3. RESEARCH :
DEFINE :
“Research is a systematized to effort of gain new knowledge”.
Involves a data collection
organization
Analysis
Interpretation
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY :
Research methodology is a specific procedures or
techniques used to identify,
Select,
Process,
And Analyze the information in the topic.
4. Study design & types
of Design
Study design :
Study design is the define as the specific
plan or protocol for the conducting the study
Is known as study design.
Which allows the investigator to translate the
conceptual hypothesis into an operational
one.
5. Types of
studies
The study design are two types
observational studies – studies don’t involve any
intervention or experiment
Another one Experimental Studies - studies that
entail manipulation of the study factor
6. Observational
Studiues
Descriptive studies
Case reports
Case series
Analytical studies
Group data
Individual data
Ecological study
Cross sectional studies
Case control study
Cohort study
9. 1.Observational studies
Non experimental
There is no intervention
Treatment and exposure occur in a non controlled environment
Individuals can be observed prospectively
1.descriptive studies :
Case reports: detailed presentation of a single case or handful of cases
Ex; unexpected new therapeutic effect
adverse events
Case series : group of patient with similar diagnosis
10. Advantages &
Disadvantages
Advantages:
Useful of hypothesis generation
Information for very rare disease with few risk
factors
Disadvantages:
Cannot study cause and effect relationships
Cannot assess the disease frequency
11. Analytical Studies
Group data :
Ecology study
Individual data :
Cross sectional study
Case control study
Cohort study
12. Ecological study
An investigation of the distribution of health and determinants b/w groups
and individuals
The aggregate data not individual level
It is conducted by first step Research
Merits:
Cheap
Quick and convenient
Demerits:
Limit to control effect other factors
13. Cross sectional studies
An observational design
Study only exists at this point in time
Often used to study conditions
Nonfatal,chronic conditions
It measures the prevalence
Merits:
Low cost
Baseline for prospective study
Health service evaluvation and planning
Demerits:
No caluculation of risk
Temporal sequence is unclear
Not good for rare diseases
14. Case control study
An observational design comparing
exposures in disease cases vs healthy
controls from same population
Merits:
Cheap and easy to quick studies
Multiple exposures
Suitable when randomization
15. Cohort study
It is an observational design
Compare to the known risk facors or exposure with others without the risk
facors
One the best observational design
Merits
Accurate relative risk estimation
Multiple outcomes
Used where randomized is not possible
Demerits:
Lengthy and expensive
Large sampes are required
Not suitable for many diseases
16. Experimental
design
Treatment and exposures occur in a controlled environment
Planned research designs
Clinicals trials are called experimental design
Generally involve a randomization assignments
Testing casual hypothesis
Advantages:
Ability to randomize the subjects
Best evidence of casuality
Control extraneous variables
Disadvantages:
May be unethical to assign person to certain tmt
Others:
Field trials
Community trials
Animal studies
