3. 1. Vomit on first day due to irritation of
stomach by swallowed amniotic fluid.
2. Vomiting soon after feed is due to faulty
technique of feeding.
3. The proper advice regarding feeding and
burping must be imparted to all mothers.
4. Organic (mechanical)causes can be hiatus
hernia, GER, intestinal obstruction etc.
5. Metabolic causes includes hypoglycemia,
galactocemia, phenylketonuria etc.
4.
5. 1. Healthy babies must void within 24
hours of age.
2. The babies pass black stools during first
2-3 days of life, followed by golden
yellow stools.
3. The non passage of meconium, should
be informed to the physician.
6. 1. Babies on milk formula are
often constipated due to
hard casein curds.
2. Constipation is best
managed by giving
frequent breast feeding.
3. Organic causes includes
hirschprung’s disease,
cretinism etc.
4. The laxatives should be
avoided.
7.
8. 1. Breastfed babies passes 2-6 times golden
yellow, sticky, semi loose stools due to high
content of lactose.
2. Diarrhea may also occur due to unhygeinic
feeding practices, over feeding, bottle
feeding or serious under feeding.
3. Other causes can be septicemia, necrotising
enterocolitis, phototherapy etc.
4. Acute infective diarrheal disease can be
treated with IV Fluid therapy and antibiotics.
9.
10. 1. The babies usually cry when they are
hungry or discomfort.
2. This may be due to unpleasant sensation of
full bladder before passing urine, painful
evacuation or hard stools or mere soiling by
urine and stools and wet nappies, insect
bites etc.
3. The cause of cry should be identified and
eliminated.
4. Excessive cry may also be due to
meningitis, abdominal colic, trauma, otitis
media etc.
11.
12. 1. It is the sudden screaming of baby with
flexion of thighs and flushing of face
with frowning specifically in evening.
2. Exact cause is unknown but believed to
be due to swallowed air and flatulance.
3. Temporary relief may occur by holding
the baby against skin, patting, and
prone position.
4. It subsides by 3 months of age.
13.
14. 1. Some babies keep their eyes closed most
of the time during the first 48 hrs.
2. During first few days neonates go to sleep
after taking only few sucks on the bottle
or breast.
3. The baby should be kept arouse during
feed by tickling on the soles and behind
the ears.
15.
16. 1. During summer months when
environmental temperature goes above
39’c, some healthy newborn babies may
develop fever on the second or third day
of life.
2. The baby should be dressed with light
and loose cotton clothes and the
environment kept cool in summer.
3. Adequate breastfeeding should be
continued.
17.
18. 1. Hiccups occurs usually immediately after
a feed due to distension of stomach and
irritation of diaphragm.
2. Sneezing in healthy neonates can be due
to nasal irritation by amniotic fluid,
blood, debris etc.
3. If sneezing is excessive, nostrils can be
cleaned with sterile cotton swabs.
19. 1. Use of nylon or tight plastic napkins and
delay in changing the napkins causes
redness, induration and excoriation.
2. The bottom should be cleaned gently
with wet cotton and kept dry and
exposed to air.
3. Application of soothing ointment
(antifungal) or coconut oil provides
relief.
20.
21. 1. Breath-holding spells are episodes in
which a child cries because he is hurt,
frightened, or upset, turns pale or blue,
and loses consciousness (rare cases).
2. It is very rare in neonates but sometimes
found with excessive crying.
3. The condition should be re evaluated for
detection of any congenital heart
disease.
22.
23. 1. Cradle cap is the common name for
seborrheic dermatitis. It is a yellowish,
patchy, scaly and crusty skin rash that
occurs on the scalp of recently born babies.
2. It is generally managed by application of
coconut oil over the affected part of scalp
at night followed by shampoo with
cetrimide or catavlon.
3. If not relieved gradually, skin specialst
should be consulted.
24.
25. 1. It is characterized by persistent tearing from
one or both the eyes without presence of any
congestion or infection.
2. It may be due to congenital obstruction of
the nasolacrimal duct which usually open by
3-4 months of age.
3. Gentle massage should be done over the tear
passage, between the eye and nose (lacrimal
sac area) from above downwards with inward
pressure on the lacrimal sac for 15-20 times
per day.
26.
