniques in surgery, laboratory diagnostic
procedures, evaluation of investigational drugs in diseases.
• To initiate, utilize and participate in research projects.
6. 4.Educational training:-
• This facility , particularly for medical students , pharmacist , nursing ,
medical technologist and allied health professional helps to fulfill
their curriculum requirement.
• Provide facility for continuing education of all the persons.
7. 5.Counseling and patient advice:
• It is a modern concept adopted in big hospitals for the well-being of
the patients.
• During these counseling sessions pharmacist educate people on
communicable diseases, epidemics and family welfare etc.
8. • To raise the general standards of medical practice
• To provide the means and methods by which persons can work
together
• To estimate the needs for facilities, supplies and equipment for each
department.
• To recommend policies to maintain adequate staff .
• To participate in the financial plan
9. Classification of Hospitals
ON CLINICAL BASIS
General Medical & Surgical Speciality
1. MEDICINE
Internal medicine
Psychiatric & Nervous diseases
Tuberculosis
Pediatrics
General medicine
2. SURGERY
Orthopedic
Gynecologic
ENT
3. MATERNITY
Length of stay
Short term
Long term (Chronic)
Custodial (Long term)
10. Based on their anatomical-physiological specialisation:
1) ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) hospitals,
2) Eye hospitals
3) Orthopaedic hospitals
4) Kidney hospitals.
11. Based on the client group they serve:
1) Paediatric hospitals for children
2) Gynaecological hospitals for women
3) Maternity hospitals for mothers.
12. On the basis of system of medicine
• 1. Allopathic hospitals
• 2. Ayurvedic hospitals
• 3. Homeopathic hospitals
• 4. Unani hospitals
13. Classification of Hospitals
Non-Clinical basis
OWNERSHIP & CONTROL
1. Governmental/Public
• Army, Navy, Veterans
Administration
• Public health service
• City e.g. Cooper
• State – e.g. KEM
• Country – e.g. AIIMS
• City- Cooper
2.NON-GOVERNMENT/Voluntary
Private for profit e.g. Saifee
• Non-profit e.g. K.J. Somaiya
• Non-profit private (Charitable)
• Community hospital-Holy family
BY ACCREDITATION
Accredited
Non-accredited
14. • 3. Private Nursing Homes
• 4. Corporate Hospitals
15. Classification of Hospitals
• - On the basis of Size
• 1. Large Hospitals beds 1000 and above
• 2. Medium hospitals beds between 500-1000 (Teaching hospitals)
• 3. Small hospitals beds between 100- 500 (District Hospitals)
• 4. Very small hospitals beds less than 100 (Taluka hospitals-50 and
primary health centres-6)
16. Classification of Hospitals
On the basis of Cost
1. Elite hospitals :
• These are symbols of high technology and advances in medical
sciences.
• They have deluxe rooms equipped with T.V., telephones and
refrigerator.
• They are also called as five star hospitals
2. Budget hospitals
• These hospitals are meant for moderate budget and low budget
persons e.g Civil hospitals and charitable hospitals
17.
18. • Classification Based on Length of Stay of Patient
• Acute care hospitals
• Chronic care hospitals
19. • Classification Based on the Objectives:
• i) Teaching-cum-Research Hospitals
• ii) General Hospitals
• iii) Specialised Hospitals
• iv) Isolation Hospitals:
20. • Classification Based on Management
• Union Government/Government of India
• State Governments
• Local Bodies
• Autonomous bodies
• Private
• Voluntary agencies
21. • Classification Based on the Level of Care:
• Primary hospitals
• Secondary hospitals: District and country health system
• Tertiary hospitals
22. Organization of Hospitals
• The most important body of any hospital is the governing body or
board of directors or board of trustees.
• It comprises of various eminent personalities in the field of medical
education, research and administration.
• The governing body is responsible for framing of all major policies,
plans and programmes of any hospital.
