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Reduced Order Model Predictive Control
of a Fish Schooling Model
1
Masaki Ogura and Naoki Wakamiya
Osaka University, Japan
第8回計測自動制御学会制御部門マルチシンポジウム
背景: 群れ行動の理解と制御
pixabay.com pixabay.com
pixabay.com pixabay.com
 日本における沿岸漁業漁獲量の約4割
 低い魚種の選択性
 積極的な資源管理が困難なため,改正漁業法への対応が困難
資源管理性を高めるための試み
定置網漁業における魚種選択性
定置網の技術研究会,水産庁
https://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/study/kenkyusidoka/teichi.ht
ml
水産庁 https://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/press/kanri/200930.html
Southworth et al., “Artificial light improves escapement of
fish from a trawl net,” Journal of the Marine Biological
Association of the United Kingdom, 2020
光刺激による行動変容
リモートセンシング
目的: モデル予測制御による魚群モデルの誘導
 Gautrais ら(Annales Zoologici Fennici, 2008)の魚群モデル
 縮約した予測モデルの提案
発表のねらい 4
魚群モデルの誘導は制御工学において未開拓の問題(?)
3 次元空間 ℝ3 におけるマルチエージェントシステム
 各個体は一定の速度 𝑣 で移動
向きの更新
 視界内にいる個体の位置と向きに依存
 三種類の領域
− Repulsion, orientation, attraction
Gautrais et al., “Key behavioural factors in a self-organised fish school model,” Annales Zoologici
Fennici, 2008
魚群の動的モデル: 概要 5
Region of
attraction
Region of
orientation
Region of
repulsion
後方は見えない
 離散時間モデル
− 連続時間のダイナミクスを周期 𝜏 > 0 で離散化
− 離散時刻 𝑘 における魚 𝑖 の位置を 𝑥𝑖(𝑘),向き(単位ベクトル)を 𝑉𝑖(𝑘) とする
 三種類の向き
− Repulsion:
− Orientation:
− Attraction:
 理想の向き
 向きの更新
魚群の動的モデル: 詳細 6
[ランダムな回転行列]
𝜙 は正規化
作用素
𝜙
Attraction
Orientation
Repulsion
制御モデル
 理想の向きに対して加法的な入力を加えられる状況を仮定
− 主に光による刺激を想定
制御問題
 むだ時間つきの状態フィードバック制御による追従
提案するモデルと制御問題 7
感度パラメータ
連続時間 𝑡
1. 𝑥𝑖, 𝑉𝑖 を観測
2. 予測モデル(後述)
に基づく
追従誤差最小化 3. 得られた値を
次の区間で印加
𝑇 ステップ
単位ベクトル
 単純な予測モデル
− 元のダイナミクスからランダムな回転を除いたもの
− 6𝑁 次元の状態空間(位置と向きがそれぞれ3次元)
− 心配事: 大規模群の場合に計算時間は?
 例
− 計測周期=2秒,予測区間=8秒,離散化周期=0.1秒,100秒間にわたって制御
− 素朴な最適化ルーチンを使用(fmincon, MATLAB)
− 制御入力の計算に要した時間の平均
計算時間の問題 8
個体数 𝑁
計測周期内に
制御入力の計算が
終わっていない
着想
問
1. 𝑉 𝛼 の予測モデルはどうあるべきか?
2. 重み 𝛼𝑖 はどのように選ぶべきか?
縮約に基づく予測モデル 9
群れ
仮想的に一匹に縮約
魚 𝑖 の重み 𝛼𝑖 ≥ 0
位置 𝑥 𝛼 = Σ𝑖=1
𝑁
𝛼𝑖𝑥𝑖
向き 𝑉 𝛼 = Σ𝑖=1
𝑁
𝛼𝑖𝑉𝑖
予測モデル
𝑉 𝑘 + 1 = 𝜙 𝑉 𝑘 + 𝐴 𝑘 + 𝑤 𝑘
 𝐴 𝑘 = 𝜂 Σ𝑖=1
𝑁
𝛼𝑖/𝑛𝑖 𝑘 𝐴𝑖(𝑘)
 𝑤 𝑘 = Σ𝑖=1
𝑁
𝛼𝑖/𝑛𝑖(𝑘) 𝜉𝑖 𝑘 𝑤𝑖(𝑘)
 𝑛𝑖(𝑘) = region of orientations から構成されるグラフにおける出次数
Ogura, Wakamiya, Submitted to CDC2021
結果1: 縮約に基づく予測モデル 10
Region of
attraction
Region of
orientation
Region of
repulsion 重ね合わせ
Region of
attraction
Region of
orientation
Region of
repulsion 重ね合わせ 重みを正規化 1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1
予測モデルの予測誤差
 固定された重み 𝛼 に対する予測誤差の上界
 上界を小さくするような重みの選び方
− Region of orientations から構成されるグラフの normalized eigenvector centrality
− Normalization は正規化作用素 𝜙 に由来
Ogura, Wakamiya, Submitted to CDC2021
結果2: 誤差解析 11
3つの予測モデル
 Σorig: 元々のモデル.ただしランダムな回転を与えない
 Σstc : 平等な重み 𝛼𝑖 = 1/𝑁 に基づく縮約モデル
 Σdyn: Normalized eigenvector centrality で重みを定める縮約モデル
設定
 魚のパラメータ: Gautrais (2008) に基づき決定
 Reference set: 半径 𝑟 の球面
 制御入力 𝑤1, … , 𝑤𝑁 は共通
 感度 𝜉1, … , 𝜉𝑁 も共通
 初期時刻において魚群の重心は reference set 上に配置
 向きはランダム
シミュレーション 12
 制御入力の計算に要する時間の比較
シミュレーション 13
観測周期
350体までリアルタイムに制御可
能
計算時間の低減
個体数 𝑁
計算時間
誤差の比較: 100回の試行における平均.𝑁 = 300, 𝑟 = 2000.
シミュレーション 14
追従誤差の低減
予測モデル Σdyn を用いた追従制御の様子
シミュレーション 15
魚群のモデル予測制御
 Gautrais ら(Annales Zoologici Fennici, 2008)の魚群モデル
− Repulsion, orientation, attraction
 「理想の向き」への加法的な入力を想定
− 現実の魚での実現は挑戦的な課題
 縮約した予測モデルの提案
− 大規模群の場合に顕著となる計算時間的な困難を克服
 縮約で用いる重みに関する知見
− Normalized eigenvector centrality の有効性を理論的に示唆し,かつ数値的に確認
まとめ 16

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Reduced order model predictive control of a fish schooling model