Whether you are a beginner or more experienced with photography, there are some tips that will benefit you and give you better results.

1. Photography
 "Photography" is derived from the Greek words-
photos ("light") and graphein ("to draw").
 THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPH:- On a summer day in
1827, Joseph Nicephore Niepce made the first
photographic image with a camera obscura.

2. CAMERA
 For photography, the most essential
thing is camera.
 The camera is a wonderful little
instrument for producing pictures. It is a
light- tight box with a lens fitted in the
front. It is made of die- cast sheet metal
or some synthetic material and is light –
tight, usually covered with leather or
plastic to give good finish. It is made to
open from the back.

3.  Most of the cameras consist of the following four main
parts BODY, LENS, SHUTTER, VIEW-FINDER.
 Any camera is basically a light- tight box with a lens,
which is often in a focusing mechanism. The lens has
an aperture that controls the amount of light entering
the camera. A shutter controls the duration of the light
exposure, and a viewfinder allows
 for both composition and focusing.

4. HOW THE CAMERA WORKS
 Lens: This gathers light reflecting from the subject,
converging each ray so that it forms a point on the
focal plane. The image is inverted during the process.
 Aperture: Like the Iris of the eye, the size of the
aperture can usually be varied to alter how much light
reaches the film/ chip. The aperture is fixed on the
basic cameras.
 Shutter: This controls the amount of time the film or
chip is exposed to the light. Usually it opens for a
fraction of second, but exposures can last for hours.
 Focal plane: This is the flat surface where the image is
either recorded on film or is turned into an electrical
signal by a digital chip.

5. CAMERA OVERVIEW

7. The Eye
 Iris – changes the
amount of light
entering the eye (A)
 Lens – can change
shape to focus (B)
 Light sensitive area
where an image is
formed (C)

8. The Camera
Cameras are very similar to eyes:
 Light sensitive area – film or
digital sensor
 Lenses – Instead of changing
shape, they move closer or further
away to the light sensor.
 Aperture in the lens controls the
amount of light reaching the light
sensor
 A shutter also opens and closes
to let the right amount of light
fall on the light sensor and get a
correctly exposed image

9. Types of Lenses for 35mm cameras
 Removable – for SLR
cameras
 Fixed – on compact cameras
 “Prime” Lens
(Fixed focal length)
 Zoom – most common
(Range of focal lengths)

10. What does Focal Length mean?
 Wide Angle = large field of view
(focal lengths under 50mm)
 Standard (50mm) = same
perspective as the human eye
 Telephoto = high magnification
(focal lengths over 50mm)

11. Aperture
 We can use the Aperture to
change the amount of light
entering the camera
 To describe aperture we
use “f/stops” and these
have an f number.
 e.g. f2, f2.8, f4, f5.6, f8, f11,
f16, f22

12. Aperture
 Small Apertures
(e.g. f11, f16, f22) only let a
small amount of light through
 Large Apertures
(e.g. f4, f5.6, f8) let through a
lot of light
 So for a sunny day you might
need to use a small aperture to
get the correct exposure

13. Aperture
 Each change of f/stop either halves or doubles
amount of light entering the camera
 The largest f/stop on a lens is called the maximum
aperture. The maximum lens aperture is important
because it indicates the largest amount of light
that the lens will transmit
 A smaller maximum aperture f number (= a larger
aperture) = a brighter lens = generally more
expensive

14. FOR EXAMPLE

15. Depth of Field
 Changing the aperture of a camera also changes
the amount of the image that is in focus – this
amount is called the depth of field

16. Depth of Field
 Depth of field can vary
between shallow and deep
 Large Apertures give shallow
depths of field
(small f numbers)
 Small Apertures give deep
depths of field
(large f numbers)

17. Depth of Field
 Apart from using aperture, the DOF can also be
changed by varying:
 Focal Length (varying magnification)

18. Exposure / Shutter Speed
 In many cameras a physical
shutter will open for a small
length of time then close.
 This allows the film or digital
sensor to receive light for an
exposure.
 In digital compact cameras (and
video cameras) the shutter may
be electronic, which is where the
sensor is only receptive to light
for the shutter period

20. Exposure / Shutter Speed
 The effect of varying shutter speed while keeping
a constant aperture:
The images start underexposed (too dark) with a
short exposure, are correctly exposed around 4s,
and become overexposed (too bright) at 15s+

21. Exposure / Shutter Speed
 A fast shutter speed (creating
a short exposure of the
film/sensor) is required to
freeze motion
(e.g. 1/1000s)
 A slow shutter speed
(creating a long exposure)
can blur motion for
interesting effects
(e.g. 1/15s )

22. Shutter Speed
 Very long exposures (30 seconds+) may be
required in low light, but this can produce nice
effects – look at the sea.