25. Active medical staff
Associate medical staff
Courtesy medical staff
Consulting medical staff
Honorary medical staff
MEDICAL STAFF
26. DEPARTMENTS
• CLINICAL DEPARTMENT
Department of medicine
• Internal medicine
• Allergy
• Infectious diseases
• Dermatology
• Endocrinology
• Geriatrics
• Immunology
• Pediatrics
• Gastroentrology
• Nephrology
• Neurology
• Psychiatry
• Pulmonary diseases
• Rheumatology
Department of surgery
• General
• Orthopedic
• Neurologic
• Obstetrics and
Gynecology
• Opthalmology
• Dental and oral
• Otolaryngology
• Plastic surgery
• Procotology
• Thoracic urology
Department of general
practice
Department of physical
medicine and
rehabilitation
27. • Support services
• Nursing service
• Dietetic services
• Medical records department
• Pathology services
• Blood bank
• Radiology
• Medical social service department
• Anesthesia service
• Central service department
• Drug information services
28. Nursing services :
• This dept is largest and an imp part of any hospital as it functions for
24 hrs.
• Nurses are assigned specified number of beds.
• Nurses have to give personal attention to the patients.
• They are trained for prenatal care, observation
• Nursing director is the incharge of nursing services.
29. i) Nursing care includes health promotion, care and prevention of
disease, rehabilitation, teaching and counselling, emotional support,
and treatment of disease.
ii) It is an essential part of the healthcare system and is performed in
combination with related medical, educational, and welfare facilities.
iii) The nursing team should respect individuality, dignity, and rights of
every person irrespective of race, colour, breed, origin, and social and
economic status.
30. Dietary services
i)Plans menu for general or special diet for patients and employees,
ii) Selects and purchases food,
iii) Maintains relationship with food vendors,
iv) Receives and stores food,
v) Prepares and distributes food,
vi) Maintains cleanliness and safety in the department,
vii) Trains and supervises the staff,
viii) Educates nations on dietary habits along with the medical or nursing
staff
ix) Conducts research programs in teaching hospitals.
31. Medical records
• Medical records are the valuable reference material as they help
medical and para-medical staff for evaluation
• Contain history of patients, laboratory test reports, physical
examination, physician’s advice
• Identification data
• Admission history sheet
• Therefore, it should be kept in mind to store them properly so that
they are accessible when required
32. • Medical records:
• Serve as a basis for planning and continuity of patient care.
• Provide means of communication among physician and other professionals
• Furnish documentary evidence for the course of patients illness and
treatment during each hospital stay
• Serve a s a basis for review, study and evaluation of the care rendered to
patients
• Assist in protecting the legal interest of the patient, hospital and responsible
physician
• Provide data for use in research and education.
33. Radiological services
• These services are performed under the direction of a component
radiologist.
• It includes utilization of various equipments like sonography, X-ray,
E.C.G., C.T.scan etc.
• Chief radiologist is assisted by various technicians.
34. Central supply services
• All the medical and surgical supply services are meant for diagnosis,
treatment, prevention, research and education.
• It involves their collection, processing, storing and issuing them
against indent form.
• Qualified and skilled staff personnel are responsible for its
maintenance.
35. Stores
• Stores generally receive, store and issue the materials against
requisition forms of various departments and wards.
• Stores like medical store, store for general items, surgical stores
• Always maintain a buffer stock of certain articles and life saving drugs
• Besides the above mentioned services of hospitals, they also provide
dietary services, laundry, transport, library for overall benefit and
patient care.
36. Outpatient services
• Out patient services include comfort for out-patients as they come for
their major or minor illness.
• These services make the hospital truly a community institution.
• The hospital should provide diagnostic, preventive and curative
services to the out-patients.
37. Hospital pharmacy services
• It controls the pharmacy operation in any hospital. This department
fills prescription and dispenses number of requisitions from the
wards.
• Its function begin with procurement of drugs and finishes with their
distribution to out-patients and in-patients.
• It is responsible for proper drug delivery, information system, storage
of drugs, manufacturing, sterilization and for advising the physician
on drug use.
38. Pharmacy’s Role in Hospital
• Hospital Pharmacy is one of the most important department among
several departments of a hospital
• Dept. of hospital which deals with procurement
• Storage
• Compounding
• Dispensing
• Manufacturing
• Testing Packaging
• Distribution of drugs
39. • It is also concerned with education and research in pharmaceutical
services.
• It is controlled by a professionally competent and qualified
pharmacist.
• Professional status of hospital as well as the economics of the total
operational cost of the institution.
• Now a days hospital pharmacy also provides clinical pharmacy
services of drug monitoring and drug information system