27. 1. The enlargement of breasts occurs in
full term babies of both sexes on 3rd or
4th day due to sudden withdrawl of
maternal hormones and may last for few
days or even weeks.
2. No management is needed, the
condition recovers spontaneously by 2-3
weeks.
3. The local massage, fomentation should
be avoided.
28.
29. 1. The development of menstrual like
withdrawal bleeding may occur in above
¼ of female babies after 3 to 5 days of
birth.
2. It may be due to withdrawal of maternal
hormones.
3. The bleeding is mild and lasts for 2 to 4
days. The local aseptic cleaning of
genitals is advised.
30. 1. Phimosis is non-retraction of prepuce. It
is normally seen in neonates due to
adhesions between prepuce and glans
penis.
2. It is termed pathologic when non-
retractability is associated with local or
urinary complaints attributed to the
phimotic prepuce
31. 1. It is a edematous swelling of soft tissues
of scalp over the presenting part. The
swelling is present at birth and its size
and severity is related to the duration of
labour.
2. The swelling is pitting, non fluctuant
and not limited by sutures. It disappears
spontaneously over next few days.
32. 1. It is sub-periosteal collection of blood
secondary to injury during delivery (due
to rupture of emissary veins). The
swelling appears after 2-3 days of birth.
It is a fluctuant swelling and does not
cross the suture line.
2. It resolves spontaneously after a few
days or weeks. Incision or aspiration is
contraindicated unless it gets infected.
33.
34.
35. 1. Mongolian blue spots are a type of
pigmented birthmark. They're formally
called congenital dermal melanocytosis.
2. These marks are flat and blue-gray. They
typically appear on the buttocks or
lower back, but may also be found on
the arms or legs.
3. Usually disappear within 6 months to
one year of age.
36. 1. It is small cyst or white bump
that typically appears on the
nose and cheeks of neonates
due to retention of sebum in
the sebaceous glands.
2. Usually disappear within 2-4
weeks.
37.
38. 1. It is erythematous rash with central
pallor appearing on the second or third
day in term babies.
2. The rash starts on the face and spreads
to the trunk and extremities in about 24
hours.
3. Exact cause is unknown but may be due
to irritation of vernix caseosa.
4. It disappears spontaneously after 2 to 3
days without any specific treatment.
39. 1. The baby suddenly becomes blanched
and pale on one half of the body while
the other half remains pink.
2. The episodes of color change last for a
few minutes and occur in normal babies
due to unexplained vasomotor
phenomenon.
40. 1. These are discrete pinkish-
gray sparse capillary
hemangioma commonly
located at nape of the neck,
upper eyelids, forehead and
root of the nose.
2. They invariably disappear
after a few months.
41. 1. Epstein pearls are whitish-
yellow cysts that form on
the gums and roof of the
mouth in a newborn baby.
2. Usually disappears within
1-2 weeks.
42.
43. 1. The eruption of one or more lower
incisor teeth before or soon after birth
is seen in one in 4000 babies.
2. The teeth may become loose and
interfere with breast feeding. There is a
risk of spontaneous dislodgement with
aspiration. It is advised to get the natal
teeth extracted.
44. 1. It may be either in the form of thin
broad membrane or thick fibrous
frenulum under the tongue with a
notch at the tip of the tongue due to
traction.
2. Tongue tie interferes with sucking or
delay the development of speech. The
genuine tongue tie may be snipped
after 3 months of age.
45. Semilunar arcs of subconjunctival
hemorrhage located at the outer canthus
is a common finding in normal babies. The
blood gets resorbed after a few days
without leaving any pigmentation.
46.
47. 1. When the cord has fallen off, umbilical
hernia may manifest after the age of
two weeks or later due to weakness or
faulty closure of the umbilical ring.
2. Application of coin and bandage over
the hernia is not recommended, as it
may further weaken the anterior
abdominal wall.
3. Most umbilical hernias in babies close on
their own by age 1 or 2.
48. 1. A small sac containing fluid may be
noticed in one of the scrotal sacs at
birth or during first week of life.
2. It disappears spontaneously during first
three months of life.
49. 1. In normal babies, when legs are
extended, they form a concavity
inwards (genu varus) giving an
appearance of bowed legs.
2. It is not suggestive of rickets or bony
deformity.
3. Usually resolved completely by2-3 years
of age.