23. Reciprocity
 Changing the shutter speed by +/-1 increment
changes the exposure value by 1 stop
(e.g. 1/30s to 1/60s )
 Changing the aperture by +/- 1 increment also
changes the exposure value by 1 stop
(e.g. f11 to f8 )
 As these changes are equivalent, it means that
there are a number of combinations that will give a
correct exposure.
 e.g. 1/30s @ f11 = 1/60s @ f8 = 1/125s @ f5.6...

24.  Under or over
exposure?

25. What Is a Scene?
 A combination of shots
that shoes the action
that takes place in one
location or setting

26. What Is a Shot?
 A continuous view
filmed from one
perspective

27. Shot Descriptions
Camera framing
 How close or far a subject is from the camera
Camera angles
 Angling of the camera from which you view the
subject.
 Camera movement
 The movement of the camera forward,
backward, left, right, up, and down

28. Camera Framing
Extreme long shot
Long shot
Full shot
Medium shot
Close-up shot

29. Extreme Long Shot
Establishes the location
or setting
 Example: Western
landscape

30. Long Shot
Shows the location,
characters, and action
 Example: soccer field
and its players

31. Full Shot
 Frames the entire height
of a person, with the
head near the top of the
frame and the feet near
the bottom

32. Medium Shot
 Frames an individual
from either the waist up,
or from the knees
showing the audience
just enough to feel as if
they are looking at the
whole subject

33. Close-up Shot
 Shows a character from
the shoulders to the top
of the head

34. Camera Angles
High-angle shot
Low-angle shot
Eye-level shot
Bird’s eye view
Canted shot
Tilt Shot
Three-quarter shot
Over-the-shoulder shot

35. High-angle Shot
 A camera placed higher
than the subject (not
directly overhead) and
tilted downward

36. Low-angle Shot
 A camera placed lower
than the subject and
tilted upward

37. Eye-level Shot
 The camera is positioned
at eye-level with a
character.

38. Bird’s Eye View
 The camera is positioned
directly overhead of the
action

39. Canted Shot
 The camera is tilted so
that the subject appears
to be diagonal and off-
balance.

40. Tilt Shot
 A fixed camera that
moves on it vertical axis,
tilting up or down

41. Over-the-shoulder Shot
 Positions the camera
over the shoulder of one
character, revealing part
of the backside of their
head and shoulders in
the foreground, and
focuses on the character
facing the camera in the
background

42. Camera Movement
 Pan shot
 Crane shot
 Dolly shot
 Tracking shot
 Zoom
 Zolly shot

43. Pan Shot
 A fixed camera pivots on
its axis turning from left
to right for the purpose
of following the action
within a shot

44. Crane Shot
 A camera positioned on a
crane can swoop down or
up covering great
distances and producing
unusual camera angles.

45. Dolly Shot
 The camera moves
toward a subject (dolly-
in) or away from a
subject (dolly-out).

46. Tracking Shot
 The camera tracks
alongside of the object or
person.

47. Zoom Shot
 Camera stays
stationary as the focal
length of a lens zooms
in or out.
 Framing gets ‘tighter’ if
the camera zooms in.
 Framing gets ‘looser’ if
the camera zooms out.

48. Dolly Shot
 A dolly shot in
combination with a
zoom

49. What is ISO?
 ISO is short for International Organizational
Standard. In the photographic world, ISO is most
commonly referred to as a film rating system. Think
film photography, not the movies.
 In terms of film, ISO is used as a rating system to tell
you how sensitive the film is to light, or how fast the
film is. The lower the ISO number (i.e. 50) the more
time the film needs to be exposed. The faster the ISO
film speed, less light is required to take a picture.

50. THANK YOU !!!